ARNOLD, Judge.
We determine that defendant’s motion for directed verdict was improperly granted and that judgment notwithstanding the verdict [hereinafter j.n.o.v.] was improper.
G.S. 1A-1, Rule 50(b)(1) allows the grant of a j.n.o.v. in favor of a party who has previously moved for a directed verdict.
Graves v. Walston,
302 N.C. 332, 275 S.E. 2d 485 (1981). The defendant twice moved for a directed verdict at trial, including at the close of all the evidence. Thus, he met this requirement.
The standard to be used in deciding if a directed verdict was properly granted in a case like the one
sub judice
has been stated by our Supreme Court as follows: “On a motion by a defendant for a directed verdict in a jury case, the court must consider all the evidence in the light most favorable to the plaintiff and may grant the motion only if, as a matter of law, the evidence is insufficient to justify a verdict for the plaintiff.”
Kelly v. Harvester Co.,
278 N.C. 153, 158, 179 S.E. 2d 396, 398 (1971).
The same factors are considered in determining if a j.n.o.v. should be granted as in the directed verdict decision.
N.C. Nat’l Bank v. Burnette,
297 N.C. 524, 256 S.E. 2d 388 (1979).
See
Sizemore, General Scope and Philosophy of the New Rules, 5 Wake Forest L. Rev. 1, 41 (1969); W. Shuford, N.C. Civil Practice and Procedure § 50-8 (2d ed. 1981).
Plaintiffs argue that they presented enough evidence of an agency relationship between them and defendant to withstand a directed verdict motion and a j.n.o.v. If an agency relationship is established, plaintiffs contend, the defendant would be liable for all of the $11,000 good faith deposit because Global did not act properly in its role as subagent. An agent may be liable for acts of a subagent.
Two essentials are present in a principal-agent relationship: “(1) Authority, either express or implied, of the agent to act for the principal, and (2) the principal’s control over the agent.”
Vaughn v. Dept. of Human Resources,
37 N.C. App. 86, 91, 245 S.E. 2d 892, 895 (1978). “Agency is the fiduciary relation which results from the manifestation of consent by one person to another that the other shall act on his behalf and subject to his
control, and consent by the other so to act.” Restatement (Second) of Agency § 1(1) (1957).
An agency can be proved “generally, by any fact or circumstance with which the alleged principal can be connected and having a legitimate tendency to establish that the person in question was his agent for the performance of the act in controversy. . . .”
Smith v. Kappas,
218 N.C. 758, 765, 12 S.E. 2d 693, 698,
modified on other grounds,
219 N.C. 850, 15 S.E. 2d 375 (1941).
The evidence of an agency in this case, when considered in the light most favorable to the plaintiff, is not so insufficient as to justify entry of a j.n.o.v. for the defendant and grant of its directed verdict motion. It cannot be said as a matter of law that a jury could not find for the plaintiffs.
The record shows six instances on which the jury could have based its finding of an agency. First, plaintiffs contacted the defendant to begin the process of obtaining the loan refinancing. Second, Ward made changes in the loan application agreement with Webb’s approval. Third, Ward instructed Webb to make the deposit check payable to Global. Webb followed these instructions and delivered the check to Ward, who forwarded it to Global.
Fourth, Ward described himself as Quadel’s agent in the 15 October 1975 letter requesting return of the deposit. Although the labeling of this relationship by Ward does not determine if an agency existed,
see Lindsey v. Leonard,
235 N.C. 100, 103, 68 S.E. 2d 852, 855 (1952), it is one factor to be considered.
Fifth, Ward asked National Appraisal on 18 November 1975 to direct all future contacts about the matter to his attention, “so that I can be kept up-to-date until Mr. Webb has received his check and complete file.” Finally, there was no direct contact between the plaintiffs and Global or National Appraisal before Ward’s demand on Smith for a refund proved futile. Before that point, the chain of contact was Colony to Clapp to Global to National Appraisal.
After finding evidence that an agency relationship existed between the plaintiffs and the defendants, we must now decide if the defendant is responsible to the plaintiffs for the acts of Global. Is the defendant agent liable to the plaintiff principals for the acts of its subagent?
