ARNOLD, Judge.
Evidence in the record indicates the following facts: Crowell Constructors, Inc. (“Crowell”) is a North Carolina corporation doing business in the state. Sometime in 1978 or 1979 Crowell purchased a thirty-six acre tract of land located in Moore County. Between 1952 and 1960, Cumberland Sand and Gravel Corporation operated a sand and gravel pit on the property. Cumberland Sand and Gravel ceased operations in 1960, leaving as by-product on the site stockpiles of coarse sand. All of the stockpiled sand was deposited above the original surface soil.
Subsequent to its purchase of the property, Crowell began removing the stockpiled sand. After inspecting the property in 1984, NRCD sent Crowell a Notice of Violation informing the company it was illegally mining and needed a permit to continue. See N.C. Gen. Stat. § 74-64(a)(1)a (1985). Crowell contended the operation did not constitute mining. NRCD reviewed the situation and determined that Crowell’s activities technically fit the statutory definition of mining, but the short-term nature of the project lent itself more to regulation under the Sedimentation Pollution Control Act. N.C. Gen. Stat. §§ 113A-50 to -66 (1989). NRCD understood that the removal of the sand would be completed within a few months.
Pursuant to these discussions, Crowell submitted a soil erosion and sedimentation control plan to NRCD, which was approved by NRCD in June 1984. However, Crowell continued removing sand from the tract during the wet-weather or winter months of 1985 and 1986. On 14 February 1986, NRCD sent petitioner another Notice of Violation informing petitioner it was violating the Mining Act by mining without a permit. The Notice stated that the company was subject to a civil penalty of up to $5,000 for each day of illegal operation. Crowell apparently misunderstood the 1984 discussions with NRCD, which had waived the mining permit only for a short-term operation. Nevertheless, removal of the stockpiled sand continued until 21 March 1986, more than a month after the February' notification was received. On 27 March 1987, NRCD as[435]*435sessed Crowell a fine of $10,000 for mining without a permit on 23 January and on 19 February 1986.
Judicial review of administrative agency decisions is governed by the North Carolina Administrative Procedure Act, codified at Chapter 150B of the General Statutes. A court reviewing an agency decision may reverse if it finds the decision: “[unsupported by substantial evidence ... in view of the entire record as submitted; or . . . [arbitrary or capricious.” N.C. Gen. Stat. § 150B-51(b)(5), (6) (1987). This standard of review is known as the “whole record” test. Henderson v. N.C. Dept. of Human Resources, 91 N.C. App. 527, 530, 372 S.E.2d 887, 889 (1988). “Substantial evidence is such relevant evidence as a reasonable mind might accept as adequate to support a conclusion.” Thompson v. Board of Education, 292 N.C. 406, 414, 233 S.E.2d 538, 544 (1977). To determine whether substantial evidence exists, the reviewing court must consider not only the evidence supporting the agency result, but also contradictory evidence or evidence from which conflicting inferences may be drawn. Id. at 410, 233 S.E.2d at 541. The whole record test “properly takes into account the specialized expertise of the staff of an administrative agency. . . .” High Rock Lake Assoc. v. Environmental Management Comm., 51 N.C. App. 275, 279, 276 S.E.2d 472, 475 (1981). Finally, a reviewing court should not substitute its judgment for that of the agency. Id.
This Court has also applied the phrase “arbitrary and capricious” to the review of agency decisions.
The “arbitrary and capricious” standard is a difficult one to meet. Administrative agency decisions may be reversed as arbitrary or capricious if they are “patently in bad faith,” (citation omitted) or “whimsical” in the sense that “they indicate a lack of care and careful consideration” or “fail to indicate ‘any course of reasoning and the exercise of judgment’ . . . .” (Citations omitted.)
Lewis v. N.C. Dept. of Human Resources, 92 N.C. App. 737, 740, 375 S.E.2d 712, 714 (1989). “[T]he reviewing court does not have authority to override decisions within agency discretion when that discretion is exercised in good faith and in accordance with law.” Id.
