Opinion,
Mr. Justice Clark :
This proceeding in the court below was a mandamus, brought by Arthur Burt, to compel the Union League of Philadelphia to reinstate him to membership in the league, from which he had been expelled. The petition was filed, and the alternative writ issued, on May 28, 1883, and on June 23d thereafter, the defendant’s return was filed. The relator thereupon put in a plea traversing the return, but afterwards withdrew the plea, and filed a demurrer; all relevant matters contained in the return must necessarily, therefore, be deemed admitted and accepted as true. By the return it appears that the Union League of Philadelphia was incorporated on March 30, 1864, during the war of the Rebellion, “ for the purpose of fostering and promoting the love of Republican Government, aiding in the [315]*315preservation of the Union of the United. States, and extending aid and relief to the soldiers and sailors of the army and navy thereof.” By their charter the incorporators were entitled to perpetual succession, and were enabled to take and hold title to real and personal property, and to dispose of the same, “provided that the clear yearly value or income of all the estate and property of said corporation, including interest on all moneys by them lent, shall not exceed tbe sum of ten thousand dollars, exclusive of the real estate in the actual occupancy of the corporation.” The officers of the league consist of a president, four vice-presidents, and fifteen directors, to be elected annually, who are authorized to choose and appoint from their own number a secretary and a treasurer.
The third section of the charter is as follows :
“ 3. That the duties and rights of the members of the said corporation, the powers and functions of the officers thereof, the mode of supplying vacancies in office, the times of meeting of said corporation, or its officers, the number which shall constitute a quorum thereof, respectively, at any such meetings, the mode of electing or admitting members, the terms of their admission, and the causes which justify their expulsion, and the manner of effecting the same, and the mode and manner in which the property of said corporation shall be divided and appropriated, in case of a dissolution of said corporation, or winding up of its affairs, shall be regulated by the by-laws and ordinances of said corporation, which they are empowered to make and alter, in the manner which may be therein mentioned; provided, that the said bj^-laws and ordinances shall not be repugnant to, or inconsistent with, the constitution and laws of the United States or of this commonwealth.”
The first section, article I., of the by-laws, afterwards made in pursuance of the charter, provides as follows :
“ The members of the Union League of Philadelphia shall support the constitution of the United States, discountenance, by moral and social influences, all disloyalty to the federal government, encourage and maintain respect for its authority, compliance with its laws, and acquiescence in its measures for the enforcement thereof, and for the suppression of insurrection, treason, and rebellion, as duties obligatory upon every American citizen.”
[316]*316By the return, moreover, it appears that “ although the purposes for which the corporate defendant was originally created were correctly set forth in the preamble to its said charter, yet the purposes of social intercourse entered as an element into its usefulness, and as the causes which led to its creation ceased to exist, within little more than a year thereafter, the element of social intercourse increased; and, although its members are, to a large extent, composed of persons of a certain political faith, as is the case with similar institutions in other cities of the world, yet a chief purpose of the institution is, and long has been, the promotion of social intercourse between the members themselves, and between the latter and the guests of the corporation, and to this end there was and is required the adoption of, and strict compliance with, certain rules of internal discipline, regulating the intercourse within its walls.”
To advance the purposes of the league, and to promote the social relations of its members, the league became the owner of valuable real estate, upon which is erected a club-house which is maintained and governed according to certain rules and regulations, contained in the by-laws promulgated under the third section of the charter.
The second section of the first article, in defining “the duties and rights of the members,” provides that the members “ shall have free access to the rooms and library of the league, subject to such rules and regulations as may be prescribed from time to time by the board of directors.” The first, second, third, and fourth sections of the second article, defining “ the powers and functions of the officers,” provide that the board of directors shall consist of the president, vice-president, and fifteen directors, elected annually, eight of their number to constitute a quorum; that this board of direction shall have power to appoint executive committees to carry into effect the objects expressed in the charter, and to prescribe their duties; to “exercise a general superintendence of the affairs of the league, with the control and management of its property and effects,” “ to make all rules for the management and regulation of the house, and the maintenance of good order therein, and to provide and enforce penalties for their infraction.”
