Davis v. City of San Jose

69 F. Supp. 3d 1001, 2014 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 136015, 2014 WL 4772668

• Court: District Court, N.D. California
• Decided: September 24, 2014
• Docket: Case No. 14-cv-02035-BLF
• Status: Published

Opinion

ORDER GRANTING IN PART AND DENYING IN PART DEFENDANTS’ MOTION TO DISMISS THIRD AMENDED COMPLAINT

[Re: ECF 33]

BETH LABSON FREEMAN, United States District Judge

In this civil rights lawsuit against individual police officers of the San Jose Police Department, defendants Michael Monto-nye, Tyler Krauel, and Thomas Boyle (collectively “Defendants”) have moved to dismiss the Third Amended Complaint (“TAC”) by plaintiff Anthony Davis for failure to state a claim.¹ Def.’s Mot., ECF 33. On September 18, 2014, the Court heard oral argument on Defendants’ motion. Having considered the parties’ respective written submissions as well as the oral argument of counsel, the Court hereby GRANTS IN PART and DENIES IN PART Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss for the reasons stated herein.

I. BACKGROUND

On June 20, 2014, this Court dismissed Plaintiffs Second Amended Complaint with leave tu amend, finding that Plaintiff had not alleged sufficient facts to suggest a plausible entitlement to relief for his civil rights and tort claims against Defendants and against the City of San Jose. See Order, ECF 31. Plaintiff then filed the TAC before the Court. The. following facts from the TAC are taken as true and viewed in the light most favorable to Plaintiff:

On May 5, 2012, Plaintiff was celebrating Cinco de Mayo with his girlfriend, Ms. Pascasio, on Santana Row in San Jose, California, when they had a “brief nonviolent verbal dispute.” TAC ¶ 12, ECF 32. Ms. Pascasio ended up in the parking structure at Steven’s Creek Mall, where Plaintiff went to go check on her. Around this time, Defendants arrived in response to “a non-descript ‘disturbing the peace’ call for service after a witness indicated seeing a young woman sitting in a parking structure crying.” Id. While Plaintiff waited inside his car, Defendants “confronted Ms. Pascasio,” who was “visibly upset and yelled expletives” at Defendants, “but also informed the officers that she was okay and just wanted to be left alone.” Id. ¶ 13. Ms. Pascasio then walked away from Defendants “and the area where Plaintiff could monitor her well-being,” so Plaintiff left his parked car to follow her. Defendants allegedly “left the immediate vicinity and returned to their regular duties monitoring the area from within a security office.” Id.

“Minutes later,” as Plaintiff attempted to console his girlfriend, Defendants returned and approached the couple despite Ms. Pascasio “waving her open hand while shaking her head as she again told Defendant officers she was okay and did not need their assistance.”² Id. ¶ 14. As Defendants continued their approach, Plaintiff “put one hand around the waist of Ms. Pascasio” then “put his hand over Ms. Pascasio’s mouth to prevent her from making any further disparaging remarks.” Id. ¶ 15. With his arm around her waist and his hand over her mouth, Plaintiff attempted to explain that his girlfriend “suffered from a bi-polar disorder and was experiencing an episode due to a recent ween off of her- proscribed [sic] medication.” Id. ¶ 16.

Defendants, allegedly without any warning or statement that indicated their intent to detain or arrest either Plaintiff or Ms. Pascasio, “threw several striking blows to Plaintiffs head” then “threw Plaintiff to the ground.” Id. Defendants “kicked Plaintiff all over his body and in the face” and “repeatedly slammed Plaintiffs head against the ground.” Id. ¶ 18. They put Plaintiff into a chokehold and, despite his “moan[ing], “I can’t breathe,” kept him in the chokehold until he lost consciousness. Id. ¶¶ 18-19.

Plaintiff regained consciousness in an ambulance. Id. ¶ 20. He later underwent surgery for a nasal fracture and deviated septum and was treated for a fractured hand and finger. Id. Plaintiff was also charged with assaulting an officer and resisting arrest, though those charges were dismissed. Id. ¶ 21.

