Present: Kinser, C.J., Lemons, Goodwyn, Millette, and McClanahan, JJ., and Carrico and Lacy, S.JJ.
E.C.
v. Record No. 110523 OPINION BY SENIOR JUSTICE ELIZABETH B. LACY VIRGINIA DEPARTMENT OF March 2, 2012 JUVENILE JUSTICE
FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF STAFFORD COUNTY Charles S. Sharp, Judge
E.C. was released from custody while his petition for a
writ of habeas corpus was pending. In this appeal we consider
whether the circuit court erred in holding that because the
petitioner was no longer in custody, its jurisdiction ended or,
alternatively, the case was rendered moot.
BACKGROUND
In June 2007, E.C., then 15 years old, was charged in the
Juvenile and Domestic Relations District Court of Stafford
County (JDR Court) with the rape of a 14 year-old girl, E.G., in
violation of Code § 18.2-61. E.C. also was charged with
breaking and entering in the daytime with intent to commit rape,
in violation of Code § 18.2-90, and abduction, in violation of
Code § 18.2-47. Upon advice of counsel, E.C. entered an
agreement with the Commonwealth in which he entered a plea of
facts sufficient for a finding of guilty to the charges of
breaking and entering and rape and the Commonwealth agreed to
nolle prosse the abduction charge and forego seeking prosecution of E.C. as an adult. The JDR Court adjudged E.C. delinquent and
committed him to the custody of the Department of Juvenile
Justice (DJJ) for an indeterminate period. 1 The Court also
ordered E.C. to register as a sex offender. On February 25,
2009, E.C. was released from the custody of the DJJ and placed
under parole supervision managed by the 16th District Juvenile
and Domestic Relations Court Service Unit of the City of Orange.
On August 18, 2009, a consortium of attorneys from various
entities 2 filed a petition for a writ of habeas corpus on E.C.’s
behalf alleging that E.C.’s guilty plea was neither knowing nor
voluntary and was constitutionally invalid for a number of
reasons generally relating to the ineffective assistance of
counsel. E.C. also asserted that he was actually innocent of
the crimes, alleging that on or about November 23, 2007, E.G.
recanted her complaint against E.C. and admitted that “she had
lied about the incident with E.C. and that the encounter had
been consensual” and that on November 28, 2007, E.G.’s mother
informed E.C.’s court-appointed counsel of this recantation.
E.C. alleged that his court-appointed counsel filed a motion to
set aside the verdict on February 28, 2008, but the JDR Court
denied the motion as untimely.
1 Hereinafter we refer to delinquency adjudications as convictions. 2 The attorneys were associated with JustChildren/Legal Aid, The Innocence Project at the University of Virginia School of Law, or McGuireWoods LLP.
2 Prior to filing E.C.’s petition for a writ of habeas
corpus, a member of E.C.’s legal team contacted the director of
court services for the 16th District Court Service Unit, and
requested that E.C.’s release from parole be delayed to allow
E.C.’s counsel “the opportunity to file a document related to
the matters on which they were representing him.” The director
agreed to delay E.C.’s release for “a brief period of time.”
E.C. was released from parole supervision on August 24, 2009,
six days after his habeas corpus petition was filed.
On November 3, 2009, the DJJ moved to dismiss E.C.’s
petition for a writ of habeas corpus arguing, inter alia, that
the circuit court lacked jurisdiction to consider the petition
because E.C. was no longer under any form of detention.
Following oral arguments on the motion, the circuit court
granted the DJJ’s motion to dismiss finding that, in the absence
of detention, it had no jurisdiction to consider a petition for
a writ of habeas corpus. The circuit court also concluded that
“the requirement for sex offender registration [is] not the
functional equivalent of detention, confinement, or custody, or
the contigent [sic] exposure to confinement inherent in parole
or a suspended sentence.” Alternatively, the circuit court held
that even if it had jurisdiction, the petition was moot because
E.C. was “under no form of confinement or detention” and,
3 therefore, the “Court has no capacity to grant the relief
contemplated by the statute.”
E.C. filed a timely appeal challenging these three rulings
of the circuit court.
DISCUSSION
I. JURISDICTION
In his first assignment of error, E.C. asserts that a
circuit court’s jurisdiction to consider a petition for a writ
of habeas corpus is established at the time the petition is
filed and because E.C. was under parole supervision at the time
his petition was filed, the circuit court had jurisdiction to
consider the petition. The DJJ does not dispute that the
circuit court had the requisite jurisdiction to consider the
case at the time the petition was filed, but contends that the
circuit court’s jurisdiction was extinguished or ended when E.C.
was released from parole supervision because, at that point, the
court could no longer enter an order that would impact the
duration of E.C.’s confinement.
To consider the habeas corpus petition in this case, the
circuit court had to have subject matter or “potential”
jurisdiction as well as “active” jurisdiction. Ghameshlouy v.
