Mr. Justice Cartwright
delivered the opinion of the court:
This is an action of assumpsit, begun in the circuit court of Cook county by appellee, ágainst appellant, upon a written agreement to pay $1000 for a contract with the city of Chicago, said sum to be equally divided between appellee and A. J. McBean & Co., competing bidders against appellant, when the contract should be awarded to' appellant. To the declaration, which set out said agreement in substantially the same manner in four counts, the defendant filed the plea of the general issue. A jury was waived and the cause was submitted to the court upon an agreed state of facts stipulated in writing by the parties. The court found the issues for plaintiff and entered judgment. The Branch Appellate Court for the First District affirmed the judgment and granted a certificate of importance.
The parties having submitted to the court the facts as agreed upon in their stipulation, the defendant moved the court, upon a consideration of such facts, to find the issues for him. The court overruled the motion and defendant excepted. The facts as so agreed upon and upon which the judgment of the court .was asked, briefly stated, are as follows: The three parties, plaintiff, defendant and A. J. McBean & Co., were competing contractors in the city of Chicago, and at a public letting- of a contract by said city for improving Laughton street, they, with other contractors, were bidders. Said three parties, independently and without fraud or collusion, submitted bids to make said improvement for the same sum of money, and they were the lowest bidders and were all responsible bidders. After the opening of bids, plaintiff, defendant and A. J. McBean & Co. retired to a private room and agreed that each should submit a written proposition agreeing to pay to each of the other two a certain sum of money to secure said contract, and whichever one would give the most should have it. The following written propositions were thereupon submitted:
Ҥ1000.00.
Chicago, April 7,1893.
“I hereby agree to pay one thousand dollars for the contract on Laughton street, the amount to be equally divided between Garden City Paving and Post Co. and A. J. McBean & Co. when contract is awarded to me and signed.
B. P. Conway.”
“Chicago, April 8,1893.
“We will pay to A. J. McBean & Co. and B. P. Conway the sum of (§200.00) two hundred dollars for Laughton street, said amount to be divided equally between them when the contract is awarded and signed.
Garden City Paving and Post Co.
Per James G. McBean.”
“Chicago, 4/8,1893.
“We will pay to the Garden City Paving and Post Co. and B. P. Conway the sum of four hundred and no/100 ($400.00) dollars for Laughton street, said amount to be equally divided between them when the contract is awarded and signed.
•A. J. McBean & Co.”
The defendant having offered to pay the highest sum to secure the contract, his offer was accepted, and in reliance upon it the other parties went with him to the city of Chicago and announced that the contract might be awarded to the defendant. The city then awarded the contract to the defendant, who accepted and performed it and received the proceeds and gain accruing therefrom. The contract was a valuable one to the defendant, and he paid A. J. McBean & Co. $500, as he agreed. The city of Chicago knew nothing of the agreement between the bidders, and it was its custom to permit tie bidders to settle among themselves who should receive the contract.
It is contended by counsel for appellee that there is no question of law presented by the record for us to consider, and that the proper way for the defendant to have raised a question of law would have been to demur to the evidence or move to exclude the evidence. It is argued that the motion to find for the defendant included both questions of fact and law, and was a request to the court to find the facts in controversy for the defendant, and that we cannot know what the court held on questions of law. The parties, by agreement, submitted their controversy to the court, and in such a case the court is ordinarily called upon to do two things: First, decide, from the evidence, the ultimate facts on which the rights of the parties depend; and second, apply the law to such facts, resulting in a judgment which the law pronounces upon the facts. There may be cases where parties stipulate as to the evidence or the existence of facts which tend to prove the ultimate fact, from which the court must draw an inference as to such ultimate fact. In this case it was not the evidential facts which were agreed upon, but the stipulation stated the ultimate facts. The court was not authorized by the stipulation to draw any inference of fact, or to come to any conclusion as to the existence or non-existence of some ultimate fact which the evidence tended to prove. It was a case stated for the court, and there were no facts to be balanced or considered. The stipulation did not differ materially from a special verdict finding and stating all the facts and referring- the law to the decision of the court. It is very clear that the only understanding of the parties was that the court was to apply the law to the facts as agreed, and that the motion of defendant was for a finding and judgment in his favor upon the law as applied to such facts. We can see no reason for a motion to exclude the evidence where the parties themselves have presented the ultimate facts to the court for its judgment by applying the law to them.