II. LEGAL STANDARD

A motion to dismiss under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) tests the legal sufficiency of the claims alleged in the complaint. Ileto v. Glock Inc., 349 F.3d 1191, 1199-200 (9th Cir.2003). To survive a motion to dismiss, a complaint must plead sufficient “factual matter, accepted as true” to “allow[ ] the court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678, 129 S.Ct. 1937, 173 L.Ed.2d 868 (2009). In assessing the sufficiency of a plaintiffs pleadings, “the factual allegations that are taken as true must plausibly suggest an entitlement to relief, such that it is not unfair to require the opposing party to be subjected to the expense of discovery and continued litigation.” Id. The plausibility standard “asks for more than a sheer possibility that a defendant has acted unlawfully,” and a complaint that pleads facts that are “merely consistent, with” a defendant’s liability “stops short of the line between possibility and plausibility.” Id. (internal quotations omitted).

If a motion to dismiss is granted, a court should normally grant leave to amend, “even if no request to amend the pleading was made,” unless amendment would be futile. Lopez v. Smith, 203 F.3d 1122, 1130 (9th Cir.2000) (citations and internal quotations omitted). However, a district court’s discretion to deny leave to amend is “particularly broad” where a plaintiff has previously amended. Salameh v. Tarsadia Hotel, 726 F.3d 1124, 1133 (9th Cir.2013) (citing Sisseton-Wahpeton Sioux Tribe v. United States, 90 F.3d 351, 355 (9th Cir.1996)).

III. DISCUSSION

Plaintiffs TAC asserts seven claims against Defendants: three claims pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983 for unlawful detention (First Cause of Action (“COA”)), unlawful arrest (Second COA), and excessive force (Third COA), as well as state law claims for intentional infliction of emotional distress (Fourth GOA), violation of California Civil Code §' 52.1 (Fifth COA), assault and battery (Sixth COA), and negligence (Seventh COA). Defendants contend that all of these claims are deficient. The Court addresses the federal and state law claims separately.

A. Section 1983 Claims

To state a claim under § 1983, a plaintiff must allege that “(1) the defendants acting under color of state law (2) deprived plaintiff[] of rights secured by the Constitution or federal statutes.” Gibson v. United States, 781 F.2d 1334, 1338 (9th Cir.1986). Even if a plaintiff plausibly alleges the deprivation of a constitutional right under color of state law, government officials are protected from liability for-civil damages by the doctrine of qualified immunity “unless a plaintiff pleads facts showing (1) that the official violated a statutory or constitutional right, and (2) that the right was ‘clearly established’ at the time of the challenged conduct.” Wood v. Moss, — U.S. —, 134 S.Ct. 2056, 2066-67, 188 L.Ed.2d 1039 (2014) (quoting Ashcroft v. al-Kidd, 563 U.S. 731, 131 S.Ct. 2074, 2080, 179 L.Ed.2d 1149 (2011)).

In dismissing the Second Amended Complaint, this Court instructed Plaintiff to allege specific facts concerning “the circumstances leading up to and surrounding [Defendants’] alleged misconduct.” Order at 8-9, ECF 31. While the TAC contains more facts, Defendants contend that the TAC is still insufficient either to allege plausible violations of the Fourth Amendment or establish that Defendants are not entitled to qualified immunity. Def.’s Mot. 11-15. The Court disagrees. While Plaintiffs allegations are insufficient as to his claims for unlawful detention and arrest, they are sufficient to establish a plausible claim for excessive force.

i. Unlawful Detention and Unlawful Arrest (First and Second COA’s)

“Whenever an officer restrains the free-dom of a person to walk away, he has seized that person.” Tennessee v. Garner, 471 U.S. 1, 7, 105 S.Ct. 1694, 1699, 85 L.Ed.2d 1 (1985). A seizure is unreasonable under the Fourth Amendment if it is an arrest made without probable cause or a detention short of arrest made without reasonable suspicion. Dubner v. City & Cnty. of San Francisco, 266 F.3d 959, 964 (9th Cir.2001); Florida v. Royer, 460 U.S. 491, 498, 103 S.Ct. 1319, 75 L.Ed.2d 229 (1983). An officer may detain an individual short of arrest if the detaining officer has an “articulable suspicion that a person has committed or is about to commit a crime.” Royer, 460 U.S. at 498, 103 S.Ct. 1319. Probable cause to arrest exists when, “under the totality of the circumstances known to the arresting officers ... a prudent person would believe the suspect had committed a crime.” Dubner, 266 F.3d at 966.