Commonwealth, 279 Va. 379, 388-89, 689 S.E.2d 698, 702-03
(2010). Our jurisprudence has long held that a court’s
jurisdiction is determined at the time the litigation is filed
4 and, once established, remains until the termination of the
litigation. As we stated in Laing v. Commonwealth, 205 Va. 511,
514, 137 S.E.2d 896, 899 (1964):
[I]t is axiomatic that when a court acquires jurisdiction of the subject matter and the person, it retains jurisdiction until the matter before it has been fully adjudicated.
See also Jones v. Commonwealth, 227 Va. 425, 429, 317 S.E.2d
482, 484 (1984) (court acquired and retained jurisdiction until
matter fully adjudicated); Rochelle v. Rochelle, 225 Va. 387,
391, 302 S.E.2d 59, 62 (1983) (same); 20 Am. Jur.2d, Courts
§§ 98, 100, 101 (2011) (citing cases). While intervening events
may affect the nature of the relief available, they do not end
or extinguish the jurisdiction of the Court.
The DJJ argues that a habeas corpus proceeding is not
subject to this “axiomatic” principle relying primarily on
language in the per curiam opinion issued in Blair v. Peyton,
210 Va. 416, 171 S.E.2d 690 (1970). Closer review of the record
and history of Blair demonstrates that it is not dispositive of
the issue in this case and has little, if any, precedential
value.
The petitioner in Blair filed a petition for a writ of
habeas corpus challenging two convictions he had received from
the Corporation Court of the City of Norfolk. At the time he
filed his petition, the petitioner had already completed the
5 sentences imposed as a result of those convictions. He was,
however, serving sentences imposed for convictions against him
entered by the Circuit Court of Culpeper County. The relief
sought was a credit for the time served on the alleged invalid
Norfolk convictions against the time he had to serve for the
Culpeper convictions.
The respondent filed a motion to dismiss the habeas corpus
petition arguing that the corporation court had no jurisdiction
because the petitioner had already served the sentences imposed
for the Norfolk convictions. The corporation court granted the
motion to dismiss and the petitioner appealed.
In an unpublished order, this Court reversed the
corporation court’s judgment and remanded the case for a plenary
hearing citing Peyton v. Christian, 208 Va. 105, 155 S.E.2d 335
(1967). Blair v. Peyton, Record No. 7046 (October 10, 1967).
On remand, the respondent again urged dismissal of the
petition on jurisdictional grounds and that Christian was not
applicable to the jurisdictional issue in the case. The record
indicates that the corporation court concluded that the mandate
from this Court required it to conduct a plenary hearing.
Following that hearing, the corporation court dismissed the
petition on its merits and the petitioner again appealed to this
Court.
6 In the second appeal to this Court, the respondent again
argued that the corporation court was without jurisdiction
because the petitioner had already fully served the challenged
sentences at the time the petition was filed, citing Smyth v.
Midgett, 199 Va. 727, 101 S.E.2d 575 (1958) and Smyth v.
Holland, 199 Va. 92, 97 S.E.2d 745 (1957). This Court dismissed
the appeal, however, stating that because the petitioner had
completed his sentences for the Culpeper convictions prior to
the appeal being heard in the Supreme Court, any opinion
rendered would be an advisory opinion and the Court “therefore
[was] without jurisdiction further to entertain the case.”
Blair, 210 Va. at 417, 171 S.E.2d at 691. No citation to legal
authority supporting this conclusion was provided.
The Court did not address the jurisdictional question
raised by the respondent in both appeals; yet, eight months
later, in Moore v. Peyton, 211 Va. 119, 119-20, 176 S.E.2d 427,
427 (1970), the Court reaffirmed the principle that a court does
not acquire jurisdiction to determine the validity of a sentence
fully served before the proceeding for a writ of habeas corpus
is instituted. The Court also stated that Christian was not
applicable to such cases. Moore, 211 Va. at 120, 176 S.E.2d at
428. The Court did not refer to its previous decision in Blair.
The DJJ relies on the language in the Blair per curiam
opinion that the Court was “without jurisdiction further to
7 entertain the case” to support its position that habeas corpus
jurisdiction can end or be extinguished by subsequent events.
Blair has not been relied upon in any Virginia appellate case
for that principle, nor has it been cited for any reason in any
subsequent Virginia appellate case.
For these reasons, the precedential value of Blair is
suspect and we reject the DJJ’s argument that Blair is
dispositive of the jurisdictional issue in this case.
In summary, the habeas corpus statutes vested the circuit
court with subject matter jurisdiction of the proceeding and
active jurisdiction arose because the petitioner was detained
for purposes of habeas corpus when the petition was filed.
