RodmaN, J.
Defendants’ assignments of error present these questions for decision: (1) Did the court err in directing the jury to answer the first issue in the affirmative? (2) Could the court refuse to accept a verdict which was contrary to the court’s instruction and require the jury to answer the issue in accord with its direction?
It is true, as contended by defendants, that a denial of plaintiffs’ claim of ownership, thereby raising an issue of fact, places the burden of proof on plaintiffs to establish their allegation by evidence which a jury is entitled to weigh. Facts at issue are “tried by order of court before a jury.” N. C. Const. Art. IV, sec. 1.
When all the evidence offered suffices, if true, to establish the controverted fact, the court may give a peremptory instruction — that is, if the jury find the facts to be as all the evidence tends to show, it will answer the inquiry in an indicated manner. Defendant’s denial of an alleged fact raises an issue as to its existence even though he offers no evidence tending to contradict that offered by plaintiff. A peremptory instruction does not deprive the jury of its right to reject the evidence because of lack of faith in its credibility.
In re Will of Harrington,
252 N.C. 105, 113 S.E. 2d 21;
Roach v. Ins. Co.,
248 N.C. 699, 104 S.E. 2d 823;
Hincher v. Hospital Care Ass’n.,
248 N.C. 397, 103 S.E. 2d 457;
Peek v. Trust Co.,
242 N.C. 1, 86 S.E. 2d 745;
Morris v. Tate,
230 N.C. 29, 51 S.E. 2d 892;
Commercial Solvents v. Johnson,
235 N.C. 237, 69 S.E. 2d 716;
In re Will of Evans,
223 N.C. 206, 25 S.E. 2d 556. Such an instruction differs from a directed verdict as that term is used by us. A verdict may never be directed when the facts are in dispute. The judge may direct a verdict only when the issue submitted presents a question of law based on admitted facts.
Cauley v. Dunn,
167 N.C. 32, 83 S.E. 16;
Everett v. Williams,
152 N.C. 117, 67 S.E. 265;
Russell v. R.R.,
118 N.C. 1098; McIntosh, N.C.P.&P., 2d ed., sec. 1516.
To determine if there was error in directing a verdict in plaintiffs’ favor we must look to the issues and interpret them in the light of the pleadings and the stipulations made during the trial.
Rowland v. Rowland,
253 N.C. 328, 116 S.E. 2d 795;
Hill v. Casualty Co.,
252 N.C. 649, 114 S.E. 2d 648;
Lyda v. Marion,
239 N.C. 265, 79 S.E. 2d 726.
Manifestly the parties understood that all three issues could not be answered in the affirmative. Plaintiffs could not be the owners and entitled to possession if either the second or third issue relating to defendants’ adverse possession was answered in the affirmative. Such a finding on either issue would vest title in defendants.
Martin v. Bundy,
212 N.C. 437, 193 S.E. 831;
Morse v. Freeman,
157 N.C. 385, 72 S.E. 1056;
Mobley v. Griffin,
104 N.C. 112. Title so acquired would defeat plaintiffs’ right to possession and title acquired from their ancestors, their only asserted source of title.
The case on appeal, prepared by appellants, states plaintiffs, to support their claim of ownership, offered in evidence a deed dated in 1875 to John Chisholm covering the land in dispute. His death was admitted in the pleadings. The case on appeal further states: “The defendants claimed title under a deed from H. B. Higgins and wife dated August 25, 1951. Higgins having acquired title through several conveyances resulting from a tax foreclosure for non-payment of taxes from 1929 to 1933, inclusive, and alleged adverse possession of the property through their deed and predecessors in title for twenty years and pleaded the twenty-year statute of limitations, and the seven-year statute of Limitations.”
The foregoing statement, when read in the light of the stipulation entered at the trial that the parties claimed under a common source and “it will not be necessary to go further back than the papers introduced as we proceed with the trial,” necessarily implies and is a judicial admission of these facts: (1) John Chisholm acquired good title to the land in controversy by the deed to him dated in 1875. (2) John Chisholm was dead. (3) Plaintiffs were his descendants and heirs at law.