The Restatement (Second) of Agency § 5(1) (1957) defines a subagent as “a person appointed by an agent empowered to do so, to perform functions undertaken by the agent for the principal, but for whose conduct the agent agrees with the principal to be primarily responsible.” Global fits this definition although the defendants did not explicitly agree to be liable for them. However, such liability can be implied.
“Unless otherwise agreed, an agent is responsible to the principal for the conduct of a . . . subagent with reference to the principal’s affairs entrusted to the subagent . . . .”
Id.
at § 406. Comment “b” to this section adds “Thus the agent is subject to liability to the principal for harm to the principal’s property or business caused by the subagent’s negligence or other wrong to the principal’s interests.”
Although there was no specific permission from the plaintiffs to the defendant agent to employ a subagent, such consent by the principal can be implied “from the nature of the agency, the work to be done, and the particular circumstances.” 3 C.J.S.
Agency
§ 261 (1973). The facts here show that the defendant needed Global to obtain the refinancing and acted within the scope of its agency in employing it.
Evidence supports a finding that the defendant agent is liable for the deposit that went to the subagent Global in this case.
[I]f the agent, having undertaken to transact the business of the principal, employs a subagent on his own account to assist him in what he has undertaken to do,
even though he does so with the consent of the principal
he does so at his own risk, and there is no privity between such subagent and the principal. The subagent is, therefore, the agent of the agent only.
1 F. Mechem, A Treatise on the Law of Agency § 333 (2d ed. 1914) (emphasis added).
The facts here show that the defendant hired Global to carry out the plaintiffs’ request. This is to be distinguished from the case where the subagent becomes the agent of the principal because the principal directed, either expressly or impliedly, the agent to hire the subagent.
See
W. Seavey, Handbook on the Law
of Agency § 156B (1964); P. Mechem, Outlines on the Law of Agency §§ 79-80 (4th ed. 1952); R. Lee, N.C. Law of Agency and Partnership § 47 (6th ed. 1977).
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ARNOLD, Judge.
We determine that defendant’s motion for directed verdict was improperly granted and that judgment notwithstanding the verdict [hereinafter j.n.o.v.] was improper.
G.S. 1A-1, Rule 50(b)(1) allows the grant of a j.n.o.v. in favor of a party who has previously moved for a directed verdict.
Graves v. Walston,
302 N.C. 332, 275 S.E. 2d 485 (1981). The defendant twice moved for a directed verdict at trial, including at the close of all the evidence. Thus, he met this requirement.
The standard to be used in deciding if a directed verdict was properly granted in a case like the one
sub judice
has been stated by our Supreme Court as follows: “On a motion by a defendant for a directed verdict in a jury case, the court must consider all the evidence in the light most favorable to the plaintiff and may grant the motion only if, as a matter of law, the evidence is insufficient to justify a verdict for the plaintiff.”
Kelly v. Harvester Co.,
278 N.C. 153, 158, 179 S.E. 2d 396, 398 (1971).
The same factors are considered in determining if a j.n.o.v. should be granted as in the directed verdict decision.
N.C. Nat’l Bank v. Burnette,
297 N.C. 524, 256 S.E. 2d 388 (1979).
See
Sizemore, General Scope and Philosophy of the New Rules, 5 Wake Forest L. Rev. 1, 41 (1969); W. Shuford, N.C. Civil Practice and Procedure § 50-8 (2d ed. 1981).
Plaintiffs argue that they presented enough evidence of an agency relationship between them and defendant to withstand a directed verdict motion and a j.n.o.v. If an agency relationship is established, plaintiffs contend, the defendant would be liable for all of the $11,000 good faith deposit because Global did not act properly in its role as subagent. An agent may be liable for acts of a subagent.
Two essentials are present in a principal-agent relationship: “(1) Authority, either express or implied, of the agent to act for the principal, and (2) the principal’s control over the agent.”
