Opinion
BERDON, J.
The dispositive issue in this appeal is whether a change of beneficiary in a life insurance policy can be accomplished by substantial compliance with the policy requirements, as opposed to strict compliance, where the policy requires that the change of beneficiary be requested “on a form satisfactory to the [289] company.” The plaintiff, Robert Engelman, is the executor of the estate of the decedent, Ella B. Ryder, who, prior to her death, owned a life insurance policy (policy) issued by the defendant, Connecticut General Life Insurance Company. The trial court, Booth, J., held that Ryder had not effectively changed the beneficiary of the policy and rendered judgment for the defendant.1 We reverse the judgment of the trial court.2
The undisputed facts found by the trial court are as follows. In 1961, the defendant issued a policy insuring the life of Ryder for $100,000. Her husband was listed as the owner and primary beneficiary of the policy, and her nephew, Philip G. Zink, was named as a contingent beneficiary. The policy provided, in pertinent part, as follows: “A new beneficiary may be designated from time to time by filing with the home office a written request therefor on a form satisfactory to the company and signed by the owner. ... No change of beneficiary shall take effect until such change shall have been recorded in writing by the company.” (Emphasis added.) The policy did not define or explain the terms “on a form satisfactory to the company” or “recorded in writing by the company.”
[290] Upon her husband’s death in 1973, Ryder, as executrix of his estate, became the owner of the policy and, as such, had the right to change the beneficiary. Ryder’s relationship with her nephew Zink began to deteriorate and it continued to worsen up to the time of her death. In 1976, through her insurance agent, Ryder unsuccessfully attempted to change the beneficiary on the policy. In 1977, Ryder asked the plaintiff, her attorney, to revise her estate plan. The revised estate plan was predicated, in part, on making Ryder’s estate the beneficiary of the policy. On the basis of the plaintiffs advice, Ryder wrote directly to the defendant in February, 1978, asking it to prepare a change of beneficiary form naming as beneficiaries the executors or administrators of her estate and to send the form to the plaintiff for his review. The trial court found that there was no evidence that the defendant sent Ryder the requested form at that time. Consequently, nothing ever came of this request.3
In January, 1979, Ryder sent a letter, prepared by the plaintiff, to the defendant purporting to change the beneficiary from Zink to the executor of her estate.4 [291] The letter referenced the policy by number and name, was dated January 8, 1979, and was signed by Ryder and witnessed by the plaintiff. The defendant received the letter and placed it in the policy file; however, the defendant did not “record” the change of beneficiary on the policy. Instead, as a result of this letter, the defendant immediately sent the plaintiff a change of beneficiary form, which he forwarded to Ryder at her Florida residence. The change of beneficiary form sent by the defendant was accompanied by a form cover letter which provided, in pertinent part, that “[a]ll forms must be dated, signed, witnessed and returned to us. Until this is done, the changes you have requested cannot be made.” The form was neither returned to the defendant nor to the plaintiff, and it is not known whether Ryder ever received the form from the plaintiff. The trial court found that “[t]here was no evidence that [Ryder] did anything after the letter of January, 1979, to show that she had changed her mind about making her estate the beneficiary.”
Ryder continued to pay the premiums on the policy until her death on July 2, 1990. When the plaintiff, as executor of Ryder’s estate, demanded payment of the policy proceeds from the defendant a few weeks after her death, an appropriate claim form was provided to him. The form was completed and returned to the defendant. The defendant, however, refused to pay the [292] proceeds of the policy, claiming, initially, that Ryder did not have authority to change the beneficiary because she was not the owner of the policy. Subsequently, the defendant changed its position, and, by letter dated June 26,1992, formally denied the plaintiffs claim for the policy proceeds on the ground that Ryder had not effectively changed the beneficiary because she had failed to submit the change on the defendant’s form.5
The defendant took this position notwithstanding its admission that Ryder’s letter of January 8, 1979, fully complied with the formalities required by the defendant’s change of beneficiary form, in that it was a signed, dated and witnessed written request, and that it clearly indicated the new beneficiary. The defendant understood that Ryder’s letter expressed her intent to name her estate as the beneficiary on her policy, and it also conceded that Ryder’s intent never changed between the time of her 1979 letter to the defendant and the time of her death in 1990. The defendant, however, refused to commence an interpleader action, which had been proposed by the plaintiff, in order to obtain a judicial determination as to who was entitled to the insurance proceeds.6 Instead, the defendant sought out [293] Zink, the beneficiary that Ryder had purportedly replaced, sent him a claim form, and subsequently paid the proceeds of the policy to him.