Ghameshlouy, 279 Va. at 388-89, 689 S.E.2d at 702-03. That
jurisdiction did not end because E.C. was released from
detention during the course of the proceeding. Laing, 205 Va.
at 514, 137 S.E.2d at 899. Accordingly, the circuit court erred
in determining that it did not have jurisdiction to consider
E.C.’s petition for a writ of habeas corpus.
II. MOOTNESS
The circuit court also held that, even if jurisdiction
continued, the case was moot because E.C. no longer was subject
to confinement and, therefore, no order favorably affecting the
duration of his confinement could be entered. E.C. challenges
this holding, arguing that under established principles, the
8 case is not moot because an actual controversy remains. He
asserts that he has a continuing and concrete injury which is a
collateral consequence of his convictions, and the habeas court
has the ability to enter an order providing him the remedy he
seeks.
Our jurisprudence provides that a case is moot and must be
dismissed when the case or controversy that existed between
litigants has ceased to exist:
Whenever it appears or is made to appear that there is no actual controversy between the litigants, or that, if it once existed, it has ceased to do so, it is the duty of every judicial tribunal not to proceed to the formal determination of the apparent controversy, but to dismiss the case. It is not the office of courts to give opinions on abstract propositions of law, or to decide questions upon which no rights depend, and where no relief can be afforded. Only real controversies and existing rights are entitled to invoke the exercise of their powers.
Franklin v. Peers, 95 Va. 602, 603, 29 S.E. 321, 321 (1898); see
also Miller v. International Union of United Brewery, etc.
Workers of Am. 187 Va. 889, 897, 48 S.E.2d 252, 255 (1948);
Hankins v. Town of Virginia Beach, 182 Va. 642, 643-44, 29
S.E.2d 831, 832 (1944); Potts v. Mathieson Alkali Works, 165 Va.
196, 225, 181 S.E. 521, 533 (1935); Board of Supervisors of
Amherst County v. Combs, 160 Va. 487, 497, 169 S.E. 589, 593
(1933); Wallerstein v. Brander, 136 Va. 543, 546, 118 S.E. 224,
9 225 (1923); Hamer v. Commonwealth, 107 Va. 636, 637, 59 S.E.
400, 400 (1907).
E.C. asserts that, even though he has been released from
confinement, a controversy still exists because his convictions
and the JDR court’s order requiring him to register as a sex
offender based on the convictions impose collateral consequences
that are obvious and severe. Under these circumstances, he
argues that his petition is not moot and that the circuit court
erred in holding otherwise.
In support of his position E.C. cites United States Supreme
Court cases that have held that termination of a petitioner’s
custody prior to adjudication of a habeas corpus petition does
not automatically terminate the existence of an actual
controversy and render the case moot. When a petitioner
challenging the legality of his conviction continues to suffer a
concrete and continuing injury, which is a collateral
consequence of the conviction, a case or controversy remains and
release from the sentence imposed does not render the case moot.
This principle has been applied whether the petition for a writ
of habeas corpus challenged the legality of a conviction for
violation of a federal statute pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2255 or
of a state statute pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2254. See e.g.
Spencer v. Kemna, 523 U.S. 1, 8 (1998); Calderon v. Moore, 518
U.S. 149, 150 (1996); Evitts v. Lucey, 469 U.S. 387, 391 n.4
10 (1985); Carafas v. LaVallee, 391 U.S. 234, 237 (1968); Sibron v.
New York, 392 U.S. 40, 57-58 (1968); Pollard v. United States,
352 U.S. 354, 358 (1957); Fiswick v. United States, 329 U.S.
211, 221-23 (1946).
A significant number of the states that have considered the
issue also have determined that collateral consequences of a
conviction may be sufficient to defeat a claim of mootness when
the petitioner in a habeas proceeding has been released from
custody subsequent to the filing of the petition. See e.g. Mead
v. State, 504 P.2d 855, 856 (Alaska 1972); People v. Villa, 202
P.3d 427, 432 (Cal. 2009); Moland v. People, 757 P.2d 137, 139
(Colo. 1988); Lebron v. Comm’r of Corr., 876 A.2d 1178, 1193
(Conn. 2005); Gural v. State, 251 A.2d 344, 344-45 (Del. 1969);
Gardner v. State, 548 So.2d 900, 901 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 1989);
Capote v. Ray, 577 S.E.2d 755, 757 n.4 (Ga. 2002); Smith v.
State, 491 P.2d 733, 735 (Idaho 1971); Rawlins v. State, 182
P.3d 1271, 1274 (Kan. Ct. App. 2008); Bennett v. State, 289 A.2d
28, 31 (Me. 1972); In re Hackett, 463 A.2d 376, 383 (N.J. Super.
