Collins v. Newsom

• Court: District Court, N.D. California
• Decided: September 30, 2025
• Docket: 4:24-cv-01415
• Status: Unknown

Opinion

1 2 3 4 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 5 NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 6 7 ARTERO COLLINS, Case No. 24-cv-01415-JST

8 Plaintiff, ORDER GRANTING IN PART AND 9 v. DENYING IN PART DEFENDANTS’ MOTION FOR SUMMARY 10 JOSIAH JOHNSON, et al., JUDGMENT; DENYING AS MOOT REQUEST FOR DECLARATORY 11 Defendants. JUDGMENT 12 Re: ECF Nos. 37, 45

13 14 Plaintiff, an inmate at California State Prison – Sacramento, filed this pro se action 15 pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983. Now pending before the Court is Defendants’ motion for summary 16 judgment, ECF No. 37; and Plaintiff’s “motion for a declaratory judgment regarding summary 17 judgment motion of defendant,” ECF No. 45. For the reasons set forth below, the Court GRANTS 18 IN PART AND DENIES IN PART Defendants’ summary judgment motion, ECF No. 37; and 19 DENIES as moot ECF No. 45. 20 FACTUAL BACKGROUND 21 The following facts are undisputed unless otherwise noted. 22 Plaintiff has been sentenced to a term of life with the possibility of parole. As of July 5, 23 2024, his minimum eligible parole date was December 29, 2083. ECF No. 37-1 at 39. During the 24 relevant events, Plaintiff was housed at Pelican Bay State Prison (“PBSP”). 25 I. Complaint 26 The operative complaint alleges in relevant part that, on October 28, 2023, PBSP 27 correctional officers Johnson, Barragan, Gonzalez, Cantrall, and Orosa beat Plaintiff without 1 breathing; and defendants Little and Grogan witnessed the beating and the use of the carotid arrest 2 and did nothing to stop it. ECF No. 18 at 5-25. The Court found that these allegations stated a 3 cognizable Eighth Amendment claim for use of excessive force against defendants Johnson, 4 Barragan, Gonzalez, Cantrall, and Orosa; a cognizable Eighth Amendment failure to protect claim 5 against defendants Little and Grogan; and cognizable state law claims for assault and battery 6 against defendants Johnson, Barragan, Gonzalez, Cantrall, and Orosa. See generally ECF No. 25. 7 II. October 28, 2023 Incident 8 On October 28, 2023, around 9:40 a.m., Plaintiff informed staff that inmate Davis was 9 having a medical emergency. In response, defendants Johnson, Barragan, Gonzalez, Cantrall, 10 Orosa, Little, and Grogan arrived at the yard. The parties disagree as to what happened next. 11 Plaintiff’s version of events. Defendants Johnson and Barragan approached Plaintiff and 12 placed him in handcuffs, despite Plaintiff telling them that he was trying to help. Defendant 13 Johnson told Plaintiff to shut up and that Plaintiff was fucking up the program. Defendant 14 Barragan said that they would give Plaintiff “some hobby shack treatment” so that Plaintiff would 15 know not to fuck up the program. Defendant Barragan tightened the handcuffs and defendants 16 Johnson and Barragan escorted Plaintiff out of the building. Defendants Gonzalez, Cantrall, and 17 Orosa joined as Plaintiff was being escorted down a walkway in one of the outside yards. Plaintiff 18 told defendant Johnson that the handcuffs were too tight. Defendant Johnson responded, “Shut up 19 before we make it worse and beat your ass out there.” Plaintiff responded, “Make it worse then.” 20 Defendants Johnson and Barragan proceeded to slam Plaintiff’s face into the concrete walkway, 21 punching the back and side of his head, kneeing him in the ribs, elbowing him in the lower back, 22 while yelling, “Stop resisting.” Defendants Gonzalez, Cantrall, and Orosa joined the assault, 23 using their fists, elbows, and knees to hit Plaintiff in the back, ribs, and legs. Defendant Orosa 24 placed his knee between Plaintiff’s jaw and collar bone and used his full body weight to restrict 25 Plaintiff’s airway. Plaintiff repeatedly stated that he could not breathe. Defendants Little and 26 Grogan stood by and took no action to stop the assault. As a result of the incident, Plaintiff 27 received multiple cuts, abrasions, and bruises to his head, face, and chin; suffered a lower back 1 time; and was diagnosed with severe anxiety and major depression. ECF No. 18 at 9-11; ECF No. 2 40 at 4. 3 Defendants’ version of events: When defendants Johnson and Barragan encountered 4 Plaintiff, Plaintiff appeared to be getting in the way of correctional staff responding to inmate 5 Davis’s medical emergency. Plaintiff was being verbally abusive and profane, and was preventing 6 custody staff from attending to inmate Davis. To assist responding staff, defendants Johnson and 7 Barragan moved Plaintiff out of the immediate area. Defendant Johnson handcuffed Plaintiff 8 because Plaintiff tensed his arms up when defendant Johnson attempted to escort Plaintiff out of 9 the area. As defendants Johnson and Barragan escorted Plaintiff on the #2 yard, Plaintiff yelled, 10 cursed, and tensed his arms up. Plaintiff threatened officers, saying “I’m gonna fuck you up, get 11 these fucking cuffs off me, I’m a Blood, I’ve fucked up multiple peace officers before.” 12 Defendant Johnson ordered Plaintiff multiple times to remain calm, continue walking, and look 13 straight. At least four times, Plaintiff thrashed his body, bent his back, and tensed up his left arm. 14 Plaintiff then appeared to lunge at defendant Johnson’s face and right shoulder with his left 15 shoulder. In response, defendant Johnson yelled “get down,” and forced Plaintiff to the floor 16 using his body weight and physical force. Plaintiff was face down on the floor and continued to 17 thrash his body and kick his feet. Defendant Johnson ordered him to stop resisting but Plaintiff 18 continued to thrash and kick. Defendant Johnson applied downward pressure on Plaintiff to 19 prevent Plaintiff from moving his arms. Defendant Johnson was unable to see what defendant 20 Barragan or other officers were doing. Once leg restraints were applied, Plaintiff stopped resisting 21 and defendant Johnson removed himself from the area. ECF No. 37-1 at 6-7. 