The plaintiff then brought the present action, alleging breach of the life insurance contract, and violations of the Connecticut Unfair Trade Practices Act (CUTPA), General Statutes § 42-110a et seq., based upon unfair insurance practices as defined in the Connecticut Unfair [294] Insurance Practices Act (CUIPA). General Statutes § 38a-816 et seq.
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Opinion
BERDON, J.
The dispositive issue in this appeal is whether a change of beneficiary in a life insurance policy can be accomplished by substantial compliance with the policy requirements, as opposed to strict compliance, where the policy requires that the change of beneficiary be requested “on a form satisfactory to the [289] company.” The plaintiff, Robert Engelman, is the executor of the estate of the decedent, Ella B. Ryder, who, prior to her death, owned a life insurance policy (policy) issued by the defendant, Connecticut General Life Insurance Company. The trial court, Booth, J., held that Ryder had not effectively changed the beneficiary of the policy and rendered judgment for the defendant.1 We reverse the judgment of the trial court.2
The undisputed facts found by the trial court are as follows. In 1961, the defendant issued a policy insuring the life of Ryder for $100,000. Her husband was listed as the owner and primary beneficiary of the policy, and her nephew, Philip G. Zink, was named as a contingent beneficiary. The policy provided, in pertinent part, as follows: “A new beneficiary may be designated from time to time by filing with the home office a written request therefor on a form satisfactory to the company and signed by the owner. ... No change of beneficiary shall take effect until such change shall have been recorded in writing by the company.” (Emphasis added.) The policy did not define or explain the terms “on a form satisfactory to the company” or “recorded in writing by the company.”
[290] Upon her husband’s death in 1973, Ryder, as executrix of his estate, became the owner of the policy and, as such, had the right to change the beneficiary. Ryder’s relationship with her nephew Zink began to deteriorate and it continued to worsen up to the time of her death. In 1976, through her insurance agent, Ryder unsuccessfully attempted to change the beneficiary on the policy. In 1977, Ryder asked the plaintiff, her attorney, to revise her estate plan. The revised estate plan was predicated, in part, on making Ryder’s estate the beneficiary of the policy. On the basis of the plaintiffs advice, Ryder wrote directly to the defendant in February, 1978, asking it to prepare a change of beneficiary form naming as beneficiaries the executors or administrators of her estate and to send the form to the plaintiff for his review. The trial court found that there was no evidence that the defendant sent Ryder the requested form at that time. Consequently, nothing ever came of this request.3
In January, 1979, Ryder sent a letter, prepared by the plaintiff, to the defendant purporting to change the beneficiary from Zink to the executor of her estate.4 [291] The letter referenced the policy by number and name, was dated January 8, 1979, and was signed by Ryder and witnessed by the plaintiff. The defendant received the letter and placed it in the policy file; however, the defendant did not “record” the change of beneficiary on the policy. Instead, as a result of this letter, the defendant immediately sent the plaintiff a change of beneficiary form, which he forwarded to Ryder at her Florida residence. The change of beneficiary form sent by the defendant was accompanied by a form cover letter which provided, in pertinent part, that “[a]ll forms must be dated, signed, witnessed and returned to us. Until this is done, the changes you have requested cannot be made.” The form was neither returned to the defendant nor to the plaintiff, and it is not known whether Ryder ever received the form from the plaintiff. The trial court found that “[t]here was no evidence that [Ryder] did anything after the letter of January, 1979, to show that she had changed her mind about making her estate the beneficiary.”