When an appellate court, however, reviews the decision of a lower court as opposed to when it reviews an administrative agency’s decision on a direct appeal, the scope of review to be [436]*436applied is the same as it is for other civil cases. American National Insurance Co. v. Ingram, 63 N.C. App. 38, 303 S.E.2d 649, cert. denied, 309 N.C. 819, 310 S.E.2d 348 (1983). This rule normally limits our review of a superior court judgment to whether the court committed any errors of law. N.C. Gen. Stat. § 7A-27(b) (1989). Nevertheless, the errors of law alleged herein turn on the question of whether the trial court properly applied the judicial review standards of N.C. Gen. Stat. § 150B-51. Therefore, we must consider the whole record to determine whether the Superior Court judge was correct as a matter of law in holding that the Mining Commission’s Final Decision was not supported by substantial evidence and was arbitrary and capricious.
Respondent first assigns as error the Superior Court ruling that petitioner’s activities did not constitute mining. After careful scrutiny of the record, and for the reasons we set out, we agree with respondent.
The Mining Act contains three definitions of “mining.” Under the first, mining is “[t]he breaking of the surface soil in order to facilitate or accomplish the extraction or removal of minerals, ores, or other solid matter . . . . ” G.S. § 74-49(7)a. Sand is defined as a mineral. G.S. § 74-49(6). To find that mining has occurred under this subsection, it must be shown that Crowell broke the “surface soil.”
A review of the evidence reveals that in 1960 the stockpiles of sand were as high as twenty-five feet, that some were conical in shape and others were in ridges. By 1986, conditions at the site had changed. The A.L.J. found:
44. The stockpiled sand is covered with varying densities of vegetation, including pine trees.
45. After the vegetation was cleared and the stockpiles cut by Crowell’s front end loader, a brown band of material became obvious at the top of the stockpiles. This band is well illustrated in Respondent’s [photographs of the site]. The brown band is the accumulation of the second growth on the tract of leaves and pine straw that covered the stockpiles.
Where the line is drawn to determine when a sandpile is still just a pile of sand and when it becomes the surface of the earth will turn on the particular facts of each case. Considering the type of material involved here, the amount of time that elapsed and [437]
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ARNOLD, Judge.
Evidence in the record indicates the following facts: Crowell Constructors, Inc. (“Crowell”) is a North Carolina corporation doing business in the state. Sometime in 1978 or 1979 Crowell purchased a thirty-six acre tract of land located in Moore County. Between 1952 and 1960, Cumberland Sand and Gravel Corporation operated a sand and gravel pit on the property. Cumberland Sand and Gravel ceased operations in 1960, leaving as by-product on the site stockpiles of coarse sand. All of the stockpiled sand was deposited above the original surface soil.
Subsequent to its purchase of the property, Crowell began removing the stockpiled sand. After inspecting the property in 1984, NRCD sent Crowell a Notice of Violation informing the company it was illegally mining and needed a permit to continue. See N.C. Gen. Stat. § 74-64(a)(1)a (1985). Crowell contended the operation did not constitute mining. NRCD reviewed the situation and determined that Crowell’s activities technically fit the statutory definition of mining, but the short-term nature of the project lent itself more to regulation under the Sedimentation Pollution Control Act. N.C. Gen. Stat. §§ 113A-50 to -66 (1989). NRCD understood that the removal of the sand would be completed within a few months.
Pursuant to these discussions, Crowell submitted a soil erosion and sedimentation control plan to NRCD, which was approved by NRCD in June 1984. However, Crowell continued removing sand from the tract during the wet-weather or winter months of 1985 and 1986. On 14 February 1986, NRCD sent petitioner another Notice of Violation informing petitioner it was violating the Mining Act by mining without a permit. The Notice stated that the company was subject to a civil penalty of up to $5,000 for each day of illegal operation. Crowell apparently misunderstood the 1984 discussions with NRCD, which had waived the mining permit only for a short-term operation. Nevertheless, removal of the stockpiled sand continued until 21 March 1986, more than a month after the February' notification was received. On 27 March 1987, NRCD as[435]*435sessed Crowell a fine of $10,000 for mining without a permit on 23 January and on 19 February 1986.