Ct. App. Div. 1983); McDuffie v. Berzzarins, 330 N.E.2d 667, 669
(Ohio 1975); Morasch v. State, 493 P.2d 1364, 1366 (Or. 1972);
Commonwealth v. Doria, 364 A.2d 322, 324-25 (Pa. 1976); State v.
McCraw, 551 S.W.2d 692, 694 (Tenn. 1977); Ex parte Guzman, 551
S.W.2d 387, 388 (Tex. Crim. App. 1977); Duran v. Morris, 635
P.2d 43, 45 (Utah 1981); Monohan v. Burdman, 530 P.2d 334, 336-
11 37 (Wash. 1975); State v. Theoharopoulos, 240 N.W.2d 635, 637-38
(Wis. 1976).
We have not previously been asked to consider whether
collateral consequences stemming from a criminal conviction are
sufficient to survive a claim of mootness in a habeas corpus
proceeding. 3 We have, however, applied this principle in another
context.
In Tazewell County School Board v. Brown, 267 Va. 150, 591
S.E.2d 671 (2004), the school division superintendent suspended
Brown with pay from his position as principal of a high school
and notified Brown that he would recommend to the School Board
that Brown be reassigned as a principal at another school in the
system and subsequently reassigned to a classroom. Brown lodged
a grievance based on his suspension from his job duties and
requested “immediate reinstatement” to his position as principal
of his former high school. When the School Board determined
that Brown’s claim was not a grievable matter, he appealed to
3 We have dismissed petitions for a writ of habeas corpus as moot in circumstances where the petitioner has completed the sentence imposed and been released or has received an adjustment to the sentence. See e.g. Jasper v. Director, Dep’t. of Corrs., Record No. 110873 (October 18, 2011) (unpublished); Brown v. Director, Dep’t. of Corrs., Record No. 101332 (March 2, 2011) (unpublished); Arambula v. Director, Dep’t. of Corrs., Record No. 100845 (November 15, 2010) (unpublished); Camp v. Sheriff, City of Richmond, Record No. 092544 (August 12, 2010) (unpublished). None of the petitioners in these cases filed motions for rehearing asserting that their cases were not moot.
12 the circuit court. The School Board argued to the circuit court
that the matter was moot because Brown was reinstated as a
principal and reassigned. Id. at 155-56, 591 S.E.2d at 672-73.
The circuit court rejected this argument, finding that Brown had
been “ ‘adversely affected in his professional reputation,’ ”
which was not “ ‘undone’ ” by the subsequent actions of the
School Board. Id. at 157, 591 S.E.2d at 674. In its appeal to
this Court, the School Board again argued that the case was moot
adding that, during the appeal process, Brown had resigned his
employment with the School Board. Id.
This Court rejected the Board’s mootness claim, asserting
that the fact of, and reasons for, Brown’s suspension and
reassignment would remain in his personnel file unless
determined to be unfounded. “In other words, if Brown prevailed
in this appeal, there is relief, other than reinstatement to his
former position, that could be afforded to him under the circuit
court’s judgment directing the School Board to resolve his
grievance.” Id. at 158, 591 S.E.2d at 674. In considering the
lingering impact the School Board’s action could have on Brown’s
reputation, this Court determined that such collateral
consequences precluded rendering the case moot.
In this case, E.C. asserts that his convictions and
attendant requirement of registering as a sex offender impose
substantial consequences on him which are sufficiently
13 significant to avoid rendering the case moot. A delinquency
adjudication can be counted as a prior conviction sufficient to
support an enhanced punishment, Code § 17.1-805(B), and counts
towards the “three strike rule” which automatically sentences
the individual to imprisonment with no suspended sentence for
certain sex offenses. Code § 18.2-67.5:3(C). E.C. cannot own
or transport a firearm and he must register as a sex offender
for the rest of his life. As a registered sex offender he may
not serve as an adoptive or foster parent, is restricted in his
choice of school and employment, such as in home health care or
nursing positions, and is subject to reputational harm from
viewing on the sex offender registry, which must contain his
picture, address, and convictions. These “collateral
consequences” can only be avoided if, as a first step, E.C. can
prevail on his claim that his convictions were the result of a
constitutionally defective proceeding because of the ineffective
assistance of his counsel.
The DJJ contends, however, that regardless of these
collateral consequences, the circuit court was correct in its
alternative holding that the habeas proceeding was moot because
the only relief that a court considering a habeas petition can
afford is “discharge from custody,” citing Carroll v. Johnson,
278 Va. 683, 685 S.E.2d 647 (2009), West v. Director, Dep't of
Corrs., 273 Va. 56, 639 S.E.2d 190 (2007), and McClenny v.
14 Murray, 246 Va. 132, 431 S.E.2d 330 (1993) along with Code
§§ 8.01-654 and -662. 4 E.C. has been released from confinement,
and therefore, according to the DJJ, the case is moot because no
relief is available. We do not agree that these cases or
statutes stand for the proposition advanced by the DJJ.