Vaughn v. Dept. of Human Resources,
37 N.C. App. 86, 91, 245 S.E. 2d 892, 895 (1978). “Agency is the fiduciary relation which results from the manifestation of consent by one person to another that the other shall act on his behalf and subject to his
control, and consent by the other so to act.” Restatement (Second) of Agency § 1(1) (1957).
An agency can be proved “generally, by any fact or circumstance with which the alleged principal can be connected and having a legitimate tendency to establish that the person in question was his agent for the performance of the act in controversy. . . .”
Smith v. Kappas,
218 N.C. 758, 765, 12 S.E. 2d 693, 698,
modified on other grounds,
219 N.C. 850, 15 S.E. 2d 375 (1941).
The evidence of an agency in this case, when considered in the light most favorable to the plaintiff, is not so insufficient as to justify entry of a j.n.o.v. for the defendant and grant of its directed verdict motion. It cannot be said as a matter of law that a jury could not find for the plaintiffs.
The record shows six instances on which the jury could have based its finding of an agency. First, plaintiffs contacted the defendant to begin the process of obtaining the loan refinancing. Second, Ward made changes in the loan application agreement with Webb’s approval. Third, Ward instructed Webb to make the deposit check payable to Global. Webb followed these instructions and delivered the check to Ward, who forwarded it to Global.
Fourth, Ward described himself as Quadel’s agent in the 15 October 1975 letter requesting return of the deposit. Although the labeling of this relationship by Ward does not determine if an agency existed,
see Lindsey v. Leonard,
235 N.C. 100, 103, 68 S.E. 2d 852, 855 (1952), it is one factor to be considered.
Fifth, Ward asked National Appraisal on 18 November 1975 to direct all future contacts about the matter to his attention, “so that I can be kept up-to-date until Mr. Webb has received his check and complete file.” Finally, there was no direct contact between the plaintiffs and Global or National Appraisal before Ward’s demand on Smith for a refund proved futile. Before that point, the chain of contact was Colony to Clapp to Global to National Appraisal.
After finding evidence that an agency relationship existed between the plaintiffs and the defendants, we must now decide if the defendant is responsible to the plaintiffs for the acts of Global. Is the defendant agent liable to the plaintiff principals for the acts of its subagent?
The Restatement (Second) of Agency § 5(1) (1957) defines a subagent as “a person appointed by an agent empowered to do so, to perform functions undertaken by the agent for the principal, but for whose conduct the agent agrees with the principal to be primarily responsible.” Global fits this definition although the defendants did not explicitly agree to be liable for them. However, such liability can be implied.
“Unless otherwise agreed, an agent is responsible to the principal for the conduct of a . . . subagent with reference to the principal’s affairs entrusted to the subagent . . . .”
Id.
at § 406. Comment “b” to this section adds “Thus the agent is subject to liability to the principal for harm to the principal’s property or business caused by the subagent’s negligence or other wrong to the principal’s interests.”
Although there was no specific permission from the plaintiffs to the defendant agent to employ a subagent, such consent by the principal can be implied “from the nature of the agency, the work to be done, and the particular circumstances.” 3 C.J.S.
Agency
§ 261 (1973). The facts here show that the defendant needed Global to obtain the refinancing and acted within the scope of its agency in employing it.
Evidence supports a finding that the defendant agent is liable for the deposit that went to the subagent Global in this case.
[I]f the agent, having undertaken to transact the business of the principal, employs a subagent on his own account to assist him in what he has undertaken to do,
even though he does so with the consent of the principal
he does so at his own risk, and there is no privity between such subagent and the principal. The subagent is, therefore, the agent of the agent only.
1 F. Mechem, A Treatise on the Law of Agency § 333 (2d ed. 1914) (emphasis added).
The facts here show that the defendant hired Global to carry out the plaintiffs’ request. This is to be distinguished from the case where the subagent becomes the agent of the principal because the principal directed, either expressly or impliedly, the agent to hire the subagent.
See
W. Seavey, Handbook on the Law
of Agency § 156B (1964); P. Mechem, Outlines on the Law of Agency §§ 79-80 (4th ed. 1952); R. Lee, N.C. Law of Agency and Partnership § 47 (6th ed. 1977).