Judicial review of administrative agency decisions is governed by the North Carolina Administrative Procedure Act, codified at Chapter 150B of the General Statutes. A court reviewing an agency decision may reverse if it finds the decision: “[unsupported by substantial evidence ... in view of the entire record as submitted; or . . . [arbitrary or capricious.” N.C. Gen. Stat. § 150B-51(b)(5), (6) (1987). This standard of review is known as the “whole record” test. Henderson v. N.C. Dept. of Human Resources, 91 N.C. App. 527, 530, 372 S.E.2d 887, 889 (1988). “Substantial evidence is such relevant evidence as a reasonable mind might accept as adequate to support a conclusion.” Thompson v. Board of Education, 292 N.C. 406, 414, 233 S.E.2d 538, 544 (1977). To determine whether substantial evidence exists, the reviewing court must consider not only the evidence supporting the agency result, but also contradictory evidence or evidence from which conflicting inferences may be drawn. Id. at 410, 233 S.E.2d at 541. The whole record test “properly takes into account the specialized expertise of the staff of an administrative agency. . . .” High Rock Lake Assoc. v. Environmental Management Comm., 51 N.C. App. 275, 279, 276 S.E.2d 472, 475 (1981). Finally, a reviewing court should not substitute its judgment for that of the agency. Id.
This Court has also applied the phrase “arbitrary and capricious” to the review of agency decisions.
The “arbitrary and capricious” standard is a difficult one to meet. Administrative agency decisions may be reversed as arbitrary or capricious if they are “patently in bad faith,” (citation omitted) or “whimsical” in the sense that “they indicate a lack of care and careful consideration” or “fail to indicate ‘any course of reasoning and the exercise of judgment’ . . . .” (Citations omitted.)
Lewis v. N.C. Dept. of Human Resources, 92 N.C. App. 737, 740, 375 S.E.2d 712, 714 (1989). “[T]he reviewing court does not have authority to override decisions within agency discretion when that discretion is exercised in good faith and in accordance with law.” Id.
When an appellate court, however, reviews the decision of a lower court as opposed to when it reviews an administrative agency’s decision on a direct appeal, the scope of review to be [436]*436applied is the same as it is for other civil cases. American National Insurance Co. v. Ingram, 63 N.C. App. 38, 303 S.E.2d 649, cert. denied, 309 N.C. 819, 310 S.E.2d 348 (1983). This rule normally limits our review of a superior court judgment to whether the court committed any errors of law. N.C. Gen. Stat. § 7A-27(b) (1989). Nevertheless, the errors of law alleged herein turn on the question of whether the trial court properly applied the judicial review standards of N.C. Gen. Stat. § 150B-51. Therefore, we must consider the whole record to determine whether the Superior Court judge was correct as a matter of law in holding that the Mining Commission’s Final Decision was not supported by substantial evidence and was arbitrary and capricious.
Respondent first assigns as error the Superior Court ruling that petitioner’s activities did not constitute mining. After careful scrutiny of the record, and for the reasons we set out, we agree with respondent.
The Mining Act contains three definitions of “mining.” Under the first, mining is “[t]he breaking of the surface soil in order to facilitate or accomplish the extraction or removal of minerals, ores, or other solid matter . . . . ” G.S. § 74-49(7)a. Sand is defined as a mineral. G.S. § 74-49(6). To find that mining has occurred under this subsection, it must be shown that Crowell broke the “surface soil.”
A review of the evidence reveals that in 1960 the stockpiles of sand were as high as twenty-five feet, that some were conical in shape and others were in ridges. By 1986, conditions at the site had changed. The A.L.J. found:
44. The stockpiled sand is covered with varying densities of vegetation, including pine trees.
45. After the vegetation was cleared and the stockpiles cut by Crowell’s front end loader, a brown band of material became obvious at the top of the stockpiles. This band is well illustrated in Respondent’s [photographs of the site]. The brown band is the accumulation of the second growth on the tract of leaves and pine straw that covered the stockpiles.
Where the line is drawn to determine when a sandpile is still just a pile of sand and when it becomes the surface of the earth will turn on the particular facts of each case. Considering the type of material involved here, the amount of time that elapsed and [437]*437the amount of revegetation that occurred at the Crowell site, the Mining Commission’s determination that the stockpiled sand had become the surface soil was neither arbitrary nor capricious. It is not unreasonable to define the surface as the layer of soil on which plants and trees are growing.
Our research uncovers only one other case that has ruled on the issue. Fifty years ago a federal court held that “mining” had not occurred where a company began to remill and retreat piles of crushed rock eight years after the gravel had been stockpiled. Atlas Milling Co. v. Jones, 115 F.2d 61 (1940). Atlas, however, is easily distinguishable because several factors previously mentioned are different in the two cases: the materials involved, the time that elapsed and the amount of revegetation that occurred. We therefore hold in the case sub judice that mining occurred under G.S. § 74-49(7)a.
