SAUFLEY, Justice.
[f 1] This appeal requires us to determine whether the Attorney General may appeal from the grant of a variance by a zoning board of appeals when neither the Attorney General nor any of his client agencies have participated in the proceedings before the board. Because we conclude that he may not, we vacate the judgment of the Superior Court (Hancock County, Mead J.) and re[1024]*1024mand the matter for entry of an order dismissing the appeal.
[¶ 2] The relevant facts may be summarized as follows. The Town of Otis sold George Dunn a parcel of land, located on Beech Hill Pond, containing a cottage and a garage. The parcel is subject to an easement for a public boat launch on the property. The Town had used the cottage as a rental property and Dunn continued to use it for that purpose. Dunn also wanted to add a marina, a use requiring a permit issued by the planning board and compliance with all applicable land use standards in the Otis Shoreland Zoning Ordinance. The ordinance requires, inter alia, a minimum shore frontage of 300 feet and a .minimum lot area of 60,000 square feet for a commercial structure.
[¶3] Dunn applied to the Otis Planning Board for a permit for the marina project. A DEP representative filed a letter with the Planning Board pointing out the parcel’s limited shore frontage. The Planning Board declined to issue the permit, in part because the parcel included only 215 feet of shore frontage. Dunn applied to the Otis Zoning Board of Appeals for a variance to allow him to use the property as a marina. Although the ZBA held two hearings on the application, the DEP did not file any documents or appear at or participate in either hearing. At the close of the second hearing, the ZBA granted a variance with respect to shore frontage and lot area. The ZBA denied the Planning Board’s and the DEP’s requests for reconsideration.
[¶ 4] The DEP then filed a complaint in the Superior Court against the Town and Dunn. The complaint included an appeal pursuant to M.R. Civ. P. 80B challenging the lawfulness of the Board’s decision, and two separate counts against the Town seeking injunctive relief and civil penalties pursuant to 38 M.R.S.A. § 443-A (3) (1989).2 After denying the Town’s and Dunn’s motions to dismiss the 80B appeal for lack of standing, the court reviewed the administrative decision of the Board and vacated the variance. The Town and Dunn filed this timely appeal.
[¶ 5] On appeal, the Town and Dunn first assert that the court erred in finding that the DEP and the Attorney General have standing to appeal when they did not participate in the hearing before the Board. They also argue that the court erred in vacating the Board’s grant of a variance. We do not reach this later contention, since neither the DEP nor the Attorney General had standing to bring this appeal.
I. DEP
[¶ 6] We first address whether the DEP had standing to appeal the Board’s decision in this matter. The Department did not appear, personally or through filings, at the ZBA hearings. Despite this failure, the trial court found that ‘.‘liberally construed ... the Department was a participant in the proceedings,” because a DEP employee had participated before the Planning Board and the DEP had sought reconsideration ' of the ZBA’s decision. Because of the DEP’s failure to participate in the variance proceedings before the ZBA in any way, we disagree with the trial court’s conclusion.
[¶7] Absent a specific statutory authorization, a failure to participate in the proceeding from which the appeal is taken is fatal to the claimed right to maintain the appeal. “Any party may take an appeal ... to Superior Court from any order, relief or denial in accordance with the Maine Rules of Civil Procedure, Rule 80B.” 30-A M.R.S.A. § 2691(3)(G)(1996) (emphasis added). “Party” status for purposes of section 2691 is defined by a conjunctive two-pronged test: first, the person must have participated before the board; and, second, the person must have made a showing of a particularized injury.3 See Brooks v. Cumberland Farms, Inc., [1025]*10251997 ME 203, ¶ 8, 703 A.2d 844, 847; Pride’s Comer Concerned Citizens Ass’n v. Westbrook Bd. of Zoning Appeals, 398 A.2d 415, 417 (Me.1979).