When facts are judicially admitted, they are no longer the subject of inquiry. As said by
Walker, J.,
in
Lumber Co. v. Lumber Co.,
137
N.C. 431: “Parties undoubtedly have the right to make agreements and admissions in the course of judicial proceedings, especially when they are solemnly made and entered into and are committed to writing, and when, too, they bear directly on the matters involved in the suit. Such agreements and admissions are a frequent occurrence and are of great value,
as they dispense with proof
and save time in the trial of causes. The courts recognize and enforce
them as substitutes for legal proof,
and there is no good reason why they should not.” (Emphasis supplied.)
Upon the facts admitted the law raised a presumption that John Chisholm died intestate.
Skipper v. Yow,
249 N.C. 49, 105 S.E. 2d 205;
Barham v. Holland,
178 N.C. 104, 100 S.E. 186;
Cox v. Humber Co.,
124 N.C. 78. By statute when one dies intestate, title to his real estate is transmitted to his heirs, c. 29 of the General Statutes.
Under the stipulation the submission of the first issue to the jury was a mere matter of form. Plaintiffs were, as between plaintiffs and defendants, as a matter of law, the owners unless defendants had acquired title by possession as alleged. They carried the burden of establishing facts to show that they had acquired title as they alleged.
Wells v. Clayton,
236 N.C. 102, 72 S.E. 2d 16.
Notwithstanding the statement in the case on appeal that defendants asserted title by virtue of a tax foreclosure proceeding and conveyances to them from the purchaser at such proceeding, they did not put in evidence any judgment or record showing a sale of the property for nonpayment of taxes. They did offer in evidence a deed dated 15 November 1937 to one Cashius Holloway reciting that the property conveyed was “the same property listed for County taxes in the name of Lucy Chisholm for the years 1929, 1930, 1931, 1932 and 1933, and being her interest in the John Chisholm old tract.” They offered in evidence a deed from the widow of Cashius Holloway to H. B. Higgins dated 30 August 1951 and other conveyances sufficient to vest title in them to such properties as PI. B. Higgins owned.
Manifestly the record title so offered is insufficient to establish defendants’ ownership. In addition to the record evidence, they offered evidence to show that they had for many years paid taxes on the land. On one occasion one of their ancestors in title had purchased grass seed to sow on the land, and on another occasion had sown oats on the land, which he had harvested. The evidence with respect to actual occupancy was limited to the planting of the grass seed on one occasion and the planting and harvesting of the oats in another year.
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RodmaN, J.
Defendants’ assignments of error present these questions for decision: (1) Did the court err in directing the jury to answer the first issue in the affirmative? (2) Could the court refuse to accept a verdict which was contrary to the court’s instruction and require the jury to answer the issue in accord with its direction?
It is true, as contended by defendants, that a denial of plaintiffs’ claim of ownership, thereby raising an issue of fact, places the burden of proof on plaintiffs to establish their allegation by evidence which a jury is entitled to weigh. Facts at issue are “tried by order of court before a jury.” N. C. Const. Art. IV, sec. 1.
When all the evidence offered suffices, if true, to establish the controverted fact, the court may give a peremptory instruction — that is, if the jury find the facts to be as all the evidence tends to show, it will answer the inquiry in an indicated manner. Defendant’s denial of an alleged fact raises an issue as to its existence even though he offers no evidence tending to contradict that offered by plaintiff. A peremptory instruction does not deprive the jury of its right to reject the evidence because of lack of faith in its credibility.
In re Will of Harrington,
252 N.C. 105, 113 S.E. 2d 21;
Roach v. Ins. Co.,
248 N.C. 699, 104 S.E. 2d 823;
Hincher v. Hospital Care Ass’n.,
248 N.C. 397, 103 S.E. 2d 457;
Peek v. Trust Co.,
242 N.C. 1, 86 S.E. 2d 745;
Morris v. Tate,
230 N.C. 29, 51 S.E. 2d 892;
Commercial Solvents v. Johnson,
235 N.C. 237, 69 S.E. 2d 716;
In re Will of Evans,
223 N.C. 206, 25 S.E. 2d 556. Such an instruction differs from a directed verdict as that term is used by us. A verdict may never be directed when the facts are in dispute. The judge may direct a verdict only when the issue submitted presents a question of law based on admitted facts.
