Cook v. Downing

1994 OK CIV APP 178, 891 P.2d 611, 27 U.C.C. Rep. Serv. 2d (West) 837, 66 O.B.A.J. 900, 1994 Okla. Civ. App. LEXIS 179, 1994 WL 770909

• Court: Court of Civil Appeals of Oklahoma
• Decided: December 20, 1994
• Docket: 82669
• Status: Published

Opinions

MEMORANDUM OPINION

HUNTER, Judge:

Appellant is a licensed dentist who devotes less than 50% of his practice to fitting and making dentures. Appellee, a patient, sued Appellant in small claims court because of mouth trouble she had on account of the dentures. Appellee alleged the condition was the result of ill-fitting dentures. Appellant testified that the condition was generalized and not consistent with localized sore spots which would result from ill-fitting dentures. Appellant referred Appellee to oral surgeons. The dental specialists’ evidence showed that they believed the condition was due to either candidas, an autoimmune reaction or an allergy to the dental material. Although none of the dental evidence pinpointed the source of the problem, it consistently ruled out ill-fitting dentures.

After trial, the court entered judgment in favor of Appellee, setting forth that damages were awarded pursuant to Article 2 of the Oklahoma Uniform Commercial Code, (UCC), 12A O.S.1991 §§ 2-104, 2-105 and 2-315, “Implied Warranty of Fitness for a Particular Purpose” and that attorney fees were awarded pursuant to 12 O.S.1991 § 936. 12A O.S.1991 § 2-104(1) defines merchant as “a person who deals in the goods of the kind or otherwise by his occupation holds himself out as having knowledge or skill peculiar to the practices or goods involved in the transaction or to whom such knowledge or skill may be attributed by his employment of an agent or broker or other intermediary who by his occupation holds himself out as having such knowledge or skill.” Section 2-105(1) defines goods as meaning “all things (including specially manufactured goods) which are movable at the time of identification to the contract for sale other than the money in which the price is to be paid, investment securities (Article 8) and things in action. ‘Goods’ also includes the unborn young of animals and growing crops and other identified things attached to realty ...” The law of implied warranty in the commercial code is found in § 2-315 which states:

Where the seller at the time of contracting has reason to know any particular purpose for which the goods are required and that the buyer is relying on the seller’s skill or judgment to select or furnish suitable goods, there is unless excluded or modified under the next section an implied warranty that the goods shall be fit for such purpose.

We agree with Appellant’s position that any claim Appellee might have sounds in tort. In Oklahoma, dentists, professionals who are regulated by the state, furnish dentures. 59 O.S.1991 § 328.19. In general, dentists must use ordinary skill in treating their patients. A patient does not establish the elements of legal detriment by only showing nonsuccess or unsatisfactory results. Goodlett v. Williamston, 179 Okl. 238, 65 P.2d 472, 473 (1937) (syllabus by the Court).

A dentist is not a merchant and the Uniform Commercial Code is not the law to apply to these facts. Finding no Oklahoma law on point, we align ourselves with the reasoning stated by the Court of Appeals of North Carolina in Preston v. Thompson, 53 N.C.App. 290, 280 S.E.2d 780 (1981). In the Preston case, the patient determined through her research in the yellow pages that the dentist was a specialist in dentures. The patient claimed the doctor made oral assurances that the dentures would fit satisfactorily. The dentures did not fit well and subsequent attempts at correcting the problem were not successful. The patient sued the dentist on an implied warranty theory pursuant to the Uniform Commercial Code. The court held, 280 S.E.2d at 784, that the transaction was not of “goods” and that a dentist was not a “merchant” under the UCC. We adopt the rule as enunciated by the North Carolina court, 280 S.E.2d at 784, that “those who, for a fee, furnish their professional medical services for the guidance and assistance of others are not liable in the absence of negligence or intentional misconduct.” (citation omitted). The court further held, 280 S.E.2d at 785, that “the fact that defendant holds himself out as specializing in the preparing and fitting of dentures does not remove him from the practice of dentistry and transform him into a merchant.” We hold that under the laws of Oklahoma, a dentist is not a merchant and dentures, furnished by a dentist, are not goods under the UCC.

A dentist could be sued for breach of contract, if such contract were alleged to exist, but that is not the fact as revealed in the record in our case. Appellee presented evidence of an advertisement guaranteeing dentures to fit, but testified that she did not see this ad until after she had begun her treatment with Appellant. The evidence does not support any breach of contract action.

As a matter of law, Appellee erroneously based her cause of action on the Uniform Commercial Code rather than negligence. The court erred in entering judgment in favor of Appellee based on this law. For this reason, we reverse the judgment of the trial court and remand the matter with directions to enter judgment in favor of Appellant.

REVERSED AND REMANDED WITH DIRECTIONS.

HANSEN, P.J., concurs. CARL B. JONES, J., dissents with separate opinion.