Here, while Defendants’ alleged physical altercation with Plaintiff unquestionably amounted to a seizure, Plaintiffs own allegations indicate that there was reasonable suspicion to detain and probable cause to arrest him for violating California Penal Code § 148(a),' which applies when a person “willfully resists, delays, or obstructs any .... peace officer ... in the discharge or attempt to discharge any duty of his or her office or employment.” Cal-Penal Code § 148(a)(1) (emphasis added); see Def.’s Reply 3, ECF 35 (suggesting that the charges permit an inference that Plaintiff interfered with Ms. Pascasio’s detention or arrest). This conclusion is bolstered by Plaintiffs own allegation that he was later charged with “assaulting an officer and resisting arrest,” which this Court infers to be a charge for violating section 148(a).³ TAC ¶ 21.

According to Plaintiffs allegations, Defendants arrived to investigate a call about a woman crying in a parking lot, where they encountered a volatile and hostile Ms. Pascasio who told them to leave her alone. When, a short time later, Defendants approached Ms. Pascasio again, she was in Plaintiffs company and — most saliently— Plaintiff put his hand around Ms. Pasca-sio’s waist and another hand over her mouth, interfering with her ability to respond to Defendants. TAC ¶ 15. This rather aggressive action was, even in Plaintiffs own admission, not appropriate under the circumstances. See PL’s Opp. 7 (“Plaintiffs choice of actions in putting his hand over Ms. Pascasio’s mouth may not have been consistent with best practices”). Contrary to Plaintiffs unexplained assertions that “[n]othing Plaintiff did even amounted to an even ‘inchoate suspicion’ of criminal conduct,” id. at 4, and that “Defendant officers never viewed any crime,” id. at 5, a prudent person under the totality of circumstances alleged in the TAC would believe that Plaintiffs physical restraint of Ms. Pascasio was a willful obstruction of the Defendants’ legitimate law enforcement activities. Thus, the totality of the circumstances as alleged by Plaintiff permit a reasonable inference that Defendants had probable cause to arrest Plaintiff under section 148(a)(1) for his affirmatively willful act of physically restraining Ms. Pascasio and thereby obstructing the discharge of Defendants’ duty to investigate Ms. Pascasio’s wellbeing.

Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss Plaintiffs First COA for unlawful detention and Second COA for unlawful arrest is accordingly GRANTED with prejudice.

ii. Excessive Force (Third COA)

Claims of excessive force in the course of an authorized arrest or detention “should be analyzed under the Fourth Amendment and its ‘reasonableness’ standard.” Graham v. Connor, 490 U.S. 386, 395, 109 S.Ct. 1865, 104 L.Ed.2d 443 (1989). Whether a particular seizure is reasonable must be “judged from the perspective of a reasonable officer on the scene,” id. at 396, 109 S.Ct. 1865, and “requires careful attention to the facts and circumstances of each particular case, including the severity of the crime at issue, whether the suspect poses an immediate threat to the safety of the officers or others, and whether he is actively resisting arrest or attempting to evade arrest by flight,” id.

Defendants argue that Plaintiffs claim for excessive force is deficient because it still omits facts needed to establish a plausible claim that their conduct was unreasonable. Def.’s Mot. 12. Moreover, De-fendánts contend that Plaintiff has failed' to establish that they are not entitled to qualified immunity. Id. at 15. Plaintiff maintains that the TAC is sufficient because, according to his allegations, Defendants did not state any intent to detain or arrest either Ms. Pascasio or Plaintiff before physically assaulting him. Pl.’s Opp. 7; TAC ¶ 16.