Respondent also contends that the court erred in reversing the Mining Commission’s finding that Crowell had engaged in mining under G.S. § 74-49(7)b. This subsection defines mining as “[a]ny activity or process constituting all or part of a process for the extraction or removal of minerals . . . from its original location. ...” Petitioner contends that the sand extracted from the stockpiled areas was not in its original location and therefore its activities cannot constitute mining.
Our discussion above tends to invalidate this argument. Evidence that reasonably supports the finding that the stockpiled sand can be defined as the surface soil, also may support the determination that the sand was in its original location. Furthermore, this subsection applies to “all or part” of a mining process. Regardless of whether one determines the stockpiled sand was in its original location, petitioner’s activities were part of a mining process. The A.L.J. found that the stockpiled sand originally was the by-product of a mining operation. About twenty years later Crowell began extracting the sand for use in making asphalt. Crowell’s activities then reasonably can be defined as part of a mining process.
Mining is also defined in the Act as “[t]he preparation, washing, cleaning or other treatment of minerals, ores, or other solid matter so as to make them suitable for commercial, industrial, or construction use.” G.S. § 74-49(7)c. As noted above, Crowell excavated sand from the site and used it to make asphalt. Such activity reasonably can be defined as preparing a mineral for commercial use.
[438]*438In sum, the record demonstrates substantial evidence to support the finding that Crowell’s activities constituted mining within the meaning of the statute. Neither this Court, nor the trial court, should substitute its judgment for that of the Commission in the face of reasonable supporting evidence. High Rock Lake Assoc., 51 N.C. App. 275, 276 S.E.2d 472. In view of the entire record, the Commission’s judgment was supported by competent and substantial evidence, and was neither arbitrary nor capricious.
Crowell also makes two cross-assignments of error related to the penalty imposed by the Mining Commission. Petitioner argues the Mining Commission did not have the authority to impose a civil penalty against the company before notice had been sent pursuant to G.S. § 74-64(a)(1)a. The statute provides that the NRCD may assess a penalty of up to $5,000 a day against a person who fails to secure a permit before mining, and then it states, “[n]o civil penalty shall be assessed until the operator has been given [written] notice of the violation . ” Id.
First, we note that part of the dispute concerning this penalty results from confusion over the dates on which Crowell violated the statute. According to the findings of fact made by the A.L.J., Crowell received one Notice of Violation on 15 February 1986. NRCD employees observed mining operations occurring on the property on 19 February and 14 March 1986. The A.L.J. also found that NRCD had assessed Crowell $10,000 for mining without a permit on 23 January 1986 and 19 February 1986. Crowell was penalized $5,000 per day for the two violations. The company argues that a penalty for the 23 January violation, which occurred before the date of notification, was improper. However, the Mining Commission also found as a fact that Crowell received a Notice of Violation on or about 8 February 1984, well before the three 1986 violations. Furthermore, even if some confusion surrounded the 1984 notification, the A.L.J. found that Crowell mined without a permit on 19 February and 14 March 1986, two dates after the 15 February 1986 Notice of Violation was received. To summarize, there was sufficient evidence in the record showing thlat Crowell mined without a permit on three dates after receiving the 1984 notice, and on two dates after receiving the 1986 notice. Therefore, this assignment of error is overruled.
Finally, respondent contends that the penalty assessed by the director of the NRCD is arbitrary and capricious when examined [439]*439against the criteria for determining the amount of the penalty as set forth in 15 N.C. Admin. Code tit. 15, 5F.0007 (December 1989). Crowell argues that the evidence showed the company has a good record of complying with the Mining Act. However, the evidence also tended to show that about ten acres of land was involved in this violation, off-site sedimentation occurred as a result of the violations, and that Crowell’s restoration efforts, at least initially, were ineffective. Further, Crowell was found to be mining on two separate occasions after the February 1986 notice was received, and continued to mine for more than a month after receipt of the notice. In light of this evidence, the assessment is justified and should not be disturbed.
The order of the trial court is
Reversed.
Judge DUNCAN concurs.
Judge LEWIS dissents.