McClenny, West, and Carroll each address the availability
of the writ of habeas corpus to petitioners in specific factual
situations. In McClenny, the petitioner’s sentence did not
include any period of incarceration and consequently the
petitioner was not in custody when the petition was filed. The
petitioner argued that certain terms of his suspended sentence
including reporting to a probation officer, submitting to DNA
tests and performing community services qualified as “detention”
for purposes of vesting jurisdiction in the trial court. The
Court rejected this argument, citing Smyth v. Holland, 199 Va.
4 The DJJ also relied upon Blair, 210 Va. 416, 171 S.E.2d 690. Although we earlier discounted the precedential value of this case, we note that the language in Blair dismissing the use of collateral consequences to avoid mootness was based on this Court’s conclusion that Carafas, 391 U.S. 234, treating collateral consequences as creating a continued controversy, was not controlling because it involved the federal habeas corpus statute, which is “unlike” our statutes. Blair, 210 Va. at 417, 171 S.E.2d at 691. As set out above, the concept of a continuing controversy has been applied to habeas corpus proceedings under both 28 U.S.C. § 2254 (state prisoners) and § 2255 (federal prisoners), and both kinds of cases proceed under 28 U.S.C. § 2241 through § 2253 which today are directly analogous to our habeas corpus statutes. See, e.g., Code §§ 8.01-654 to -662.
15 92, 96-97, 97 S.E.2d 745, 748 (1957), and held the circuit court
did not have jurisdiction of the case, because “he was not
sentenced to any term of incarceration . . . [t]hus, he cannot
show that he is ‘detained’ within the intendment of Code § 8.01-
654(A).” 246 Va. at 135, 431 S.E.2d at 331. In short,
jurisdiction never attached.
Similarly, neither West nor Carroll supports the DJJ’s
position. These cases established that habeas corpus relief was
available even if a successful petitioner would not be
discharged from custody. West declared that a petitioner was
entitled to seek habeas corpus relief even when he challenged
only one of two concurrent sentences he was serving. 273 Va. at
66, 639 S.E.2d at 197. Carroll reversed the long-standing
“immediate release rule” and allowed habeas relief for
recomputation of the length of a petitioner’s sentence. 278 Va.
at 692-94, 685 S.E.2d at 651-52. Both of these cases expanded
the relief available in a habeas corpus proceeding and did not
restrict such relief to discharge of the petitioner.
Finally, the DJJ points to the habeas corpus statutes,
specifically Code §§ 8.01-654 and -662, saying that the “sole”
remedy allowed “is discharge from custody.” We disagree.
Code § 8.01-654, which establishes the right to pursue
habeas corpus relief, does not address the remedy if a writ is
granted. The statute allows a challenge to a conviction and
16 only requires that the petitioner allege that he is “detained
without lawful authority” and that the petition be filed within
a specific time period.
Code § 8.01-662 provides that the “court before whom the
petitioner is brought shall either discharge or remand him, or
admit him to bail . . . .” The DJJ’s argument appears to be
that this provision limits the habeas corpus remedy to an order
either freeing the petitioner or returning him to custody. We
reject such a narrow interpretation because it does not comport
with the remedial purpose of the habeas corpus statutes, and the
actual relief which we have afforded in habeas corpus
proceedings.
The habeas corpus statutes are remedial in nature and are
to be liberally construed. Carroll, 278 Va. at 693, 685 S.E.2d
at 651-52. The narrow construction advanced by the DJJ would
work a particularly harsh result in this case and in other cases
involving juveniles who received indeterminate terms of
confinement or parole under the supervision and control of the
DJJ. See Code §§ 16.1-284.1 and -285, and -285.1. The DJJ’s
view would allow the DJJ to defeat any petition for a writ of
habeas corpus filed by a juvenile under its supervision serving
such an indeterminate sentence by releasing the juvenile from
confinement or parole upon notification that such petition was
filed. This group of juveniles, although given the right to
17 attack the validity of their conviction through filing a habeas
corpus petition within certain time limits, Code § 8.01-654,
would have no remedy to vindicate that right if the DJJ chose to
release the petitioner from custody. Such an interpretation is
inconsistent with the remedial nature of the habeas corpus
statutes.
The DJJ’s position also would allow the dismissal of a
petition when the amount of time required by the litigation and
appeal processes extends beyond the length of time the
petitioner was detained. The length of time necessary to fully
adjudicate a petition for a writ of habeas corpus is the result
of a number of factors, many of which are not within the control
of the petitioner. In other circumstances we have refused to
deny the right to seek habeas corpus relief on the basis of
judicial economy and convenience and held that such burden in
our justice system “should rest on the shoulders of the
judiciary rather than on those of an imprisoned petitioner.”