The Court agrees that the TAC sufficiently alleges a plausible claim for excessive force. Although the allegations indicate that Defendants had probable cause to arrest Plaintiff for obstructing their duties, Plaintiff has alleged that Defendants physically assaulted him without announcing their intent to detain, continued to strike him after he was on the ground, and placed him into a chokehold that ultimately caused him to lose consciousness. TAC ¶¶ 16, 18-19. This conduct and the seriousness of Plaintiffs alleged injuries, if taken as true, suggest that the quantum of force Defendants used was beyond that which was reasonable to separate Plaintiff from Ms. Pascasio and arrest an allegedly unresisting Plaintiff for the misdemeanor of obstructing Defendants’ duties.⁴

Whether Plaintiff has successfully alleged around qualified immunity presents a closer question. This Court previously admonished Plaintiff that he must identify the right that Defendants allegedly violated with a greater degree of specificity than simply “an unreasonable seizure violates the Fourth Amendment.” Order at 8. Plaintiff has not done so in the TA C, again alleging that Defendants violated his right “to be free from excessive force and/or the arbitrary and/or unreasonable use of deadly force against him.” TAC ¶ 30. Plaintiffs opposition is no better, arguing in a conclusory manner that “[t]he standards of law in Terry v. Ohio and Graham [v.] Connor are well settled areas of law commonly known to every police officer.” PL’s Opp. 8.

. On balance, given the severity of Plaintiffs alleged injuries, the allegations in the TAC are sufficient to indicate that it was clearly established that police officers should not “continue[ ] to beat” a suspect once he’s been thrown to the ground or place a suspect in a chokehold so as to render him unconscious when he does not resist being arrested for obstructing police duties. TAC ¶¶ 16, 18-20; see Santos v. Gates, 287 F.3d 846, 853-54 (9th Cir.2002). This does not mean that Defendants would not be able to establish qualified immunity at summary judgment with a more developed set of facts.⁵ However, at this early pleading stage, the Court concludes that Plaintiffs allegations are sufficient to plausibly claim that Defendants violated a right to be free from excessive force that was clearly established at the time of the challenged conduct.

Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss is accordingly DENIED with respect to Plaintiffs Third COA for excessive force.

B. State Law Claims

i. Intentional Infliction of Emotional Distress (Fourth COA)

This Court previously dismissed Plaintiffs claim for intentional infliction of emotional distress (“IIED”) for failing to allege facts “to show that Plaintiffs distress met the high bar set by the California Supreme Court” and for failing to sufficiently establish that Defendants’ conduct was “extreme and outrageous.” Order at 12. The TAC contains no allegations of Plaintiffs emotional distress, and Plaintiffs opposition brief states only that “he will be able to demonstrate by a preponderance of evidence that he suffered severe emotional distress.” PL’s Opp. 8.

Asserting that he can satisfy his burden at trial does not excuse Plaintiff from pleading facts to place Defendants on notice of the factual basis for his claims. Because Plaintiff has failed to satisfy his pleading burden, Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss Plaintiffs Fourth COA for intentional infliction of emotional distress is GRANTED with prejudice.

ii. California Civil Code § 52.1 (Fifth COA)

The California Civil Code § 52.1, also known as the Bane Act, serves as a state law remedy for constitutional or statutory violations accomplished through intimidation, coercion, or threats. Cal. Civ. Code § 52.1. Although analogous to § 1983, it is not tantamount to a § 1983 violation, requiring more than evidence of a violation of rights. Bass v. City of Fremont, No. C12-4943 TEH, 2013 WL 891090, at * 4 (N.D.Cal. Mar. 8, 2013); see also Austin B. v. Escondido Union Sch. Dist., 149 Cal.App.4th 860, 883, 57 Cal.Rptr.3d 454 (2007) (“The essence of a Bane Act claim is that the defendant, by the specified improper means (i.e., “threats, intimidation or coercion”), tried to or did prevent the plaintiff from doing something he or she had the right to do under the law.”).