The fifth section of the same article is as follows :
“ A majority of the board shall have power to suspend mem[317]*317bora for a wilful infraction of the rules of the house, or of any by-law of the league, or for acts or conduct which they may deem disorderly, or injurious to the interests or hostile to the objects of the league, but the offender may appeal from the sentence of suspension, as hereinafter provided; but prior to the suspension of a member he shall be entitled to a notice and a hearing before the board, or before a committee of the same, as he may elect.”
The fourth article provides for an appeal, and the trial thereof, as follows:
“ 1. A member suspended from the league, by sentence of the board of directors, may appeal therefrom within thirty days after notice thereof posted on the notice board, by filing with the secretary a written notice of his appeal, and the reasons therefor; in case of no appeal within the time limited, he shall then cease to be a member of the league.
“ 2. All appeals shall be tried in a meeting of the league, to be called for the purpose by the board of directors, within forty days after notice of the appeal shall be filed with the secretary.
“ 8. The president, or one of the vice-presidents, shall preside at such meetings, and the cause of suspension shall be reported in writing by the board of directors, with a statement of facts on which their sentence was founded, a copy of which shall be furnished to the appellant, on his application to be made to the secretary at least ten days before the meeting. The appellant shall then present his defence in writing, to which one member of the board may reply orally. The appellant, or any one member in his behalf, may then rejoin, and a director may a second time speak in support of the charge, and no further discussion shall be allowed. The presiding officer shall then put the question, ‘ Shall the sentence of the board of managers in this case be affirmed?’ If a majority of the meeting shall vote in the affirmative, the sentence shall stand as the final judgment of the league, and the appellant shall thereupon forfeit all the rights and privileges of membership. If less than a majority of the meeting vote in the affirmative, then the sentence of the board shall be reversed, and the appellant shall thereupon be restored to membership.”
By the fifth section of article I., it is provided that, “ when [318]*318a person shall cease to be a member, from any cause, all the interest he may have in the property of the league, by reason of his membership, shall be vested in the corporation.”
The penalty, in case of conviction of an offence under the fifth section of the bj^-laws, it will be observed, is, practically, expulsion : the suspension from the privileges of the league is only during the pendency of proceedings, upon conviction by thé board, before and after appeal. If no appeal be taken within the time specified, or if one be taken and not sustained, expulsion follows. Suspension indicates merely the status of the member after conviction by the board, pending the time for taking and trial of the appeal. The sentence of the league cannot, therefore, in any proper sense, be said to enlarge the judgment, as intimated by the learned judge of the court below.
We have quoted extensively from the charter, to show that the power of expulsion was expressly conferred upon the corporation by the charter, with the right to regulate the causes which would justify the exercise of that power, and to define the mode or manner of its exercise ; and even more extensively from the by-laws, to exhibit the rules and regulations, which were made in pursuance of the charter for the government of the league and for the trial and expulsion of members offending against them, in order that we may, in the further consideration of the case, see whether or not these by-laws in any way conflict with the charter, or with the constitution or laws, federal or state.