Ryder continued to pay the premiums on the policy until her death on July 2, 1990. When the plaintiff, as executor of Ryder’s estate, demanded payment of the policy proceeds from the defendant a few weeks after her death, an appropriate claim form was provided to him. The form was completed and returned to the defendant. The defendant, however, refused to pay the [292] proceeds of the policy, claiming, initially, that Ryder did not have authority to change the beneficiary because she was not the owner of the policy. Subsequently, the defendant changed its position, and, by letter dated June 26,1992, formally denied the plaintiffs claim for the policy proceeds on the ground that Ryder had not effectively changed the beneficiary because she had failed to submit the change on the defendant’s form.5
The defendant took this position notwithstanding its admission that Ryder’s letter of January 8, 1979, fully complied with the formalities required by the defendant’s change of beneficiary form, in that it was a signed, dated and witnessed written request, and that it clearly indicated the new beneficiary. The defendant understood that Ryder’s letter expressed her intent to name her estate as the beneficiary on her policy, and it also conceded that Ryder’s intent never changed between the time of her 1979 letter to the defendant and the time of her death in 1990. The defendant, however, refused to commence an interpleader action, which had been proposed by the plaintiff, in order to obtain a judicial determination as to who was entitled to the insurance proceeds.6 Instead, the defendant sought out [293] Zink, the beneficiary that Ryder had purportedly replaced, sent him a claim form, and subsequently paid the proceeds of the policy to him.
The plaintiff then brought the present action, alleging breach of the life insurance contract, and violations of the Connecticut Unfair Trade Practices Act (CUTPA), General Statutes § 42-110a et seq., based upon unfair insurance practices as defined in the Connecticut Unfair [294] Insurance Practices Act (CUIPA). General Statutes § 38a-816 et seq.
The trial court rendered judgment in favor of the defendant on all of the plaintiffs claims. The trial court found that the policy’s requirement that a written request for a change of beneficiary be on a “form satisfactory to the company” meant that the form had to be on a “company approved form.” Although the defendant represented to the plaintiff, in its June, 1992 letter denying the plaintiffs claim for the insurance proceeds, that a “form satisfactory to the company” meant on a “company provided form,” the trial court found that in practice the defendant had approved several different forms for use in making beneficiary changes. The trial court also found that although Ryder’s intent was clear regarding the change of beneficiary, she never requested the change of beneficiary on a “company approved form” as required by the terms of the policy. Consequently, the trial court held that Ryder had failed to do all in her power to comply with the change of beneficiary provision in the policy, and that her failure to do so was not due to circumstances beyond her control. The plaintiff argues on appeal that the trial court applied the wrong legal standard and improperly concluded that Ryder had not legally changed the beneficiary. We agree with the plaintiff.7
[295] “One of the most troublesome areas of life insurance law concerns the question of whether the insured who has reserved the right to change the beneficiary without [the beneficiary’s] consent has effected a valid change in [beneficiary] where the contract provisions relative to such change have not been complied with strictly. . . . Generally, the contract provides that the insured must execute a written request for a change and send this request to the insurer along with the policy .... In recent years many old line companies have changed their policy language in policies of current issue so that a change may be effected without endorsement of the change on the policy, the insured merely executing a request for the change, which is then sent in and ‘recorded’ or ‘approved’ by the company.” B. Anderson, Life Insurance (1991 & 1996 Sup.) § 18.2, pp. 525-26.
Although “the general rule [is] that a change of beneficiary of an insurance policy can be effected by following the procedure prescribed in the policy”; Bigley v. Pacific Standard Life Ins. Co., 229 Conn. 459, 464, 642 A.2d 4 (1994); the plaintiff in this case relies on the “substantial compliance doctrine,” an exception to the general rule.
The substantial compliance doctrine has its genesis in Connecticut as a narrow exception to the requirement that the owner of an insurance policy could change the beneficiary only by strictly complying with the terms of the policy. In Bachrach v. Herrup, 128 Conn. 74, 76, 20 A.2d 395 (1941), this court stated that “[t]he general rule is that a change of beneficiary can only be effected by following the mode prescribed by the policy, however clear the intention to make the change may be. Insurance companies usually require [296] . . . that the original policy be surrendered for indorsement. To this rule there is a well recognized exception and a change is effective where the insured has done all in his power to comply therewith but has failed because the policy is beyond his control.”8 See also O’Connell v. Brady, 136 Conn. 475, 479-80, 72 A.2d 493 (1950).