West, 273 Va. at 66, 639 S.E.2d at 197. Applying that
philosophy here dictates that a petitioner exercising his right
to challenge the validity of a conviction through a petition for
a writ of habeas corpus should not be deprived of that right
because factors beyond his control have caused the proceeding to
extend beyond the period of his sentence, probation or parole.
18 Finally, as a practical matter, habeas corpus petitions
have been entertained and relief granted when the relief will
not result in the discharge of the petitioner. Generally,
petitioners who successfully challenge their criminal conviction
are not released from the charges even though the petitioner
secures the relief he sought, a determination that his
conviction is invalid and the right to a new trial. For
example, the disposition of a petition for habeas corpus filed
in this Court under our original jurisdiction in West, recited
that the writ was “granted in part and dismissed in part.” Id.
at 67, 639 S.E.2d at 197. See also, e.g., Jones v. Peyton, 208
Va. 378, 381, 158 S.E.2d 179, 181 (1967); Burley v. Peyton, 206
Va. 546, 549, 145 S.E.2d 175, 177 (1965); Whitley v. Cunningham,
205 Va. 251, 258, 135 S.E.2d 823, 828-29 (1964). But cf., e.g.,
Moreno v. Baskerville, 249 Va. 16, 20, 452 S.E.2d 653, 655
(1995) (indictments for offenses dismissed in habeas
proceeding).
After consideration of our jurisprudence on mootness, as
well as that of other state and federal jurisdictions, the
habeas corpus statutes, their remedial purpose and prior
applications, we conclude that collateral consequences of a
conviction challenged in a habeas corpus proceeding may be
considered in determining whether the proceeding is moot.
Release from confinement, probation or parole during the
19 pendency of the proceeding does not automatically render the
proceeding moot.
This holding does not dramatically expand habeas corpus
jurisdiction. The predicate to establish habeas corpus
jurisdiction remains; the petitioner must have been detained at
the time the petition is filed and the petition must be filed
within a discrete time period. Code § 8.01-654(A)(1), (2). Not
all collateral consequences of a conviction will be sufficient
to avoid a finding that the case is moot. Whether the
collateral consequences claimed by the petitioner are sufficient
to preclude a finding that the case is moot will be made on a
case by case basis.
Turning to the facts of this case, we hold that the
collateral consequences imposed on E.C. by the convictions he is
challenging are sufficient to sustain a continued controversy.
The relief from these consequences that E.C. seeks is a
determination that the convictions which imposed them are
invalid because of the ineffective assistance of counsel and
that he is entitled to a new trial. If successful, the relief
he seeks can be afforded by the court exercising its habeas
corpus jurisdiction.
In summary, for the reasons stated, we will reverse the
circuit court’s judgment that it did not have jurisdiction to
consider E.C.’s petition for a writ of habeas corpus and that
20 the habeas corpus proceeding was moot and remand the case for
further proceedings. 5
Reversed and remanded.
5 In light of our holding that the circuit court had jurisdiction to consider the petition, we need not address E.C.’s assignment of error that the circuit court erred in holding that the requirements attached to sex offender registration do not constitute detention, confinement, or custody for purposes of habeas corpus.
21 JUSTICE McCLANAHAN, concurring in part and dissenting in part.
I concur in the majority's holding that the circuit
court erred in finding it lacked jurisdiction since E.C. was
"detained" within the meaning of Code § 8.01-654(A)(1) when
he filed his petition for habeas corpus. 1 I dissent,
however, from the majority's holding that the circuit court
erred in finding the petition was moot because I do not
believe our habeas corpus statutory scheme provides relief
when the petitioner is no longer detained.
The remedy afforded under Virginia's habeas corpus statute
is relief from an unlawful detention. Code § 8.01-662 states:
After hearing the matter both upon the return and any other evidence, the court before whom the petitioner is brought shall either discharge or remand him, or admit him to bail and adjudge the cost of the proceeding, including the charge for transporting the prisoner.
(emphasis added). Therefore, the statute necessarily
contemplates that the petitioner is detained such that the court
shall either "discharge" the petitioner if it finds in his
favor, or "remand" him if it does not find in his favor or if
only the duration of his detention is affected by a finding in
1 Pursuant to Code § 8.01-654(B)(3), a petition may allege "detention" even though "the sentence imposed for such conviction is suspended or is to be served subsequently to the sentence currently being served by petitioner." Thus, the threat of future incarceration inherent in parole satisfies the requirement that the petitioner be detained. his favor. The statute does not provide any relief when the
petitioner is no longer detained.
"When the language of a statute is plain and unambiguous,
we are bound by the plain meaning of that statutory language."