On May 3,1870, as we learn from the defendant’s return, the relator was elected a member of the league, and on May 7th signed the book of membership, which contained a copy of the charter and by-laws. On December 30, 1882, a formal charge was preferred against him by Mr. William E. Littleton, a fellow member, to the effect that the relator was guilty of “ conduct unbecoming a gentleman and a member of the league,” specifying more particularly that, on the Friday preceding, in the restaurant of the league, the relator had used grossly insulting language to the complainant, and that, under the circumstances, the complainant had no recourse but to report the facts to the league. Whereupon, at a meeting of the board of directors on the 9th January, 1883, the house committee reported the relator for action, xxnder article II., § 5, of the by-laws, and [319]*319moved that notice be sent to Mr. Burt in accordance therewith ; and in the event that Mr. Burt should choose to be tried by a committee, the president was authorized to appoint a committee, not exceeding five, to hear the case and report to the board, which was agreed to. The relator, having been duly notified, elected to be heard by a committee, and the president thereupon appointed Messrs. E. N. Benson, William C. Houston, Samuel C. Perkins, and Edwin H. Fitler, the four vice-presidents, to hear the case. That committee met at the league on the evenings of January 16th and January 24th, on both of. which occasions Mr. Burt was present, and witnesses were examined. A counter-charge of the use of offensive language by Mr. Littleton, as a provocation for Mr. Burt’s conduct, having been filed, and an intimation given that Mr. Littleton was under the influence of liquor at the time of the interview between them, witnesses were called and examined upon that question also. At a meeting of the board of directors held on February 13, 1883, the committee reported that they were satisfied they had seen and heard every one who could throw any light on the occurrence which led to the report of the house committee, and that they found the following facts :
“ 1. That on December 9,1882, Arthur Burt, in the restaurant of the league, was guilty of rude and ungentle manly conduct, and told a fellow member, William E. Littleton, that he was acting like a blackguard.
“ 2. That the offence was without provocation on the part of Mr. Littleton.
“ 3. That Mr. Littleton was not at the time under the influence of liquor.”
The committee submitted the following resolution :
“ Resolved, that Arthur Burt has been guilty of a violation of article II., § 5, of the by-laws of the Union League, and that he be and is hereby suspended, from this date, from the privileges of a member.”
Whereupon, on motion, the report was accepted by the board, and the resolution adopted.
On March 13, 1883, the relator entered and gave notice of an appeal, assigning the following reasons in support of it:
“ 1. That the testimony produced, at the hearing in the matter before the committee, does not show an}'-sufficient cause for the sentence or suspension imposed by the board.
[320]*320“ 2. That the offence for which said sentence of suspension was imposed was of such a trifling nature that the punishment by suspension is an unnecessarily harsh and severe one.”
A special meeting of the league was thereupon called, upon due and proper notice, for trial of this appeal on April 3,1883, the trial to be conducted under article IV. of the by-laws. There were present at this meeting 279 persons, which was a quorum, the president, George H. Bokei', in the chair, and the trial was proceeded with. The statement of the board in writing setting forth the facts as found by the committee, and the action of the board of directors thereon, was first read. In this statement, the board set forth that the counter-charge against Mr. Littleton, having been found to be wholly unwarranted, was deemed an aggravation of the relator’s offence; and that the further fact, that the relator had on a previous occasion been suspended for a very gross offence of a similar character, (which is fully set forth in the return,) and had only been reinstated upon promise of amendment and a pledge that there would be no further cause of complaint, was a matter which entered into the consideration of the board in inflicting the sentence of expulsion.
The relator’s statement in writing was then read. No witnesses were called; neither of the parties appear to have expressed any desire to that effect; the appeal was submitted upon the facts found by the committee. Mr. Pettit addressed the meeting on behalf of the board; Mr. McVeigh, in behalf of Mr. Burt, and Mr. Perkins closed the discussion. The president then put the question: “ Shall the sentence of the board of managers, in this case, be affirmed ? ” The result of the vote was 146 ayes, and 75 noes; members present, 279. A majority of those present having voted in the affirmative, the president announced that the appeal was not sustained, and that Mr. Arthur Burt ceased to be a member of the Union League.