22 III. Related Rules Violation Reports (“RVR”) Nos. 7365756, 7367733 23 Plaintiff was issued two rules violation reports (“RVR”) related to the October 28, 2023 24 incident. 25 A. RVR No. 7365756 26 On October 30, 2023, Plaintiff was issued RVR No. 7365756 by defendant Johnson for 27 assaulting a peace officer – defendant Johnson – by means not likely to cause great bodily injury. 1 because Plaintiff was interfering with staff’s attempt to provide care to an inmate suffering a 2 medical emergency; during the escort, Plaintiff yelled profanities, cursed and threatened staff, and 3 thrashed his body in an attempt to break free; Plaintiff then lunged with his left shoulder at 4 defendant Johnson’s face and right shoulder; defendant Johnson yelled at Plaintiff to get down; 5 Plaintiff continued with his momentum towards defendant Johnson’s face and right shoulder; 6 defendant Johnson utilized his body weight and physical force to force Plaintiff to the ground; 7 Plaintiff continued to resist by thrashing his body and kicking his feet; defendant Johnson applied 8 downward pressure to prevent Plaintiff from harming responding staff; and Plaintiff stopped 9 resisting after leg restraints were applied. ECF No. 37-1 at 6-14. 10 On November 16, 2023, Plaintiff was found guilty of this RVR. In the findings, the SHO 11 found that Plaintiff turned towards defendant Johnson in an effort to break the escort; Plaintiff 12 lunged his shoulder towards defendant Johnson’s face; and physical force was used to take 13 Plaintiff to the ground and overcome his resistance. The SHO also found that video evidence 14 showed Plaintiff yelling in an aggressive manner towards staff, Plaintiff “appearing to turn his 15 shoulder and face in the direction of Officer Johnson,” and “Officer Johnson . . . utilizing 16 immediate physical force to redirect [Plaintiff’s] body from hitting [Officer Johnson] and force 17 [Plaintiff] to the ground with the other escorting staff.” Plaintiff was assessed a 90-day loss of 18 credits. ECF No. 37-1 at 16-24. 19 B. RVR No. 7366633 20 On November 1, 2023, Plaintiff was issued RVR No. 7367333 by defendant Gonzalez for 21 threatening staff, in violation of 15 Cal. Code Regs. § 3005(d)(1). RVR No. 7367333 alleged that 22 as defendants Gonzalez and Johnson escorted Plaintiff to the Facility B Hobby Shop, Plaintiff 23 threatened defendant Johnson, “You bitch ass nigga, take these cuffs off and I’ll fuck you up;” and 24 threatened defendant Gonzalez, “On [sic] Blood, uncuff me and I’ll punch you in the fucking 25 face.” ECF No. 37-1 at 26-27. 26 On November 16, 2023, Plaintiff was also found guilty this RVR. The SHO found 27 Plaintiff guilty based on defendant Gonzalez’s written testimony, and the staff narratives for the 1 of credits. ECF No. 37-1 at 29-37. 2 IV. CDCR Administrative Grievance Process and Plaintiff’s Relevant Grievances 3 A. CDCR Administrative Grievance Process 4 During the relevant time period, the California Department of Corrections and 5 Rehabilitation (“CDCR”) provided inmates the following administrative remedy process. 6 An inmate had the ability to dispute “a policy, decision, action, condition, or omission by 7 the [California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation] Department or departmental staff 8 that causes some measurable harm to their health, safety, or welfare” by submitting a written 9 grievance. 15 Cal. Code Regs. § 3481(a).1 To initiate the administrative remedy process for a 10 non-healthcare related issue, an inmate submits his claim for a first level review by filling out and 11 submitting a CDCR Form 602-1 to the Office of Grievances (“OOG”) at his prison. 15 Cal. Code 12 Regs. § 3482(a); ECF No. 37-2 at 2. Inmates must submit a claim within sixty calendar days of 13 discovering the claim. 15 Cal. Code Regs. § 3482(b). In the Form 602-1, the inmate is required to 14 “describe all information known and available to the [inmate] regarding the claim, including key 15 dates and times, names and titles of all involved staff members (or a description of those staff 16 members), and names and titles of all witnesses, to the best of the [inmate’s] knowledge.” 15 Cal. 17 Code Regs. § 3482(c)(2). In response, the inmate shall receive a written decision from the OOG 18 no later than sixty calendar days after the OOG’s receipt of the grievance, clearly explaining the 19 reasoning for the decision as to each claim. Id. at §§ 3481(a); 3483(i). If the inmate is dissatisfied 20 with the OOG decision, he may appeal the decision by filing a written appeal with the Office of 21 Appeals (“OOA”) within sixty days of discovering the OOG decision. Id. at § 3484; ECF No. 37- 22 2 at 2. A final decision by the OOA is required to exhaust an inmate grievance. Id. at § 3843(l); 23 ECF No. 37-2 at 2. 24 When the PBSP OOG receives a grievance, the OOG scans the grievance into a database 25 called the Strategic Offender Management System (SOMS), which generates a unique log number 26 1 The regulations that set out the features of the administrative remedies process for California 27 prisoners underwent a substantial restructuring in 2020, 2022, and 2024. The references in this 1 for each grievance. ECF No. 37-2 at 2. 2 B. Plaintiff’s Relevant Grievances 3 According to SOMS, Plaintiff filed two grievances, and a reasonable accommodation 4 request (“RAP”) that was construed as a grievance, concerning, or related to, the October 28, 2023 5 incident: Grievance No. 481860; Grievance No. 489864; and RAP/Grievance No. 4817341. 6 1. Grievance No. 481860 7 Plaintiff identifies Grievance No. 481860 as the grievance that exhausted his 8 administrative remedies for the claims raised in this lawsuit. ECF No. 18 at 5-6. Grievance No. 9 481860, on November 20, 2023, states in its entirety as follows:

10 On October 28, 2023, on B-Yard at PBSP, at 9:40 am, while being escorted from 3-Building mini yard, by c/o Josiah Johnson, David 11 Orosa, Chase Cantrall, Efrain Barragan, and Estevan Gonzalez, to the B-Yard hobby shack. 12 While on the walkway to the hobby shack, I was trying to relay to all 13 c/o’s escorting me that the handcuffs were “too tight” and “were cutting into my wrist.” I was told by c/o Johnson to “shut up before 14 we make it worst.” I then responded, “Make it worst!” I was immediately forcefully slammed on the dirt yard as my feet stayed on 15 the concrete walkway. C/o Johnson began screaming “Stop resisting . . . stop resisting” as all the other c/o’s escorting me converged on 16 me. All other c/os’s begin to scream also “stop resisting,” again and again, as they repeatedly kneed me in my ribs, and slam my head into 17 the dirt. This continued for 60 to 90 seconds, at which time c/o David Orosa mounted me by placing his knee on my neck, using his full 18 weight to cut off my airway. This went on for 90 seconds. I was then cuffed with ankle cuffs, stood up and bought to the hobby shack. 19 Because of my position on the ground I was only to see c/o Johnson 20 and Orosa, Gonzalez, and Barragan, use excessive force by way of kneeing me in my ribs, back and head. Barragan and Orosa, slammed 21 my face in the ground and placed there (sic) knees on my face and neck. Please let it be noted that I did not resist at no time during this 22 incident. (Please see footage of incident #000000000069014.)