Lee County v. Town of St. Charles, 264 Va. 344, 348, 568 S.E.2d
680, 682 (2002). " 'It is a cardinal rule of construction that
statutes dealing with a specific subject must be construed
together in order to arrive at the object sought to be
accomplished.' " Alston v. Commonwealth, 274 Va. 759, 769, 652
S.E.2d 456, 462 (2007) (quoting Prillaman v. Commonwealth, 199
Va. 401, 406, 100 S.E.2d 4, 7 (1957)).
Under the rule of statutory construction of statutes in pari materia, statutes are not to be considered as isolated fragments of law. . . . [T]hey should be so construed as to harmonize the general tenor or purport of the system and make the scheme consistent in all its parts and uniform in its operation, unless a different purpose is shown plainly or with irresistible clearness.
Id. (quoting Prillaman, 199 Va. at 405, 100 S.E.2d at 7).
Construing provisions of Virginia's habeas corpus statute
together, in particular Code §§ 8.01-654 and -662, the object
sought to be accomplished by a writ of habeas corpus is relief
from an unlawful detention.
Holding that a petitioner may seek relief from the
collateral consequences associated with a criminal conviction,
the majority not only construes our habeas corpus statute in a
23 way that is inconsistent with the object sought to be
accomplished by the writ, but it essentially amends the statute
to afford relief to petitioners that is plainly not provided for
under the language of the current statutory scheme.
"While in the construction of statutes the constant endeavor of the courts is to ascertain and give effect to the intention of the legislature, that intention must be gathered from the words used . . . . Where the legislature has used words of a plain and definite import the courts cannot put upon them a construction which amounts to holding the legislature did not mean what it has actually expressed."
Chase v. DaimlerChrysler Corp., 266 Va. 544, 547, 587 S.E.2d
521, 522 (2003). The "expansive scope" given by the majority to
the relief available through a writ of habeas corpus "simply
do[es] not appear in the statute, and we cannot change or amend
a statute under the guise of construing it." Coca-Cola Bottling
Co. of Roanoke, Inc. v. County of Botetourt, 259 Va. 559, 565,
526 S.E.2d 746, 750 (2000).
As we explained in Carroll v. Johnson, 278 Va. 683, 693,
685 S.E.2d 647, 652 (2009), Virginia's habeas corpus statute
allows the petitioner to challenge his detention "so long as an
order entered in the petitioner's favor will result in a court
order that, on its face and standing alone, will directly impact
the duration of the petitioner's confinement." However,
"disputes which only tangentially affect an inmate's confinement
. . . are not proper matters for habeas corpus jurisdiction
24 because an order entered in the petitioner's favor in those
cases will not result in an order interpreting convictions or
sentences that, on its face and standing alone, will directly
impact the duration of the petitioner's sentence." Id. at 694,
685 S.E.2d at 652. 2
Finding that our habeas corpus statute is not limited to
relief from an unlawful detention, the majority reasons that
"[p]etitioners who successfully challenge their criminal
conviction are not released from the charges" but only gain "the
right to a new trial." The majority is certainly correct in
this regard because "[t]he office of the writ of habeas corpus
is not to determine the guilt or innocence of the prisoner. The
only issue which it presents is whether or not the prisoner is
restrained of his liberty by due process of law." Lacey v.
Palmer, 93 Va. 159, 163, 24 S.E. 930,931 (1896). The fact that
the petitioner is not "released from the charges" does not
answer the question of what relief he is afforded when he proves
an unlawful detention; rather, it begs the question of what
relief he is afforded. That question is answered by the plain
2 The Court in Carroll discussed the relief available in a habeas corpus proceeding in the context of determining whether the circuit court erred in finding it lacked jurisdiction. Since the petitioner in Carroll was incarcerated, and therefore detained, the circuit court clearly had jurisdiction. Therefore, the Court's discussion of the relief available, while treated as an issue of jurisdiction, seems more properly considered as an issue of mootness.
25 language of the statute, which directs the court to "discharge"
the petitioner from the detention found to be unlawful. Code
§ 8.01-662. If the court finds in the petitioner's favor but
the petitioner is still subject to a lawful detention, the
statute directs the court to "remand" the petitioner. Id. 3
Because we must apply Virginia's habeas corpus statute,
jurisprudence from the United States Supreme Court applying the
federal habeas corpus statute and from other jurisdictions
applying their state habeas corpus statutes or post-conviction
relief rules does not provide persuasive authority. While the
federal habeas corpus statute requires the petitioner to be "in
custody" to file a petition, 28 U.S.C. § 2241(c), "the statute
does not limit the relief that may be granted to discharge of
the applicant from physical custody. Its mandate is broad with
respect to the relief that may be granted." Carafas v.
LaVallee, 391 U.S. 234, 239 (1968). In contrast to Virginia's
habeas corpus statute which does limit the relief to discharge,
the federal statute "provides that 'the court shall . . .