We give this statement of the relator’s arraignment, trial, and conviction from the defendant’s return, where the facts, we think, are stated, not argumentative^, inferentially, or evasively, but with fair and reasonable certainty. The cause of the relator’s disfranchisement, and the proceedings by which it was effected, are distinctly and clearly set forth. It is true, [321]*321tlie relator does not appear to have been found guilty of “ acts or conduct ” which by the board were “ deemed disorderly,” or “injurious to the interests or hostile to the objects of the league,” in totidem verbis; he was found guilty of rude and ungentlemanly conduct, in the league-house, in this: that, without cause or provocation, he charged upon a fellow member that he was acting like a blackguard. This was certainly conduct of a disorderly character, especially as it occurred within the club-house, a place devoted to the cultivation of friendly political and social relations between gentlemen, and might well be deemed disorderly by the board of directors; that the board did deem the act disorderly, and injurious to the interests and hostile to the objects of the league, is shown by their formal resolution to that effect. It is not expected that the proceedings of a trial of this character, which are conducted in most cases by persons unlearned in the law, will be expressed with absolute technical accuracy, or will be subjected to the severe scrutiny which is applied, by persons of critical professional skill, in courts of law. If the proceedings are regular, and conducted in good faith; if the accused has been accorded a full and fair hearing, and a proper finding and judgment has been entered upon the facts, and the whole proceeding is stated with substantial accuracy, it is sufficient. The trial seems to have been conducted in an orderly manner, according to the strict letter of the by-laws of the league. The proceedings are in due form, and the relator, for anything that appears, was allowed the benefit of a full and impartial hearing, before a committee of the board, at his own election: it does not appear that he was denied any right or privilege to which he was entitled. There is no allegation, much less evidence, of fraud or unfairness, and we assume that the action of the league was in good faith.
The only question, as we understand the case, is one of power. Was the league duly and legally authorized, by the by-laws, to expel the relator from membership, for the offence charged and of which he was convicted? The case of Evans v. Phila. Club, 50 Pa. 107, bears no analogy, in principle, to the case in hand. In that case there was no express power of expulsion conferred in the charter, and the decision rested wholly upon the ground that the offence was not such as fell [322]*322within the inherent powers of the corporation at common law. The common-law power of expulsion, as declared in the opinion of' Chief Justice Woodward, who tried the case at nisi prius, may be stated thus :
1. The power of disfranchisement must, in general, be conferred by the charter. It is not sustained as an incidental power, excepting, first, when the member has been legally convicted of an infamous offence; or, second, when he has committed some act tending to the destruction or injury of the society.
2. The power to make by-laws is incidental to corporations, but is generally conferred by charter; by-laws, however, which vest'in a majority the power of expulsion for minor offences are void, and expulsion under them will not be sustained.
3. In joint-stock companies, or corporations owning property, no power of expulsion can be exercised, unless conferred by statute.
On error to this court, these rulings at nisi prius were affirmed by a divided court. Evans had been convicted of breaking the sixty-fifth article of the by-laws of the club, by having an altercation within the walls of the club-house with Samuel B. Thomas, and by striking him a blow. “ I look upon the occurrence,” says the Chief Justice, “as disorderly and injurious to the interests of the club, within the meaning of the sixty-fifth by-law, but as one of those ‘ minor offences,’..... for which a majority have no power, even under the by-laws, to disfranchise a member; and, upon the doctrine of the cases I have referred to, I hold the by-law void, so far as it inflicts this extreme penalty for such an offence. I would be very sorry to say that anything short of a statute could confer on a majority of the members of any corporation power to expel a fellow member for merely disorderly conduct..... It is not a joint-stock company at present, for under its by-laws no pecuniary profits are divisible among the members, but it may become so; and, whether i-t does or not, the relator has a vested interest in its estate, and cannot be deprived of it by the proceedings that were had against him. On this point the authorities are clear, and without conflict. Nothing but an express power in the charter can authorize a money corporation to throw overboard one of its members. I have shown that the [323]*323act of incorporation contained no such power. On the contrary, it excluded it; for the proviso reads, ‘ that nothing herein contained shall be so construed as to authorize said Philadelphia Association & Reading-room to do any other act or acts, in their corporate capacity, than are herein expressed.’ ” These excerpts, drawn from the opinion of the Chief Justice, show that, while he denied the common-law power of a corporation to disfranchise its members, with the exceptions stated, he conceded that where the power is conferred by the charter, it may be exercised even for minor offences, and in money corporations.