Where a case is tried before a jury, we have approved different ways of raising the question whether -the evidence, as a matter of law, is sufficient to support the cause of action. These methods are: Demurring to the evidence, moving to exclude it, or asking an instruction to find for the defendant. (Cothran v. Ellis, 125 Ill. 496.) The usual practice is to present an instruction directing a verdict, and it has never been held necessary to either formally demur to the evidence or to enter a motion to exclude it. We have said that in a trial before the court it is proper to raise the question here raised by a demurrer to the evidence, a proposition to be held or a motion to find for the party. (Smith v. Billings, 169 Ill. 294.) Where there is no dispute as to the facts, the only question is as to their leg'al effect and whether the law is properly applied. (Launtz v. People, 113 Ill. 137.) Where the record contains stipulated facts merely, we will examine the stipulation to see whether there was a proper application of rules of law that warranted the judgment. (People v. Huffman, 182 Ill. 390.) There was no controversy in this case- between the parties except the one of law, what judgment should be entered upon the agreed facts, and the motion of the defendant was addressed to that question. Defendant excepted to the overruling of his motion and the finding and judgment against him, and thereby preserved the question whether the agreed facts created any liability in the law.
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Mr. Justice Cartwright
delivered the opinion of the court:
This is an action of assumpsit, begun in the circuit court of Cook county by appellee, ágainst appellant, upon a written agreement to pay $1000 for a contract with the city of Chicago, said sum to be equally divided between appellee and A. J. McBean & Co., competing bidders against appellant, when the contract should be awarded to' appellant. To the declaration, which set out said agreement in substantially the same manner in four counts, the defendant filed the plea of the general issue. A jury was waived and the cause was submitted to the court upon an agreed state of facts stipulated in writing by the parties. The court found the issues for plaintiff and entered judgment. The Branch Appellate Court for the First District affirmed the judgment and granted a certificate of importance.
The parties having submitted to the court the facts as agreed upon in their stipulation, the defendant moved the court, upon a consideration of such facts, to find the issues for him. The court overruled the motion and defendant excepted. The facts as so agreed upon and upon which the judgment of the court .was asked, briefly stated, are as follows: The three parties, plaintiff, defendant and A. J. McBean & Co., were competing contractors in the city of Chicago, and at a public letting- of a contract by said city for improving Laughton street, they, with other contractors, were bidders. Said three parties, independently and without fraud or collusion, submitted bids to make said improvement for the same sum of money, and they were the lowest bidders and were all responsible bidders. After the opening of bids, plaintiff, defendant and A. J. McBean & Co. retired to a private room and agreed that each should submit a written proposition agreeing to pay to each of the other two a certain sum of money to secure said contract, and whichever one would give the most should have it. The following written propositions were thereupon submitted:
Ҥ1000.00.
Chicago, April 7,1893.
“I hereby agree to pay one thousand dollars for the contract on Laughton street, the amount to be equally divided between Garden City Paving and Post Co. and A. J. McBean & Co. when contract is awarded to me and signed.
B. P. Conway.”
“Chicago, April 8,1893.
“We will pay to A. J. McBean & Co. and B. P. Conway the sum of (§200.00) two hundred dollars for Laughton street, said amount to be divided equally between them when the contract is awarded and signed.
Garden City Paving and Post Co.
Per James G. McBean.”
“Chicago, 4/8,1893.
“We will pay to the Garden City Paving and Post Co. and B. P. Conway the sum of four hundred and no/100 ($400.00) dollars for Laughton street, said amount to be equally divided between them when the contract is awarded and signed.
•A. J. McBean & Co.”
The defendant having offered to pay the highest sum to secure the contract, his offer was accepted, and in reliance upon it the other parties went with him to the city of Chicago and announced that the contract might be awarded to the defendant. The city then awarded the contract to the defendant, who accepted and performed it and received the proceeds and gain accruing therefrom. The contract was a valuable one to the defendant, and he paid A. J. McBean & Co. $500, as he agreed. The city of Chicago knew nothing of the agreement between the bidders, and it was its custom to permit tie bidders to settle among themselves who should receive the contract.