Subsequent to Bachrach and O’Connell, this court stated, by way of dicta9 in Aetna Life Ins. Co. v. Hartford National Bank & Trust Co., 146 Conn. 537, 541-42, 153 A.2d 448 (1959), that in addition to the exception where the insured has done all in his or her power to comply with the procedure set out in the policy, but has failed because of some circumstance beyond his or her control, “there might exist equitable considerations of a character such that they, rather than technical legal principles, should prevail. . . . Proof of intention alone is not sufficient, but where the intention is manifest and substantial affirmative action has been taken by the insured to effectuate a change of beneficiary the courts generally will make the change effective even though there has not been a strict compliance with the terms of the [insurance] contract. . . . The number of cases on the matter involved here is legion. They are resolved primarily on issues of fact.” (Citations omitted.) Indeed, in O’Connell, this court provided a harbinger for the refinement of the substantial compliance [297] doctrine in Aetna Life Ins. Co. by stating that “the insured desiring a change of beneficiary must comply with the requirements of the policy or at least make every reasonable effort to comply with them in order to obtain relief through equitable principles." (Emphasis added.) O'Connell v. Brady, supra, 136 Conn. 480.
We believe that this case presents the opportunity to embrace and apply the substantial compliance doctrine as set forth in Aetna Life Ins. Co. We conclude that the doctrine applies regardless of whether the issue of a purported change of beneficiary is raised in an equitable or legal action.10 Other courts, assuming that we would adopt the dicta in Aetna Life Ins. Co., have already applied the substantial compliance doctrine as Connecticut law. See Kulmacz v. New York Life Ins. Co., 39 Conn. Sup. 470, 474, 466 A.2d 808 (1983) (quoting dicta from Aetna Life Ins. Co. and referring to it as substantial compliance doctrine); see also Mann v. Metropolitan Life Ins. Co., 683 F. Sup. 27, 30 (D. Conn. 1988) (applying Connecticut law and citing and applying substantial compliance doctrine from Kulmacz and Aetna Life Ins. Co.). “The application of a rule which does not require absolute compliance with all formalities specified in a life insurance policy concerning a change of a beneficiary seems appropriate in some situations. This approach is especially justified when the evidence shows that an insured has taken substantial affirmative action in an attempt to effectuate the change. The majority of the decisions [on] point adopt rules embracing this approach. Several courts have observed or concluded, ‘[a]ll that is required is that every reasonable effort under the circumstances be made to effect the change.’ These decisions are sometimes viewed as having adopted a rule of substantial compliance.” R. Keeton & A. Widiss, Insurance Law (1988) § 4.11 (d) (1), pp. 430-31, quoting Provident [298] Mutual Life Ins. Co. v. Ehrlich, 508 F.2d 129, 133 (3d Cir. 1975) (applying Pennsylvania law); see also Lopez v. Massachusetts Mutual Life Ins. Co., 170 App. Div. 2d 583, 584, 566 N.Y.S.2d 359 (1991) (“even in the absence of such a waiver [of the policy provision requiring a written request satisfactory to the insurance company], we would conclude that the signed letter sent to the insurer constituted substantial compliance with the policy requirements ... so as to effect a valid change of beneficiary” [citations omitted]).
We conclude that, under the substantial compliance doctrine, which we affirm as the law of this state, the owner of a life insurance policy will have effectively changed the beneficiary if the following is proven: (1) the owner clearly intended to change the beneficiary and to designate the new beneficiary; and (2) the owner has taken substantial affirmative action to effectuate the change in the beneficiary.11
The trial court in this case narrowly formulated the substantial compliance doctrine by limiting it to the contours of Bachrach, and rejecting the dicta in Aetna Life Ins. Co. Indeed, the trial court held that “[u]nder all the facts and circumstances of the case, the court finds that the insured, [Ryder], failed to do all in her power to comply with the procedures set [out] in the policy and that this failure was not occasioned by circumstances beyond her control.” The trial court based its decision on the failure of Ryder to change the beneficiary on a “company approved form.”
[299] Nevertheless, the trial court found that Ryder had submitted a dated, signed, witnessed and unequivocal letter to the defendant, by which she sought to change the beneficiary in her policy, which finding none of the parties dispute. It is also undisputed that the letter referenced the policy by number and name.12 These are the same requirements that the defendant required in its company provided form.13 The trial court also found, and the parties do not dispute, that the defendant received this letter, understood it to mean exactly what it expressed, and placed the letter in Ryder’s policy file but did not record the change in its records. Finally, the trial court found that it was Ryder’s intention to change the beneficiary, and that there was no evidence that she had ever abandoned that intention. Counsel for the defendant conceded at oral argument that if we were to embrace what we have today denominated as the substantial compliance doctrine from Aetna Life Ins. Co., then Ryder’s letter requesting the beneficiary changes would be in substantial compliance with the policy provisions. On the basis of these undisputed facts found by the trial court, we hold, as a matter of law, that Ryder substantially complied with the change of beneficiary provision in the policy.