Cauley v. Dunn,
167 N.C. 32, 83 S.E. 16;
Everett v. Williams,
152 N.C. 117, 67 S.E. 265;
Russell v. R.R.,
118 N.C. 1098; McIntosh, N.C.P.&P., 2d ed., sec. 1516.
To determine if there was error in directing a verdict in plaintiffs’ favor we must look to the issues and interpret them in the light of the pleadings and the stipulations made during the trial.
Rowland v. Rowland,
253 N.C. 328, 116 S.E. 2d 795;
Hill v. Casualty Co.,
252 N.C. 649, 114 S.E. 2d 648;
Lyda v. Marion,
239 N.C. 265, 79 S.E. 2d 726.
Manifestly the parties understood that all three issues could not be answered in the affirmative. Plaintiffs could not be the owners and entitled to possession if either the second or third issue relating to defendants’ adverse possession was answered in the affirmative. Such a finding on either issue would vest title in defendants.
Martin v. Bundy,
212 N.C. 437, 193 S.E. 831;
Morse v. Freeman,
157 N.C. 385, 72 S.E. 1056;
Mobley v. Griffin,
104 N.C. 112. Title so acquired would defeat plaintiffs’ right to possession and title acquired from their ancestors, their only asserted source of title.
The case on appeal, prepared by appellants, states plaintiffs, to support their claim of ownership, offered in evidence a deed dated in 1875 to John Chisholm covering the land in dispute. His death was admitted in the pleadings. The case on appeal further states: “The defendants claimed title under a deed from H. B. Higgins and wife dated August 25, 1951. Higgins having acquired title through several conveyances resulting from a tax foreclosure for non-payment of taxes from 1929 to 1933, inclusive, and alleged adverse possession of the property through their deed and predecessors in title for twenty years and pleaded the twenty-year statute of limitations, and the seven-year statute of Limitations.”
The foregoing statement, when read in the light of the stipulation entered at the trial that the parties claimed under a common source and “it will not be necessary to go further back than the papers introduced as we proceed with the trial,” necessarily implies and is a judicial admission of these facts: (1) John Chisholm acquired good title to the land in controversy by the deed to him dated in 1875. (2) John Chisholm was dead. (3) Plaintiffs were his descendants and heirs at law.
When facts are judicially admitted, they are no longer the subject of inquiry. As said by
Walker, J.,
in
Lumber Co. v. Lumber Co.,
137
N.C. 431: “Parties undoubtedly have the right to make agreements and admissions in the course of judicial proceedings, especially when they are solemnly made and entered into and are committed to writing, and when, too, they bear directly on the matters involved in the suit. Such agreements and admissions are a frequent occurrence and are of great value,
as they dispense with proof
and save time in the trial of causes. The courts recognize and enforce
them as substitutes for legal proof,
and there is no good reason why they should not.” (Emphasis supplied.)
Upon the facts admitted the law raised a presumption that John Chisholm died intestate.
Skipper v. Yow,
249 N.C. 49, 105 S.E. 2d 205;
Barham v. Holland,
178 N.C. 104, 100 S.E. 186;
Cox v. Humber Co.,
124 N.C. 78. By statute when one dies intestate, title to his real estate is transmitted to his heirs, c. 29 of the General Statutes.
Under the stipulation the submission of the first issue to the jury was a mere matter of form. Plaintiffs were, as between plaintiffs and defendants, as a matter of law, the owners unless defendants had acquired title by possession as alleged. They carried the burden of establishing facts to show that they had acquired title as they alleged.
Wells v. Clayton,
236 N.C. 102, 72 S.E. 2d 16.
Notwithstanding the statement in the case on appeal that defendants asserted title by virtue of a tax foreclosure proceeding and conveyances to them from the purchaser at such proceeding, they did not put in evidence any judgment or record showing a sale of the property for nonpayment of taxes. They did offer in evidence a deed dated 15 November 1937 to one Cashius Holloway reciting that the property conveyed was “the same property listed for County taxes in the name of Lucy Chisholm for the years 1929, 1930, 1931, 1932 and 1933, and being her interest in the John Chisholm old tract.” They offered in evidence a deed from the widow of Cashius Holloway to H. B. Higgins dated 30 August 1951 and other conveyances sufficient to vest title in them to such properties as PI. B. Higgins owned.