[¶ 8] The DEP’s actions in this case did not constitute “participation” in the ZBA hearings. Although the DEP provided written comments to the Planning Board at a preliminary phase of the request for permission to build a marina, those comments were related to matters before the Planning Board and not to Dunn’s subsequent request for a variance from the ZBA. The DEP’s 80B count challenged the legality of the ZBA’s grant of a variance — not the Planning Board’s denial of a use permit. The written comments to the Planning Board, not made during the proceedings from which the appeal has been taken, are insufficient to constitute participation by the DEP for purposes of conferring party status. Cf. Jaeger v. Sheehy, 551 A.2d 841, 842 (Me.1988) (prehearing conversations by an abutting landowner to a member of the board were insufficient to qualify as participation). Contrary to the DEP’s arguments, the statutory framework of the shoreland zoning law does not provide DEP with the status of an “essential party,” thereby conferring standing despite a failure to participate before the ZBA.
2. Attorney General
[¶ 9] We next address the Attorney General’s assertion that he enjoys a separate status and has standing to appeal as a result of his statutorily-granted enforcement authority. In Bell v. Town of Wells, 510 A.2d 509 (Me.1986), we recognized that “ ‘the Attorney General, as the chief law officer of the State, has the power and duty to institute, conduct and maintain such actions and proceedings as he deems necessary for the protection of public rights and to defend against any action that might invidiously interfere with the same.’ ” Id. at 519 (quoting In re Estate of Thompson, 414 A.2d 881, 890 (Me. 1980)). Shoreland zoning controls are declared to be in the public interest “[t]o aid in the fulfillment of the State’s role as trustee of its waters and to promote public health, safety and the general welfare....” 38 M.R.S.A. § 435 (Pamph.1997).
[¶ 10] The Attorney General’s role in protecting this public interest in this area is explicitly delineated by several statutes. For example, the Attorney General’s duty to protect the State’s waters through shoreland zoning enforcement is set out explicitly in the shoreland zoning laws: “[t]he Attorney General ... may enforce ordinances adopted under [chapter 3 of Title 38, entitled Protection and Improvement of Waters].” 38 M.R.S.A § 444 (1989 & Pamph.1997) (emphasis added). The Attorney General may, inter alia, represent the DEP in shoreland related proceedings, see 5 M.R.S.A. § 191 (Pamph.1997); participate in municipal proceedings involving shoreland zoning issues, see 38 M.R.S.A. § 444; and seek to recover civil penalties from any person who violates shoreland zoning ordinances, see 30-A M.R.S.A. § 4452 (1989 & Supp.1997).
Free access — add to your briefcase to read the full text and ask questions with AI
SAUFLEY, Justice.
[f 1] This appeal requires us to determine whether the Attorney General may appeal from the grant of a variance by a zoning board of appeals when neither the Attorney General nor any of his client agencies have participated in the proceedings before the board. Because we conclude that he may not, we vacate the judgment of the Superior Court (Hancock County, Mead J.) and re[1024]*1024mand the matter for entry of an order dismissing the appeal.
[¶ 2] The relevant facts may be summarized as follows. The Town of Otis sold George Dunn a parcel of land, located on Beech Hill Pond, containing a cottage and a garage. The parcel is subject to an easement for a public boat launch on the property. The Town had used the cottage as a rental property and Dunn continued to use it for that purpose. Dunn also wanted to add a marina, a use requiring a permit issued by the planning board and compliance with all applicable land use standards in the Otis Shoreland Zoning Ordinance. The ordinance requires, inter alia, a minimum shore frontage of 300 feet and a .minimum lot area of 60,000 square feet for a commercial structure.
[¶3] Dunn applied to the Otis Planning Board for a permit for the marina project. A DEP representative filed a letter with the Planning Board pointing out the parcel’s limited shore frontage. The Planning Board declined to issue the permit, in part because the parcel included only 215 feet of shore frontage. Dunn applied to the Otis Zoning Board of Appeals for a variance to allow him to use the property as a marina. Although the ZBA held two hearings on the application, the DEP did not file any documents or appear at or participate in either hearing. At the close of the second hearing, the ZBA granted a variance with respect to shore frontage and lot area. The ZBA denied the Planning Board’s and the DEP’s requests for reconsideration.