The plaintiff also argues that the trial court improperly concluded that the defendant had not violated CUTPA, based upon unfair insurance practices as defined in CUIPA, and, accordingly, must be reversed. We agree. The plaintiff alleged unfair insurance practices, as defined in CUIPA, as the basis of violations of CUTPA. See Mead v. Burns, 199 Conn. 651, 663, 509 A.2d 11 (1986) (holding “that it is possible to state a cause of action under CUTPA for a violation of [300] CUIPA”). The trial court in this case rendered judgment in favor of the defendant on the breach of contract claim because it found that “the defendant was entitled to rely on its policy provisions” and that “the plaintiff failed to demonstrate that his alleged damages would not have been avoidable by action on the part of [Ryder] or himself.” Because of those findings, the trial court concluded, as a matter of law, that the defendant had not violated CUIPA or CUTPA. As a result of our disposition of the primary issue in this appeal, we reverse the trial court’s determination on those claims and remand the matter to the trial court for a determination of whether there had been in fact any CUTPA violations. In addition, on remand, the trial court must also consider whether the plaintiff should be awarded compensatory interest under General Statutes § 37-3a and offer of judgment interest under General Statutes § 52-192a. See Blakeslee Arpaia Chapman, Inc. v. EI Constructors, Inc., 239 Conn. 708, 687 A.2d 506 (1997).
The judgment is reversed and the case is remanded with direction to render judgment for the plaintiff on the breach of contract claim, for further proceedings as to the plaintiffs CUTPA claims, and for a determination of any interest that may be due.
In this opinion the other justices concurred.
“1377 Boston Post Road
Milford, Connecticut 06460
January 8, 1979
Connecticut General Life Insurance Co.
950 Cottage Grove Road
Bloomfield, Connecticut 06002
Re: Policy No. 1021625
Mrs. Ella B. Ryder
Gentlemen:
I hereby revoke all previous beneficiary designations with respect to the death proceeds on the above policy on my life, and I direct that the death [291] proceeds shall be paid in one sum to the Executor of my estate.
I retain all rights of ownership on the policy and all right[s] to make a future change of beneficiary.
My intention is that this change of beneficiary become effective immediately; however, if you wish confirmation of this beneficiary change on your own form, please supply the form to my attorney, Robert J. Engelman, Esq., Schwartz & Knight, P.O. Box 679, New Haven, Connecticut, 06503.
Very truly yours,
Witnessed:
/s/ Robert Engelman /s/ Ella B. Ryder’
In O’Connell v. Brady, 136 Conn. 475, 481, 72 A.2d 493 (1950), this court stated that ‘'[o]rdinarily, the requirements in an insurance policy as to the steps to be taken to make a change of beneficiary are for the protection of the insurer and, unless rights have become vested, the insurer may waive them and change the beneficiary although they have not been complied with. . . If the insurer does not change the beneficiary but pays the proceeds into court in an interpleader action, it thereby waives any right it had to insist that the requirements of the policy be complied with; but this does not work a change in the beneficiary, and it is for the court to determine who has the better right to the proceeds.” (Citations omitted; emphasis added.) Furthermore, policy formalities are intended to protect not only the insurance company from rival claims, but also the owner’s choice of beneficiary and the interests of the beneficiaries. See Bigley v. Pacific Standard Life Ins. Co., 229 Conn. 459, 464, 642 A.2d 4 (1994) (holding that insurance company bears loss for payment to person fraudulently substituted for beneficiary where policy provided that only owner could change beneficiary); R. Keeton, Insurance Law (1971) § 4.11 (e), pp. 254-55 (stating that change of beneficiary clauses are for protection of insurer, owner and third party beneficiaries).
The plaintiff argues that, because he demanded that the defendant institute an interpleader action pursuant to § 52-484, the trial court should have applied the reasoning of O’Connell by holding that the defendant waived any right it had to insist on the policy formalities. Although the defendant could have brought an interpleader action, it did not do so. We agree with the trial court that the defendant was under no obligation to bring an interpleader action. Nevertheless, as the defendant conceded before the trial court, having paid Zink rather than follow the interpleader procedure, the defendant did so at its own peril.