3 I disagree with the majority that our decisions in West v. Director, Dep't of Corrs., 273 Va. 56, 639 S.E.2d 190 (2007) and Carroll support expansion of relief available in habeas corpus proceedings to collateral consequences stemming from a criminal conviction. In both West and Carroll, the petitioners were detained and sought relief from their alleged unlawful detentions. In fact, as we stated in West, our decision in that case complied with "the purpose and scope of the writ of habeas corpus, which is to test the legality of a prisoner's detention." West, 273 Va. at 66, 639 S.E.2d at 197. In contrast, E.C. does not seek relief from a detention.
26 dispose of the matter as law and justice require.' " Id.
(quoting 28 U.S.C. § 2243). The decisions from other
jurisdictions cited by the majority are primarily from states
that have adopted post-conviction relief rules superseding
traditional habeas relief or have habeas corpus statutes that
afford broad relief. 4 The remaining state cases cited by the
4 See, e.g., Alaska Stat. § 12.75.080 (post-conviction relief statute providing court may grant "appropriate remedy"); Alaska R. Crim. P. 35.1(g) (post-conviction procedure rule providing court shall "enter an appropriate order with respect to the conviction or sentence" and "any supplementary orders . . . that may be necessary and proper."); Colo. R. Crim. P. 35(a),(c)(3)(V) (post-conviction relief rule providing that court may "correct a sentence" and shall "make such orders as may appear appropriate"); Conn. Gen. Stat. § 52-470(a) (habeas corpus statute providing court shall "dispose of the case as law and justice require"); Del. Super. Ct. Crim. R. 61(h)(3) (post- conviction remedy rule providing court shall "make such disposition of the motion as justice dictates"); Fla. R. Crim. P. 3.850(d) (post-conviction relief rule providing court may "correct the sentence as may appear appropriate"); Ga. Code Ann. § 9-14-48(d) (habeas corpus statute providing court shall enter "an appropriate order with respect to the judgment or sentence challenged" and such supplementary orders "as may be necessary and proper"); Idaho Code Ann. § 19-4907(a) (post-conviction relief statute providing court shall enter "an appropriate order with respect to the conviction or sentence" and any supplementary orders "that may be necessary and proper"); Kan. Stat. Ann. § 60-1505(d)(habeas corpus statute providing court may make such orders as "justice and equity . . . may require"); N.J. Court Rules, R. 3:22-11 (post-conviction relief rule providing court shall enter a judgment including "an appropriate order or direction with respect to the judgment or sentence" and any other appropriate provisions "as may otherwise be required"); Or. Rev. Stat. § 138.520 (post-conviction relief statute providing court may grant or order such "relief as may be proper and just"); 42 Pa. Cons. Stat. § 9546(a) (post- conviction relief statute providing court "shall order appropriate relief" and issue orders "that are necessary and proper"); Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-30-111(a) (post-conviction
27 majority were decisions in which the courts acknowledged the
broad relief available under federal jurisprudence without any
analysis of whether such relief was available under their own
habeas corpus statutes. 5 Thus, these decisions are not
instructive in determining the scope of relief afforded under
Virginia's habeas corpus statute.
In sum, I cannot join in the majority's holding that
Virginia's habeas corpus statute provides relief from collateral
consequences stemming from a criminal conviction since the plain
language of the statute only affords relief from an unlawful
procedure statute providing court shall "enter an appropriate order" and issue "any supplementary orders that may be necessary and proper"); Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 11.07 § 3(c) (habeas corpus statute defining "confinement" to include "any collateral consequence resulting from the conviction"). See also Bennett v. State, 289 A.2d 28, 30 (Me. 1972) (applying statute governing habeas corpus remedy then in effect and noting Maine's statute provided for broader relief than release). 5 See, e.g., People v. Villa, 202 P.3d 427, 432 (Cal. 2009) (while citing federal jurisprudence that collateral consequences may be relevant in determining mootness, court held collateral consequences do not constitute custody for purposes of habeas attack); Duran v. Morris, 635 P.2d 43, 45 (Utah 1981)(while citing federal jurisprudence that collateral consequences may be relevant in determining mootness, court held petition moot without reference to state habeas statute); Monohan v. Burdman, 530 P.2d 334, 337 (Wash. 1975) (relying on federal jurisprudence that collateral consequences may be relevant in determining mootness, court held petition not moot without reference to state habeas statute); State v. Theoharopoulos, 240 N.W.2d 635, 638 (Wis. 1976) (court recognizing collateral consequences may defeat mootness under federal jurisprudence but finding state habeas relief unavailable since petitioner was in federal custody). See also McDuffle v. Berzzarins, 330 N.E.2d 667, 669 (Ohio 1975) (holding collateral consequences subsequent to involuntary confinement permitted petition be heard in that narrow context only).
28 detention. Therefore, I would hold the circuit court did not
err in finding that E.C.'s petition was mooted by his release
from parole.