Having found that the defendant may be held accountable for the acts of the subagent, we must then determine the amount of its liability. Plaintiffs argue that they should recover the entire $11,000 deposit and attack the jury verdict of $5,500 plus interest as the result of an erroneous instruction by the trial judge. In its instructions on damages, the trial judge in part stated:
[I]f you find by the greater weight of the evidence that the plaintiffs have sustained an amount of damages under the rules which I have explained to you; that is, that they are entitled to recover the return of the funds advanced pursuant to the contract ... it would be your duty to answer the third issue in that amount; specifically, $11,000.00.
Plaintiffs contend that this quoted portion of the instruction was correct but they attack the statement that followed as erroneous:
Now, members of the jury, if you fail to so find or if you have a doubt concerning those things which the plaintiffs must prove or if you are unable to tell where the truth lies, it would be your duty to answer the third issue in the amount which properly reflects your findings.
This instruction is attacked by the plaintiffs as encouraging a compromise verdict by the jury. Defendants argue that even if there were error, it was beneficial to the plaintiffs because it permitted the jury to consider the issue even if plaintiffs did not prove their case.
We find that the portion of the instruction that allowed the jury to find damages in an amount other than $11,000 was reversible error. There is no relevant evidence to support the amount of the jury verdict here.
Because the defendant is the plaintiffs’ agent it is either liable for the entire amount of the check or none of it. Evidence of the fifty-fifty fee-splitting arrangement between the defendant and Global is relevant only between those two parties. It has no bearing on defendant’s liability to the plaintiffs.
As a result, the trial judge should have stopped his instruction to the jury after he stated that plaintiff should recover $11,000 if the jury found that an agency existed. This case is similar to
Terrell v. Chevrolet Co.,
11 N.C. App. 310, 181 S.E. 2d 124 (1971), where the court commented that peremptory instructions should be given in certain cases. “When all the evidence offered suffices, if true, to establish the controverted fact, the court may give a peremptory instruction — that is, if the jury find the facts to be as all the evidence tends to show, it will answer the inquiry in an indicated manner.” 11 N.C. App. at 314, 181 S.E. 2d at 127
quoting Chisholm v. Hall,
255 N.C. 374, 121 S.E. 2d 726 (1961). Once the agency relationship was established, there was no conflict in the evidence as to the amount of damages.
See
12 Strong’s N.C. Index 3d Trial § 31 (1978).
Plaintiffs raise as an alternative ground of recovery that the defendant was engaged in a joint venture with Global and as a result they should recover from the defendant because Global did not return the $11,000 check. Because of our resolution of the case, we find it unnecessary to discuss this contention.
Because we find that the j.n.o.v. was improperly entered, we reverse and remand for a new trial. Although there is authority in North Carolina that would require us to reinstate the jury’s verdict,
e.g., Musgrave v. Savings and Loan,
8 N.C. App. 385, 174 S.E. 2d 820 (1970), we find those cases to be distinguishable on the facts.
In the case
sub judice,
an erroneous jury instruction was given. This is unlike
Musgrave
and other cases that would reinstate the jury verdict. The grant of j.n.o.v. was reversed in those cases only because there was sufficient evidence to justify the jury verdict.
There is substantial authority for our grant of a new trial, even though neither party made a motion for it. A leading treatise on civil procedure states: “Where no motion for a new trial was made, the appellate court, reversing a judgment n.o.v., may order entry of judgment on the verdict,
order a new trial,
or remand for consideration in light of the court of appeals’ disposition of the judgment n.o.v.” 5A Moore’s Federal Practice ¶ 50.14 (2d ed. 1982) (emphasis added).
See also Kendrick v. Ill. Cent. Gulf
R.R. Co.,
669 F. 2d 341 (5th Cir. 1982);
Derr v. Safeway Stores, Inc.,
404 F. 2d 634 (10th Cir. 1968).
Reversed and remanded for a new trial.
Judges Hill and Whichard concur.