The Union League, although not a proprietary corporation, cannot in any strict sense be considered a joint-stock or moneyed corporation: its objects and purposes, as well as its management, are of a purely patriotic and social, and not of a financial or monetary character. Although authorized to hold property, real and personal, to a certain limited extent, for the promotion of the objects of the league, it is plainly distinguishable from such corporations as are organized for business and for purposes of gain, and this is fully illustrated in the present conduct of its affairs. In the by-laws it is provided “ that no member shall receive any profit, salary, or emolument from the funds of the league.” Members are admitted, not upon payment of the estimated value of a share or interest in the property of the league, but of a merely nominal sum as an admittance fee, and are charged with the payment of an annual tax of $25 for the support of the league, whilst their franchise and property rights are not inheritable, but continue for life, or during membership only. But, however this may be, the power of expulsion is expressly conferred by the charter, and the causes which shall justify it, and the manner of effecting the same, are expressly committed to the corporation, to be regulated by the by-laws, which by-laws “ the corporation and its officers are empowered to make and alter in the manner therein mentioned.” It is plain, also, that, according to the by-laws made under this provision of the charter, a majority of the board of directors has the power to suspend a member for acts or conduct which they may deem disorderly, or injurious to the interests or hostile to the objects of the league, “ and this suspension, unless the member is subsequently restored, is equivalent to an expulsion.”
[324]*324It is contended, however, that this provision of the charter, and of the by-laws, is illegal and void, inasmuch as the personal franchise and property rights of each individual member is subject to the action of a majority. We cannot see, nor has it been suggested, how this section of the charter can be said to be in conflict Avith the constitution of the state or of the United States; and, if it is not, it is more difficult to see how that may be said to be unlawful which the law-making power of the state has expressly declared to be lawful. The relator, at the time of his admission to the league, was bound to know the provisions of the charter, and Avill be held to have assented to its provisions and to the frame of government which was laAvfully set up in accordance therewith. By the terms of his admission, the relator voluntarily submitted himself in all matters pertaining to the government of the league to the action of the board, and of the majority; and he could not thereby have been deprived of any constitutional or legal right, for the tribunal was practically one of his own selection. In the case of Butchers’ Benef. Ass’n, 35 Pa. 151, and 38 Pa. 298, and Beneficial Ass’n, 38 Pa. 299, applications for charters under the act of 1833 Avere refused by this court, for the reason that the provisions of their proposed charters gave entirely indefinite powers over its memr bers, and, as this was supposed to be incompatible with the spirit of our institutions, the charters were refused; but if they had been granted, no one can doubt that the powers conferred, if exercised in a reasonable manner and not arbitrarily or capriciously, would have been sustained. Here, however, we have a legislative charter accepted and acted upon: the powers of the corporation have vested, and it only remains for us to inquire whether these powers have been exercised in a proper and legal manner.