This Court previously dismissed Plaintiffs Bane Act claim with leave to amend so that Plaintiff could plausibly state claims for unlawful detention, arrest, and/or excessive force. Order at 13. As discussed above, Plaintiff has failed to plausibly claim that his detention and arrest were unlawful. The Court is thus faced with the question of whether the Bane Act can be asserted to address a claim of excessive force where there is no other constitutional or statutory violation. The parties, given their divergent views on the lawfulness of Plaintiffs detention and arrest, have not addressed this situation in depth. Def.’s Mot. 17-18; Pl.’s Opp. 8; Def.’s Reply 6-7.

The Court first notes that there is a continuing split of authority on this issue. As Defendants argue, some courts have held that something more than an inherently coercive violation is required to state a claim under the Bane Act. See Luong v. City & Cnty. of San Francisco, No. C11-5661 MEJ, 2012 WL 5869561 (N.D.Cal. Nov. 19, 2012); Hunter v. City & Cnty. of San Francisco, No. 11-4911 JSC, 2012 WL 4831634 (N.D.Cal. Oct. 10, 2012); Lanier v. City of Fresno, No. CV F 10-1120 LJO SKO, 2011 WL 149802, at *4 (E.D.Cal. Jan. 18, 2011).

Other courts, interpreting Shoyoye v. County of Los Angeles, 203 Cal.App.4th 947, 137 Cal.Rptr.3d 839 (2012), narrowly, have held that the essence of Shoyoye is that § 52.1 “was not intended to redress harms ‘brought about by human error rather than intentional conduct.” Bass, 2013 WL 891090, at *5 (quoting Shoyoye, 203 Cal.App.4th at 959, 137 Cal.Rptr.3d 839, and noting that Shoyoye involved a plaintiff who was over-detained in the county jail due to an employee’s unintentional and negligent handling of inmate paperwork). Several cases have applied the Bane Act to a claim of excessive force alone. Cardoso v. Cnty. of San Mateo, No. C 12-05130 CRB, 2013 WL 900816 (N.D.Cal. Jan. 11, 2013) (plaintiff claimed that after her arrest, and while she was in her jail cell, a deputy walked in, called her “stupid” and violently twisted her arm causing a fracture); Rodriguez v. City of Modesto, No. 1:10-CV-01370-LJO, 2013 WL 6415620, at *10-13 (E.D.Cal. Dec. 9, 2013) (plaintiff claimed intentional excessive force in connection with arrest under Cal.Penal Code § 148(a)).

This split in authority has not been resolved by the California Court of Appeal or Supreme Court. The most recent decision on the issue is Bender v. County of Los Angeles, 217 Cal.App.4th 968, 159 Cal.Rptr.3d 204 (2013), where the California Court of Appeal left open the issue whether the Bane Act would apply in a case involving the alleged use of excessive force during an otherwise lawful arrest based on probable cause. Id. at 978, 159 Cal.Rptr.3d 204; see also Rodriguez, 2013 WL 6415620, at *13 (noting that “Bender directly avoids addressing” the present circumstance). The Bender court ruled in a ease where it determined that there was both an unlawful arrest and excessive force was applied in making that arrest. Bender, 217 Cal.App.4th at 981, 159 Cal.Rptr.3d 204.

Having carefully considered the holdings in Shoyoye and Bender, which apply the California Supreme Court’s holding in Venegas v. County of Los Angeles, 32 Cal.4th 820, 11 Cal.Rptr.3d 692, 87 P.3d 1 (2004), the Court finds that the Bane Act may extend to claims of deliberate and spiteful harm where the allegations, taken as true, demonstrate physical beating and injury in support of a claim for deprivation of one’s constitutional right to be free from excessive force.⁶ Shoyoye does not prohibit the application of the Bane Act in this circumstance. The Shoyoye court limited its denial of Bane Act relief to cases where the constitutional or statutory violation “occurs because of mere negligence rather than a volitional act intended to interfere with the exercise or enjoyment of a constitutional right.” Shoyoye, 203 Cal.App.4th at 957, 137 Cal.Rptr.3d 839 (cited with approval in Bender, 217 Cal.App.4th at 979, 159 Cal.Rptr.3d 204).