[¶ 4] The DEP then filed a complaint in the Superior Court against the Town and Dunn. The complaint included an appeal pursuant to M.R. Civ. P. 80B challenging the lawfulness of the Board’s decision, and two separate counts against the Town seeking injunctive relief and civil penalties pursuant to 38 M.R.S.A. § 443-A (3) (1989).2 After denying the Town’s and Dunn’s motions to dismiss the 80B appeal for lack of standing, the court reviewed the administrative decision of the Board and vacated the variance. The Town and Dunn filed this timely appeal.
[¶ 5] On appeal, the Town and Dunn first assert that the court erred in finding that the DEP and the Attorney General have standing to appeal when they did not participate in the hearing before the Board. They also argue that the court erred in vacating the Board’s grant of a variance. We do not reach this later contention, since neither the DEP nor the Attorney General had standing to bring this appeal.
I. DEP
[¶ 6] We first address whether the DEP had standing to appeal the Board’s decision in this matter. The Department did not appear, personally or through filings, at the ZBA hearings. Despite this failure, the trial court found that ‘.‘liberally construed ... the Department was a participant in the proceedings,” because a DEP employee had participated before the Planning Board and the DEP had sought reconsideration ' of the ZBA’s decision. Because of the DEP’s failure to participate in the variance proceedings before the ZBA in any way, we disagree with the trial court’s conclusion.
[¶7] Absent a specific statutory authorization, a failure to participate in the proceeding from which the appeal is taken is fatal to the claimed right to maintain the appeal. “Any party may take an appeal ... to Superior Court from any order, relief or denial in accordance with the Maine Rules of Civil Procedure, Rule 80B.” 30-A M.R.S.A. § 2691(3)(G)(1996) (emphasis added). “Party” status for purposes of section 2691 is defined by a conjunctive two-pronged test: first, the person must have participated before the board; and, second, the person must have made a showing of a particularized injury.3 See Brooks v. Cumberland Farms, Inc., [1025]*10251997 ME 203, ¶ 8, 703 A.2d 844, 847; Pride’s Comer Concerned Citizens Ass’n v. Westbrook Bd. of Zoning Appeals, 398 A.2d 415, 417 (Me.1979).
[¶ 8] The DEP’s actions in this case did not constitute “participation” in the ZBA hearings. Although the DEP provided written comments to the Planning Board at a preliminary phase of the request for permission to build a marina, those comments were related to matters before the Planning Board and not to Dunn’s subsequent request for a variance from the ZBA. The DEP’s 80B count challenged the legality of the ZBA’s grant of a variance — not the Planning Board’s denial of a use permit. The written comments to the Planning Board, not made during the proceedings from which the appeal has been taken, are insufficient to constitute participation by the DEP for purposes of conferring party status. Cf. Jaeger v. Sheehy, 551 A.2d 841, 842 (Me.1988) (prehearing conversations by an abutting landowner to a member of the board were insufficient to qualify as participation). Contrary to the DEP’s arguments, the statutory framework of the shoreland zoning law does not provide DEP with the status of an “essential party,” thereby conferring standing despite a failure to participate before the ZBA.
2. Attorney General
[¶ 9] We next address the Attorney General’s assertion that he enjoys a separate status and has standing to appeal as a result of his statutorily-granted enforcement authority. In Bell v. Town of Wells, 510 A.2d 509 (Me.1986), we recognized that “ ‘the Attorney General, as the chief law officer of the State, has the power and duty to institute, conduct and maintain such actions and proceedings as he deems necessary for the protection of public rights and to defend against any action that might invidiously interfere with the same.’ ” Id. at 519 (quoting In re Estate of Thompson, 414 A.2d 881, 890 (Me. 1980)). Shoreland zoning controls are declared to be in the public interest “[t]o aid in the fulfillment of the State’s role as trustee of its waters and to promote public health, safety and the general welfare....” 38 M.R.S.A. § 435 (Pamph.1997).