It is contended by counsel for appellee that there is no question of law presented by the record for us to consider, and that the proper way for the defendant to have raised a question of law would have been to demur to the evidence or move to exclude the evidence. It is argued that the motion to find for the defendant included both questions of fact and law, and was a request to the court to find the facts in controversy for the defendant, and that we cannot know what the court held on questions of law. The parties, by agreement, submitted their controversy to the court, and in such a case the court is ordinarily called upon to do two things: First, decide, from the evidence, the ultimate facts on which the rights of the parties depend; and second, apply the law to such facts, resulting in a judgment which the law pronounces upon the facts. There may be cases where parties stipulate as to the evidence or the existence of facts which tend to prove the ultimate fact, from which the court must draw an inference as to such ultimate fact. In this case it was not the evidential facts which were agreed upon, but the stipulation stated the ultimate facts. The court was not authorized by the stipulation to draw any inference of fact, or to come to any conclusion as to the existence or non-existence of some ultimate fact which the evidence tended to prove. It was a case stated for the court, and there were no facts to be balanced or considered. The stipulation did not differ materially from a special verdict finding and stating all the facts and referring- the law to the decision of the court. It is very clear that the only understanding of the parties was that the court was to apply the law to the facts as agreed, and that the motion of defendant was for a finding and judgment in his favor upon the law as applied to such facts. We can see no reason for a motion to exclude the evidence where the parties themselves have presented the ultimate facts to the court for its judgment by applying the law to them.
Where a case is tried before a jury, we have approved different ways of raising the question whether -the evidence, as a matter of law, is sufficient to support the cause of action. These methods are: Demurring to the evidence, moving to exclude it, or asking an instruction to find for the defendant. (Cothran v. Ellis, 125 Ill. 496.) The usual practice is to present an instruction directing a verdict, and it has never been held necessary to either formally demur to the evidence or to enter a motion to exclude it. We have said that in a trial before the court it is proper to raise the question here raised by a demurrer to the evidence, a proposition to be held or a motion to find for the party. (Smith v. Billings, 169 Ill. 294.) Where there is no dispute as to the facts, the only question is as to their leg'al effect and whether the law is properly applied. (Launtz v. People, 113 Ill. 137.) Where the record contains stipulated facts merely, we will examine the stipulation to see whether there was a proper application of rules of law that warranted the judgment. (People v. Huffman, 182 Ill. 390.) There was no controversy in this case- between the parties except the one of law, what judgment should be entered upon the agreed facts, and the motion of the defendant was addressed to that question. Defendant excepted to the overruling of his motion and the finding and judgment against him, and thereby preserved the question whether the agreed facts created any liability in the law.
The agreed facts are, that the bids of the three parties to the arrangement were the same and that all said parties were responsible bidders, so that the bids were absolutely equal in all respects. There was no reason for accepting one in preference to the other, but each of the parties was willing to take the contract for less than the amount bid. Defendant was willing to take it for $1000 less than his bid to the city, and that $1000 he agreed to pay to his competitors to let him have it. The public is interested in free competition in bidding, and the design of the statute is that contracts shall be let to the lowest responsible bidder, so that the public shall have the benefit of the lowest price obtainable from a responsible party. As the three bids and bidders were equal, the presumption is that the city would have re-advertised and received the benefit of the amount defendant promised to give to his competitors to get the contract. The plain and only motive of the arrangement was to put an end to existing competition between these three parties for a contract which, it is agreed, was a valuable and profitable one. Defendant was willing to pay $1000 to secure the contract and to have his competitors withdraw their bids, dr, what amounted to the same thing, ask the city to disregard them and award the contract to him. There is no difference, in principle, between hiring a party not to bid and hiring- him to withdraw his bid and allow the other party to have the contract. Any arrangement of that kind which is designed to suppress bidding and competition in the letting 'of public contracts is against public policy and renders the agreement illegal and void. Contracts not distinguishable in principle from this one have frequently been held void, and private arrangements amongst rival bidders for stifling competition are not enforced by the courts. (Hanna, v. Fife, 27 Mich. 172; Weld v. Lancaster, 56 Me. 453; Boyle v. Adams, 50 Minn. 255; Gibbs v. Smith, 115 Mass. 592; Swan v. Chorpenning, 20 Cal. 182.
- It is insisted in this case that the public received no actual injury by reason of this arrangement, because these three parties were the lowest bidders for the work. Unquestionably, a further bidding would have lowered the price of the work; but whether it would or not, the test of illegality is not the result in a particular case, but the tendency of the contract'if recognized as valid in the law. If such contracts could be allowed and enforced it would give facilities to enter into secret arrangements for awarding a contract to one of the rival bidders for a public work. It is immaterial what the parties say as to actual fraud in the transaction, but the law pronounces a contract of this character illegal and void from its tendency, whatever the view of the parties as to its being fraudulent or wrong. The arrangement amounted to nothing but buying off the plaintiff and A. J. McBean & Co. for a money consideration. The court should have applied to the agreed facts the rule of law that such a contract is illegal and void, and the refusal to do so was error.
The judgments of the Appellate Court and the circuit court of Cook county are reversed and the cause is remanded to the circuit court.
Reversed and remanded.