The case bears a closer analogy to Society v. Commonwealth, 52 Pa. 125, where the corporation held a charter under the act of 1791, in which the general power of expulsion was conferred, with the right to enact by-laAvs, and to alter, amend, and repeal the same. The objects of the society Avere, in case of sickness of a member, to visit and to console him, and to give him advice and assistance; in case of death, to bury him, free of charge ; and to assist the families of deceased members, according to the circumstances and available means of the so[325]*325ciety. The relator, Meyer, was convicted of “ feigning himself sick without being so,” and of “ drawing relief after his recovery,’’ which were offences declared by the by-laws. _ It was held that the society had a clear right, under the charter, to pass sentence of expulsion for violation of the by-laws, and, by reason of the nature of the offence, a like power at the common law. Speaking of the force and effect of the charter, Mr. Justice Agnew says: “ Having the force and effect of law, by the provisions of the act allowing the incorporation, it..... is no longer a subject of judicial inquiry as to the fitness of its objects, conditions, and articles.” In Franklin Benef. Ass’n v. Commonwealth, 10 Pa. 357, the society was organized under the act of 1791 for mutual assistance in sickness, etc.; and, in order to provide against extraordinary perils, a by-law prohibited members from enlisting as soldiers in the army, and, notwithstanding the general and manifest impolicj'- of such a provision, it was said that in a proper case it might be sustained : such an objection, the court said, would go to the legal existence of the association; if the articles were against the public policy, it belonged to the court, in the first instance, to withhold the certificate. And as the legislature, by a direct statute constituting the charter of the Union League, has expressly given to the members themselves the right, through their by-laws, to regulate the causes of expulsion and the manner of effecting the same, we cannot see why the right thus conferred may not be exercised. The wisdom or policy of the provision having been determined by the legislature, it is not now the subject of judicial inquiry.
Nor, in view of the very general and comprehensive powers thus conferred, and of the objects and purposes, conduct and management of the league, can we say that the by-laws, ordained pursuant to the charter, are unreasonable, arbitrary, or oppressive, or that they violate any principle of natural justice. We see nothing unreasonable in a by-law of a club, consisting of gentlemen who are associated for patriotic and social purposes, requiring the observance of a proper decorum and gentlemanly personal intercourse, between the members, whilst within the walls of the club-house: the lack of such regulations would certainly tend to promote such disorder and dissension as would be fatal to the attainment .of the objects of [326]*326the association. Any vilification of a member, or exhibition of personal rancor towards him, or the use of abusive or offensive epithets respecting him, especially in his presence and hearing, within the club-house, is, without doubt, disorderly and injurious to the interests of the club. Nor is the by-law in question illegal, or in conflict with the charter, in this, that it does not designate and define the various and specific acts which will be deemed disorderly. To have anticipated in a by-law the various disorderly acts which might or could occur, would have required the exercise of a very fertile imagination; neither the statute nor the common law contains any such ridiculous detail. What is orderly, and what is disorderly conduct, injurious to the interests and hostile to the objects of the league, must necessarily be determined by some proper tribunal; and the board of directors, to whom the practical management of its affairs is given, constitutes, in the first instance, the tribunal which the members have themselves set up, to have and exercise jurisdiction over such offences. When Mr. Burt became a member of the league, he voluntarily submitted himself to this jurisdiction ; he was admitted upon the terms of the charter, with knowledge that he must submit to all such regulations as the by-laws might reasonably provide, and that, for any wilful violation or infraction thereof, he was liable to be disfranchised.
The offence of which he was convicted, it is true, was a minor offence; not such as would have justified his expulsion at the common law, but such as justified the league, acting in good faith, in the exercise of the powers conferred by the charter, in imposing that sentence; and especially as the relator, on a previous occasion, had been suspended for an offence of a similar character, and was reinstated upon his promise of amendment and his pledge that there would be no further cause of complaint. Nor is it wholly without significance that the counter-charge against Mr. Littleton was wholly groundless, unwarranted, and untrue. It does not appear that the board of directors, nor the league, in the exercise of their powers, either in the framing of these by-laws or in the trial and conviction of the defendant, acted arbitrarily or oppressively or in any sense unjustly, or that Arthur Burt was disfranchised without cause.
[327]*327The league in the trial of this cause acted as a judicial tribunal : the offence charged, although a minor offence, was such as brought the relator within the jurisdiction; the trial was conducted in good faith and in due form, and the relator was convicted and sentenced in accordance with the law of tbe league, which we have said was in conformity, with the charter. We may judge of the cause of the expulsion and of the form of the proceedings: Commonwealth v. German Soc., 15 Pa. 251, but we cannot review the case on its merits.
