Mr. Justice Wolverton,
after stating the facts in the foregoing terms, delivered the opinion of the court.
To support his cross-bill, the defendant introduced in evidence, over objection, a certified copy of the original map and plat of The Dalles Military Wagon Road, embraced within townships 1 and 2 south, ranges 16 and 17 east, of the Willamette Meridian, on file in the office of the Secretary of State at Salem, Oregon. The accompanying certificates show the original to have been calculated and platted from the field notes of the survey made by D. P. Thompson, the surveyor for the road company, certified to by him June 8, 1869, among which is one by George L. Woods, Governor of the State, attested by the Secretary, showing that the plat had been duly filed in his office, and that the road had been built and completed in all respects as required by the act of Congress and by the act of the Legislative Assembly of the State of Oregon, approved October 20, 1868, and that the same had been accepted. The road is indicated on this map by two lines, in the main parallel, although at some points they seem [206]*206to diverge, and at others to converge, so that the distance between them is not altogether uniform. Where it passes the land in dispute, the government survey sectionizing the public lands is indicated, showing the location of the road with reference thereto. A. W. Mohr, a civil engineer, being called on behalf of defendant, produced a map, which he testifies is an enlargement twelve times according to scale of the certified map from the Secretary of State’s office, indicating the location of the land in dispute with reference to the line of the road. Upon this map appear produced tangential curves, three miles distant from points on the road nearest to the land. One set of curves is extended from points designated on the northerly margin, and another set from points at the center of the road. Those extended from the margin touch the southwest corner of the fractional southwest quarter of section 7; one cutting the corner squarely, and the other standing inside perhaps a tenth of a mile, but neither of them touching the land in dispute. Those extended from the center of the road, however, do not reach section 7 at any point. Mohr further testifies that the margin of the road is fifteen chains distant from the center, and that the road is thirty chains wide at the points designated. This map was also allowed to go in evidence over objections. Defendant then produced and introduced in evidence a certified diagram from the Department of the Interior, showing the primary limits of the wagon road grant as it affects the premises in question. This diagram shows the southwest quarter of section 7 to be within the adjusted primary limits of the grant; the adjustment appearing to have been made with reference to the smallest legal subdivisions of the government survey. Other testimony adduced, showing the settlement of defendant upon the land, his continuous residence thereon, the payment by him of the regular fees, including the purchase [207]*207price as required by law, the issuance to him of the final cash certificate therefor, and the subsequent cancellation thereof by direction of the Secretary of the Interior; and, finally, a certified copy of the United States patent No. 10, to The Dalles Military Wagon Road Company, was introduced, which.comprises the disputed premises. Such, for all practical purposes, is the case made for defendant, and the especial and signal contention of counsel is that the land in controversy lies beyond the limits of the -wagon road grant, and that, although patent has issued to that company, the defendant, by reason of his settlement and the payment of the purchase price to the general government, has become the owner in equity, and by reason thereof is entitled to have the patent declared void as it affects the defendant, and he decreed to be entitled to hold the legal title.
1. By the act of Congress of February 25, 1867 (14 Stat. U. S. 409, c. 77), there was granted to the State of Oregon, to aid in the construction of a military wagon road from Dalles City, on the Columbia River, by way of Camp Watson, Canon City, and Mormon or Humboldt Basin, to a point on Snake River opposite Fort Boise, in Idaho Territory, alternate sections of public lands, designated by odd numbers, to the extent of three sections in width on each side of said road, which act also authorized the State, with a view to subserving the purposes of the grant, to dispose of such lands. Section 3 of the act prescribed that the road should be constructed with such width, gradation, and bridges as to permit of its regular use as a wagon road, and in such other special manner as the State of Oregon may direct; and section 6 directed the Surveyor General for the District of Oregon to cause the lands to be surveyed when the State should have enacted the necessary legislation to carry the act into effect. By an act of the Legislative Assembly of the State of [208]*208Oregon, approved October 20,1868, all such lands, rights, and privileges accruing to the State by reason of such act of Congress were donated to The Dalles Military Road Company: Laws 1868, page 3. By a later act of Congress, approved June 18, 1874 (18 Stat. U. S. 80, c. 305, U. S. Comp. St. 1901, p. 1517), Congress authorized the issuance of patents for such lands where the road has been shown by the certificate of the Governor of the State to have been constructed and completed as in the original grant provided. The Surveyor General has, of course, made the contemplated survey of the public lands along the course of the located road as it passes the premises demanded, as no map could otherwise have been made of the primary limits of the grant; and the diagram certified to by the Acting Commissioner of the General Land Office must be taken prima facie to indicate correctly the exterior limits thereof. How the adjustment of the grant was made does not appear. Presumably it was by the Secretary of the Interior, whose duty it was to make all such adjustments with relation to the public domain and to administer the grant; and, manifestly, from an inspection of the diagram, it was made with reference to the smallest legal subdivisions, which was probably in accord with the rules and practice of the interior department of the general government: 26 Am. & Eng. Enc. Law, 377 ; Altschul v. Clark, 39 Or. 315 (65 Pac. 991); Knight v. United States L. Assoc. 142 U. S. 161 (12 Sup. Ct. 258; Orchard v. Alexander, 157 U. S. 372 (15 Sup. Ct. 635); Bishop of Nesqually v. Gibbon, 158 U. S. 155 (15 Sup. Ct. 779); Scott v. Kansas Pac. Ry. Co. 5 Land Dec. Dep. Int. 468 ; Missouri, Kan. & T. Ry. Co. 11 Land Dec. Dep. Int. 130. Prima facie, at least, this diagram shows that the road company, from which plaintiff deraigns title, was entitled to all lands designated by odd sections within the designated exterior [209]*209boundary, and consequently that the patent was regularly issued to the company.