Manifestly the record title so offered is insufficient to establish defendants’ ownership. In addition to the record evidence, they offered evidence to show that they had for many years paid taxes on the land. On one occasion one of their ancestors in title had purchased grass seed to sow on the land, and on another occasion had sown oats on the land, which he had harvested. The evidence with respect to actual occupancy was limited to the planting of the grass seed on one occasion and the planting and harvesting of the oats in another year. The evidence offered by defendants was insufficient to establish their assertion of adverse possession for- the statutory period unless
the payment of taxes for such period constituted such continuous adverse possession as would vest title in them. The fact that defendants listed and paid the taxes is evidence of the character of their claim,
Faulcon v. Johnston,
102 N.C. 264, but it is no evidence of actual possession. Such listing and payment would not suffice to support an action in ejectment or trespass. That is the test of possession referred to in G.S. 1-38 and 40.
Justice v. Mitchell,
238 N.C. 364, 78 S.E. 2d 122.
Defendants had the burden of establishing their affirmative defense,
i.e.,
their allegation of ownership.
Wells v. Clayton, supra.
Accepting as true all the evidence offered by them, it was insufficient to meet the burden imposed by law since it failed to show continuous possession for the statutory period. Hence the court correctly directed the jury to answer the second and third issues in the negative. Here, as with respect to the first issue, the answer did not depend upon the determination of a factual controversy. The answer was the answer of the law, accepting as true all of the evidence offered by defendants.
Since there was no issue of fact, there was nothing for the jury to determine. The function of the jury is to ascertain the facts. They have no duty when the facts are admitted. It is the function and duty of the court to declare the law. It is the duty of the jury to follow the court’s declaration of law.
Brown v. Vestal,
231 N.C. 56, 55 S.E. 2d 797;
Spencer v. Brown,
214 N.C. 114, 198 S.E. 630;
Bundy v. Sutton,
207 N.C. 422, 177 S.E. 420;
Sears, Roebuck v. Banking Co.,
191 N.C. 500, 132 S.E. 468.
When a jury returns a verdict inconsistent with the charge and contrary to law, making it manifest the jury has misunderstood the law as declared by the court, it may refuse to accept the verdict and direct the jury to return a verdict which conforms to the law as declared by the court.
Oates v. Herrin,
197 N.C. 171, 148 S.E. 30;
Willoughby v. Threadgill,
72 N.C. 438;
Cahill v. Chicago, M. & St. P. Ry. Co.,
74 F. 285;
Cherniak v. Prudential Ins. Co. of America,
14 A. 2d 334;
S. v. McElhinney,
100 S.W. 2d 36.
The Court of Appeals of Missouri, in the
McElhinney
case, on facts substantially identical with the facts of this case, said: “But while the judge acts within his accepted province in directing a verdict, the jury in such an instance departs from its usual function, since in returning a verdict in response to such a direction the jury does not exercise any measure of discretion, but acts only formally, perfunctorily, and ministerially as the instrument by which the court prepares the orderly record which will support the only judgment that can lawfully be rendered in the case. Under such circumstances, though
the act of returning a directed verdict purports to be that of the jury, it is in legal effect the act of the court itself, and the function of the jury in returning a directed verdict is as much ministerial as is the act of the clerk of the court in subsequently entering up the judgment based thereon.
“It must follow, therefore, that with the judge passing upon a question of law in directing a verdict, and with the jury bound to follow the law as declared to them by the judge, a refractory jury, refusing to obey the judge’s directions, is not to be permitted to defeat the exercise by the judge of a power and function which he and he alone possesses by assuming and arrogating to itself the power which it does not and could not possess of reviewing and overruling the decision of the judge on the law of the case. To so permit would be to invest the jury with an authority and function which is solely innate and inherent in the judge, and to make the jury and not the law supreme.”
Of course the court may not, when the jury is performing its duty of applying the law to disputed facts and the answers given are based on the jury’s determination of the facts, refuse to accept the verdict and require it to render another verdict. The court may, in that situation, set aside the verdict because contrary to the weight of the evidence and for that reason would produce an unjust result, but it cannot refuse to receive the verdict and require a verdict contrary to the jury’s findings.
Ño error.