The relator’s guilt of the offence charged is res judicata. The courts entertain jurisdiction to keep these tribunals in the line of order, and to correct abuses, but they do not inquire into the merits of what has passed in rem judicatam, in a regular course of proceeding: Commonwealth v. Benef. Soc., 8 W. & S. 247; Toram v. Benef. Association, 4 Pa. 519. In Society v. Vandyke, 2 Wh. 312, Chief Justice Gibson asserted that the by-laws of a private corporation like the present derived their force from assent either actual or constructive, and the party assenting to the charter is consequently bound by everything done in accordance with it; and, when he has been regularly tried and expelled, the sentence of the society, acting in a judicial capacity and within its jurisdiction, is not to be questioned collaterally, whilst unreversed by superior authority. If be have been expelled irregularly, tbe Chief Justice adds, “be has liis remedy by mandamus to restore him, but neither by mandamus nor action can tbe merits of liis expulsion be re-examined.” We quote from tbe opinion of Mr. Justice Agnew, in Society v. Commonwealth, 52 Pa. 125, where the case in 2 Wh. 312, is followed, and the same rule is recognized and approved. No case has been called to our attention in which a different rule is laid down.
We have made no reference to the English eases cited at the argument: the English clubs are not incorporated; they are formed under written articles of agreement, and tlie rales of law applicable thereto are somewhat different, for there the members are held upon the footing of a personal contract; whereas, in the case of a corporation, as we have already said, the courts will see that the powers conferred, and especially the power of expulsion, are not exercised in an oppressive or arbitrary manner, but in good faith and upon reasonable cause. [328]*328We have confined our citations to our own cases, which, however, do not differ in any material respect from the cases elsewhere. One case has been brought to our attention, Pitcher v. Board of Trade, 20 Ill. App. 319, which appears to bear a very close analogy to the present. The hoard of trade was a hody corporate, created by a special act of the legislature: it owned a large amount of property; its object was the promotion of trade, and the admission fee was $10,000. The corporation was authorized to establish such rules, regulations and by-laws for the management of their business and the mode in which it should be transacted, as they might think proper, and liad “ the right to admit or expel such persons as they may see fit, in a manner to be prescribed by the rules, regulations, and bylaws thereof.” Pitcher was admitted as a member, and paid the price of admission, but was afterwards charged with “fraudulent conduct in a business transaction,” an offence declared by the by-laws; he was tried before the board of directors under the by-laws, and the charge being sustained he was expelled. On a mandamus, it was held that, as the charter conferred a general power of expulsion to be exercised as prescribed by the rules, regulations, and by-laws, that power was such as could be delegated to the board of directors. “ It seems to us,” says Judge McAllister, who delivered the opinion, “ from a consideration of all the provisions of the act, that its framers intended to leave the whole subject-matter of the expulsion of members to be regulated, both as to method and tribunal, by rules and by-laws of the body, not inconsistent with the principles of natural justice or the laws of the land. In pursuance of that power, the by-laws, set out in our statement of the case, were adopted, by which appellant on admission formally agreed to be bound. We are of opinion that such by-laws were authorized by the act, are not inconsistent with any principle of natural justice or the laws of the land, and are valid; that the trial, conviction, and expulsion of appellant were by a tribunal, not only authorized by appellee’s charter but by reason of appellant agreeing to be bound by said by-laws.” The case cited presents many points of similarity to the present case. The corporations, in both cases, owned property of large value; members were admitted on payment of a money consideration; the power of expulsion [329]*329was in both instances conferred by charter, and was delegated under the by-laws to the board of direction, not only as to the causes, but as to the manner of its exercise; and in neither case was the particular act or thing charged specifically set forth as an offence in the by-laws, but was, on the trial, so adjudged by the board of directors.
We are of opinion, after a careful examination of the whole case, that the learned court below erred in entering judgment for the plaintiff upon the demurrer.
The judgment is therefore reversed, and judg- , ment is now entered for the defendant.