Such being the record of the interior department, it entails upon the defendant the burden of impeaching it.
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Mr. Justice Wolverton,
after stating the facts in the foregoing terms, delivered the opinion of the court.
To support his cross-bill, the defendant introduced in evidence, over objection, a certified copy of the original map and plat of The Dalles Military Wagon Road, embraced within townships 1 and 2 south, ranges 16 and 17 east, of the Willamette Meridian, on file in the office of the Secretary of State at Salem, Oregon. The accompanying certificates show the original to have been calculated and platted from the field notes of the survey made by D. P. Thompson, the surveyor for the road company, certified to by him June 8, 1869, among which is one by George L. Woods, Governor of the State, attested by the Secretary, showing that the plat had been duly filed in his office, and that the road had been built and completed in all respects as required by the act of Congress and by the act of the Legislative Assembly of the State of Oregon, approved October 20, 1868, and that the same had been accepted. The road is indicated on this map by two lines, in the main parallel, although at some points they seem [206]*206to diverge, and at others to converge, so that the distance between them is not altogether uniform. Where it passes the land in dispute, the government survey sectionizing the public lands is indicated, showing the location of the road with reference thereto. A. W. Mohr, a civil engineer, being called on behalf of defendant, produced a map, which he testifies is an enlargement twelve times according to scale of the certified map from the Secretary of State’s office, indicating the location of the land in dispute with reference to the line of the road. Upon this map appear produced tangential curves, three miles distant from points on the road nearest to the land. One set of curves is extended from points designated on the northerly margin, and another set from points at the center of the road. Those extended from the margin touch the southwest corner of the fractional southwest quarter of section 7; one cutting the corner squarely, and the other standing inside perhaps a tenth of a mile, but neither of them touching the land in dispute. Those extended from the center of the road, however, do not reach section 7 at any point. Mohr further testifies that the margin of the road is fifteen chains distant from the center, and that the road is thirty chains wide at the points designated. This map was also allowed to go in evidence over objections. Defendant then produced and introduced in evidence a certified diagram from the Department of the Interior, showing the primary limits of the wagon road grant as it affects the premises in question. This diagram shows the southwest quarter of section 7 to be within the adjusted primary limits of the grant; the adjustment appearing to have been made with reference to the smallest legal subdivisions of the government survey. Other testimony adduced, showing the settlement of defendant upon the land, his continuous residence thereon, the payment by him of the regular fees, including the purchase [207]*207price as required by law, the issuance to him of the final cash certificate therefor, and the subsequent cancellation thereof by direction of the Secretary of the Interior; and, finally, a certified copy of the United States patent No. 10, to The Dalles Military Wagon Road Company, was introduced, which.comprises the disputed premises. Such, for all practical purposes, is the case made for defendant, and the especial and signal contention of counsel is that the land in controversy lies beyond the limits of the -wagon road grant, and that, although patent has issued to that company, the defendant, by reason of his settlement and the payment of the purchase price to the general government, has become the owner in equity, and by reason thereof is entitled to have the patent declared void as it affects the defendant, and he decreed to be entitled to hold the legal title.