[¶ 10] The Attorney General’s role in protecting this public interest in this area is explicitly delineated by several statutes. For example, the Attorney General’s duty to protect the State’s waters through shoreland zoning enforcement is set out explicitly in the shoreland zoning laws: “[t]he Attorney General ... may enforce ordinances adopted under [chapter 3 of Title 38, entitled Protection and Improvement of Waters].” 38 M.R.S.A § 444 (1989 & Pamph.1997) (emphasis added). The Attorney General may, inter alia, represent the DEP in shoreland related proceedings, see 5 M.R.S.A. § 191 (Pamph.1997); participate in municipal proceedings involving shoreland zoning issues, see 38 M.R.S.A. § 444; and seek to recover civil penalties from any person who violates shoreland zoning ordinances, see 30-A M.R.S.A. § 4452 (1989 & Supp.1997). Additionally, the Attorney General must be joined as a party to any action challenging the validity or legality of a shoreland zoning ordinance. See 38 M.R.S.A § 443-A (2) (1989 & Pamph.1997).
[¶ 11] There is, however, no statutory authorization for an appeal by the Attorney General from a decision of a local board when neither the Attorney General nor the DEP has participated at the municipal level. As we recognized in Matter of Lappie, 377 A.2d 441 (Me.1977), “legislative bodies could, and frequently do, empower and direct the attorney general or some other public officer to seek judicial review of an administrative order in an appropriate case in order to protect the public rights.”4 Id. at 443. Unless that authorization exists in statute, however, no standing to appeal exists unless the Attorney General or state agency participated in that administrative proceeding. [1026]*1026See, e.g., Superintendent of Insurance v. Attorney General, 558 A.2d 1197 (Me.1989), (the controlling provision in the Insurance Code conferred standing upon the Attorney General to pursue an 80C appeal of the Superintendent’s rate decision).
[¶ 12] Significantly, no such authorization or direction appears in the Attorney General’s enabling statute or in Title 30-A or Title 38. Although the Legislature could authorize such appeals, it has not done so. Further, we detect no justification for equating the Attorney General’s statutory authority to enforce shoreland zoning ordinances with an ability to appeal the lawfulness of the Board’s grant of a variance. The authority provided by 38 M.R.S.A. § 444 to enforce ordinances for the protection and improvement of waters allows the Attorney General to take any actions specified by 30-A M.R.S.A. § 4452, but does not include the authority to appeal municipal decisions in the absence of participation.
[¶ 13] Finally, the Attorney General contends that denying it standing to pursue an 80B appeal would create an “absurdity,” given its statutory mandate to oversee shoreland zoning ordinances. This contention ignores the plain fact that the Attorney General and the DEP could have participated in the proceedings before the ZBA and taken appropriate action to raise the issues important to the enforcement of the Town’s ordinances.5 Indeed, if the Attorney General had participated in the proceedings, but failed to persuade the ZBA or the reviewing court of his position, he would similarly have been precluded from collaterally challenging the legality of the variance through a statutory enforcement action. This result is neither unusual nor absurd.
[¶ 14] Although we recognize the significant limitations on the resources of the DEP and the Attorney General’s office, these limitations do not justify a judicial determination that the Attorney General may appeal from a fact-intensive determination made in a proceeding in which the State did not participate. This is not a proceeding in which the legality or constitutionality of an ordinance is at issue. Rather, the Attorney General challenges the factual basis for the ZBA’s grant of the variance. Neither the ZBA nor the applicant had the benefit of the Attorney General’s specific disagreement or objections during the variance hearing. Without a challenge from the Attorney General (or an appropriate state agency) during the presentation of evidence, an applicant cannot know what additional evidence can or should be presented, and the ZBA will not have an opportunity to consider the issues that should have been raised during its hearing. Allowing a late entry by the Attorney General may impair the meaningful adjudication of controversies in the first instance before the tribunal most appropriately suited to hear the controversies and result in a waste of time and resources in local administrative proceedings.
[¶ 15] In short, neither the Town’s interest in enforcing its ordinances, the State’s interest in protecting public rights, nor the applicant’s interest in receiving fair treatment are necessarily well served by a process in which the Attorney General is not required to address the deficiencies in an application being presented to the ZBA in order to appeal from the ZBA’s decision. Accordingly, all of the competing interests should be weighed before such authority is established. The Legislature has not yet engaged in that exercise. Because neither the DEP nor the Attorney General had [1027]*1027standing to appeal the ZBA’s action, the 80B count must be dismissed by the Superior Court.
The entry is:
Judgment of the Superior Court vacated. Remanded for entry of dismissal of the 80B count and for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.