Thus, Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss Plaintiffs Fifth COA for violation of the Bane Act is DENIED without prejudice to reasserting this argument based on a more complete record.

iii. Assault and Battery (Sixth COA)

Defendants contend that Plaintiffs • claim for assault and battery fails because California law authorizes the use of force to effectuate an arrest. Def.’s Mot. 19; Cal.Penal Code § 835a. Section 835a, however, only authorizes “reasonable force,” and a claim for battery against a police officer has, as an essential element, the use of unreasonable force. Edson v. City of Anaheim, 63 Cal.App.4th 1269, 1273, 74 Cal.Rptr.2d 614 (1998). Here, because the Court has determined that Plaintiff has plausibly alleged a claim for excessive force, Plaintiffs claim for battery is likewise sufficient. Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss is therefore DENIED with respect to Plaintiffs Sixth COA for assault and battery.⁷

iv. Negligence (Seventh COA)

As with Plaintiffs claim for assault and battery, Plaintiffs negligence claim based on Defendants’ breach of a duty to refrain from using excessive force rises and falls with his Fourth Amendment claims. See TAC ¶¶ 40-41; Hernandez v. City of Pomona, 46 Cal.4th 501, 513-17, 94 Cal.Rptr.3d 1, 207 P.3d 506 (2009). Defendants do not dispute this. Def.’s Mot. 20. Because Plaintiff has plausibly alleged that Defendants’ use of force was not reasonable under the Fourth Amendment, Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss is accordingly DENIED as to Plaintiffs Seventh' COA for negligence.

C. Damages Allegations

Defendants argue that Plaintiffs request for punitive damages is not adequately pled under either federal or state law. Def.’s Mot. 20. Additionally, Defendants contend that there is no legal basis for Plaintiffs request for damages pursuant to California Civil Code § 52(b). Id. at 21. Plaintiff does not address the issue of punitive damages and argues conclusorily that mandatory damages under section 52(b)(2) are authorized by his Bane Act claim. PL’s Opp. 8-9.

Because Plaintiffs claims for excessive force and assault and battery survive dismissal, the Court will not foreclose Plaintiff from seeking punitive damages with respect to those claims. Moreover, as this Court previously noted, it is not clear that binding Ninth Circuit precedent authorizes striking a prayer for punitive damages. Order at 15. Nor can this Court conclude on the face of the complaint that Defendants did not act with “reckless or callous indifference to the federally protected rights of others.” Smith v. Wade, 461 U.S. 30, 56, 103 S.Ct. 1625, 75 L.Ed.2d 632 (1983).

Defendants further argue that Plaintiff is not entitled to recover damages under California Civil Code § 52(b). Defendants point to the plain language of that provision, which states: “Whoever denies the right provided by Section 51.7 or 51.9 ... is liable for [actual and exemplary damages].” Cal. Civ.Códe § 52(b), (b)(1). Subsection (b)(2) provides for a mandatory penalty of “twenty-five. thousand dollars ($25,000) to be awarded to the person denied the right provided by Section 51.7 in any action brought by the person denied the right.” Id. § 52(b)(2). Plaintiff relies on Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority v. Superior Court, 123 Cal.App.4th 261, 20 Cal.Rptr.3d 92 (2004), for the proposition that “Cal. Civ.Code § 52.1 permits a prevailing Plaintiff to recover civil penalties under § 52(b)(2).” Pl.’s Opp. 9. However, Defendants reply that the case addressed penalties under section 52(b)(2) only with respect to claims under California Civil Code § 51.7 — in accord with the plain language of section 52(b) — and did not address penalties for violations of the Bane Act, which is nowhere mentioned in section 52. Def.’s Reply 7.