1. By the act of Congress of February 25, 1867 (14 Stat. U. S. 409, c. 77), there was granted to the State of Oregon, to aid in the construction of a military wagon road from Dalles City, on the Columbia River, by way of Camp Watson, Canon City, and Mormon or Humboldt Basin, to a point on Snake River opposite Fort Boise, in Idaho Territory, alternate sections of public lands, designated by odd numbers, to the extent of three sections in width on each side of said road, which act also authorized the State, with a view to subserving the purposes of the grant, to dispose of such lands. Section 3 of the act prescribed that the road should be constructed with such width, gradation, and bridges as to permit of its regular use as a wagon road, and in such other special manner as the State of Oregon may direct; and section 6 directed the Surveyor General for the District of Oregon to cause the lands to be surveyed when the State should have enacted the necessary legislation to carry the act into effect. By an act of the Legislative Assembly of the State of [208]*208Oregon, approved October 20,1868, all such lands, rights, and privileges accruing to the State by reason of such act of Congress were donated to The Dalles Military Road Company: Laws 1868, page 3. By a later act of Congress, approved June 18, 1874 (18 Stat. U. S. 80, c. 305, U. S. Comp. St. 1901, p. 1517), Congress authorized the issuance of patents for such lands where the road has been shown by the certificate of the Governor of the State to have been constructed and completed as in the original grant provided. The Surveyor General has, of course, made the contemplated survey of the public lands along the course of the located road as it passes the premises demanded, as no map could otherwise have been made of the primary limits of the grant; and the diagram certified to by the Acting Commissioner of the General Land Office must be taken prima facie to indicate correctly the exterior limits thereof. How the adjustment of the grant was made does not appear. Presumably it was by the Secretary of the Interior, whose duty it was to make all such adjustments with relation to the public domain and to administer the grant; and, manifestly, from an inspection of the diagram, it was made with reference to the smallest legal subdivisions, which was probably in accord with the rules and practice of the interior department of the general government: 26 Am. & Eng. Enc. Law, 377 ; Altschul v. Clark, 39 Or. 315 (65 Pac. 991); Knight v. United States L. Assoc. 142 U. S. 161 (12 Sup. Ct. 258; Orchard v. Alexander, 157 U. S. 372 (15 Sup. Ct. 635); Bishop of Nesqually v. Gibbon, 158 U. S. 155 (15 Sup. Ct. 779); Scott v. Kansas Pac. Ry. Co. 5 Land Dec. Dep. Int. 468 ; Missouri, Kan. & T. Ry. Co. 11 Land Dec. Dep. Int. 130. Prima facie, at least, this diagram shows that the road company, from which plaintiff deraigns title, was entitled to all lands designated by odd sections within the designated exterior [209]*209boundary, and consequently that the patent was regularly issued to the company.
Such being the record of the interior department, it entails upon the defendant the burden of impeaching it. To do this, counsel rely upon the certified plat from the Secretary’s office, and the measurements and deductions made therefrom by the witness Mohr, as demonstrated by his enlarged plat, showing the three-mile limit by tangential lines drawn from points nearest the premises. The plat from the Secretary’s office appears from accompanying certificates to have been made from the field notes of the survey of the road; hut it is unaccompanied by the field notes. The certificate of Governor Woods attests that the plat shows, in connection with the public surveys so far as then made, the location of the line or route as actually surveyed, and upon which the road company’s road was constructed, and that the road had been built and completed in all respects as required by the acts of Congress and the legislature of the State. Neither the act of Congress nor of the legislative assembly of the State required that any such map or plat should be filed in the office of the Governor or of the Secretary of State; nor does it appear that the plat so filed was the one approved by the Secretary of the Interior, representing the final survey and definite location of the road, much less that the Secretary of the Interior made use of the plat, or made his adjustment from it as the basis for determining the limits of the grant. Mr. Mohr seems to have treated the two parallel lines shown on the plat from the Secretary of State’s office as indicating the outside marginal limits of the road, as well as the route of location, and, pursuing the idea, has made it thirty chains, or three eighths of a mile, in width at the points located nearest the land in dispute, selected as the [210]*210bases of his tangential measurements. It is hardly possible that the road should have been surveyed and located at any point of this width ; the more reasonable hypothesis being that the two lines were used together to indicate the route of the surveyed line, with no intention of designating thereby the marginal limits, and that the witness has mistaken the very basis of his deductions. If wrong in his premises, he is inevitably wrong in his conclusions. But, with all this, giving full credence to the plát as indicating the final location of the road as constructed, and conceding that Mohr is correct in his premises, it does not appear to us that it is sufficient to impeach the official record of the land department of the general government ; that is to say, it is not the better evidence as to the regularity of the adjustment of the grant.
3. If the land in dispute was without the grant, the Secretary of the Interior was without power or authority to place it within, much less to issue a patent therefor to the road company: Doolan v. Carr, 125 U. S. 618 (8 Sup. Ct. 1228); Burfenning v. Chicago, St. Paul, M. & O. Ry. Co. 163 U. S. 321 (16 Sup. Ct. 1018). But to show that fact there must needs be competent proof of it, and to show it against the prima facie records of the land department the proofs must not only be competent, but clear and convincing. A patent of the United States is presumptive evidence that the department had jurisdiction and that it rightfully exercised it, and, if there could have been any state of facts which under the laws would have given the department jurisdiction to dispose of the land comprised in the patent, the presumption is that such state of facts existed: King v. McAndrews, 111 Fed. 860 (50 C. C. A. 29); St. Louis Smelt. Co. v. Kemp, 104 U. S. 636. There is undoubtedly a map of definite location of this road on file with the land department and approved by that department (see Wilcox v. Eastern Or. L. Co. 176 [211]*211U. S. 51, 57, 20 Sup. Ct. 269), which forms the real basis for the adjustment of the grant and constitutes the best evidence upon the subject, and, until that is produced and shown to be inaccurate, or the adjustment made from that as a basis is proven unwarranted, we cannot presume to set aside and nullify the action of the Secretary of the Interior, and declare void a patent issued by the general government. The defendant must therefore fail upon his proofs, as not having overcome by competent evidence the prima facie title of the plaintiff, exhibited by the records of the land department.
It follows the decree of the trial court must be reversed, and the cross-bill dismissed; and it is so ordered.
Reversed.