This Court notes that the Bane Act itself permits recovery under section 52 but does not limit recovery to any subsection, of which- there are several. See Cal. Civ. Code § 52.1(b); see generally id. § 52. There are, however, also no cases in which a court has awarded penalties under section 52(b) for Bane Act violations. This ambiguity is noted in the Judicial Council of California Civil Jury Instruction for the Bane Act, which nevertheless concludes that “the reference to section 52 in subsection (b) of the Bane Act would seem to indicate that damages may be recovered under both subsections (a) and (b) of section 52.” CACI 3066 (Directions for Use). Given that the Bane Act was enacted after sections 51.7 and 52, see Stamps v. Superior Court, 136 Cal.App.4th 1441, 1446-48, 39 Cal.Rptr.3d 706 (2006) (discussing history of the Bane and Ralph Acts), and the lack of any case law or legislative intent suggesting that recovery for violations of the Bane Act should be limited to any subsection of section 52, the Court concludes that a plain reading of an unambiguous statute (section 52.1) allows Plaintiff to pursue damages under section 52(b).⁸

Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss Plaintiffs claims for punitive and statutory damages is therefore DENIED.

IV. ORDER

For the foregoing reasons, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED that:

1. Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss is GRANTED with respect to Plaintiffs First, Second, and Fourth Causes of Action. Those claims are DISMISSED with prejudice.

2. Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss is DENIED with respect to Plaintiffs Third, Fifth, Sixth, and Seventh Causes of Action, and with respect to Plaintiffs damages claims.

IT IS SO ORDERED.

1 . Although the City of San Jose is still identified as a defendant in the captions to both . parties’ briefing, it appears that Plaintiff is no longer pursuing claims against the city in his TAC. The City of San Jose is accordingly DISMISSED from this action.

2 . Defendants contend that some of these allegations are “inaccurate, unsupported by the evidence available to the parties, and inconsistent.” Def.’s Mot. 3 n.2. While these assertions may be correct, at the pleading stage the Court takes Plaintiff's allegations as true and does not weigh credibility. Moreover, the Court assumes that Plaintiffs counsel is aware of his obligation under Rule 11 and has not made any factual contentions without evi-dentiary support.

3 . Plaintiff did not challenge this inference when raised by the Court at the September 18, 2014 hearing.

4 . The Court notes that Plaintiff acknowledges he was charged with "assaulting an officer.” TAC ¶21. However, the Court must take Plaintiff's allegations in the TAC as true, and there are no allegations of Plaintiff’s physical conduct toward Defendants.

5 . Defendants’ argument that the TAC omits facts showing their use of force was reasonable, Def.’s Mot. 15, is well-taken but unavailing. At the pleading stage, Plaintiff is not required to plead his whole case, and the Court looks only at what the plaintiff has alleged. Past the pleading stage, Defendants may introduce evidence of their version of events, and it may well be that Defendants can establish qualified immunity at summary judgment.

6 . This Court does not intend to suggest that all claims for excessive force may be brought under the Bane Act. Here, however, the TAC alleges that Plaintiff did not resist in any way and that Defendants beat, kicked, and choked him without any provocation or threat that he would harm or otherwise resist their authority. Under those alleged facts, which are taken as true, Plaintiff has plausibly claimed that the quantum of force used against him was not only excessive but also likely deliberate and spiteful.

7 . The Court notes that “assault’' and “battery” are two distinct civil claims with different elements. See Yun Hee So v. Sook Ja Shin, 212 Cal.App.4th 652, 668-69, 151 Cal.Rptr.3d 257, 269 (2013), as modified on denial of reh’g (Jan. 28, 2013). Defendants’ arguments focus on battery, and they do not argue that the allegations are insufficient to maintain a claim for assault.

8 . As presently pled, Plaintiff's Prayer for Relief appears to be requesting statutory damages under both sections 52.1 and 52. See TAC, at 9. Based on the foregoing discussion, the Court would construe this request to be for statutory damages authorized by section 52.1, which would be those identified in section 52.