23 It is my claim that all c/o’s named in this 602 violated claimant’s civil rights to be free of creul (sic) and unusual punishment and committed 24 excessive force.

25 I am requesting a thorough investigation by a c/o not below the level of captain, and discipline for any and all staff misconduct regarding 26 the c/o’s named and any un-named c/o’s attached to this incident. I was injured both physically and mentally in this incident and will be 27 pursuing civil litigation in the highest court for and (sic) amount of Claimant was wrote a 115 and found guilty of a RVR 11/16/23 related 1 to this incident (see RVR #00000000736756 2 ECF No. 37-2 at 10-11. 3 On December 7, 2023, Plaintiff received a first-level response to this grievance, informing 4 him that the grievance had been identified as an allegation of staff misconduct, that the grievance 5 would be reviewed through a separate process, and that a response would be provided to Plaintiff 6 at the end of that process. The response also informed Plaintiff that this first level decision 7 exhausted his administrative remedies related to this claim. ECF No. 37-2 at 14. 8 Plaintiff states that he was never provided the response regarding the staff misconduct 9 process that was promised in the December 7, 2023 first level response. ECF No. 40 at 6. 10 However, the record shows that, in a memorandum dated June 14, 2024, the CDCR informed 11 Plaintiff of the results of its investigation into the staff misconduct allegations, stating that it 12 determined that the allegations that correctional officers Johnson, Little, Barragan, Cantrall, Orosa, 13 and Gonzalez utilized excessive force during a custody escort and failed to report this use of 14 excessive force were not sustained. ECF No. 37-1 at 45-46. 15 2. Grievance No. 489864 16 Grievance No. 489864, submitted on December 7, 2023, alleged that the correctional 17 officer who videotaped the October 28, 2023 incident “abruptly ‘and purposely turn[ed] away 18 from the incident,’ so as to avoid and/or conceal evidence of excessive force that took place, 19 involving [Plaintiff] and multiple officers,” in violation of prison regulations. The grievance 20 alleged that this misleading video footage was used as evidence in RVR No. 7365756. The 21 grievance requested the name of the officer responsible for the video, for the matter to 22 investigated, and for the officer to be reprimanded in accordance with prison regulations. ECF 23 No. 37-2 at 16-17. 24 The January 8, 2024 first level decision construed Grievance No. 489864 as bringing two 25 claims: (1) whether Plaintiff was afforded due process in the hearing for RVR No. 7365756, in 26 particular with regard to the use of the video evidence; and (2) whether Plaintiff was subjected to 27 excessive force on October 28, 2023. The decision denied the first claim and categorized the 1 process. The decision specified that it exhausted Plaintiff’s administrative remedies with respect 2 to the second claim. ECF No. 37-2 at 19-20. 3 On January 16, 2024, Plaintiff appealed the first level decision: The reviewer misunderstood the basis of my claim. I was not disputing my guilt finding. I 4 wanted to know whether the camera operator at the time of the incident was improperly trained or did he commit misconduct, when he purposely turned the camera to avoid the 5 excessive force and conceal relevant evidence. He (sic) actions was arbitrary and beyond reason. I requested his name and that an investigation take place to find out why claimant 6 was treated different than any other inmate in similar circumstances. 7 ECF No. 37-2 at 24-25. 8 A second level, and final, decision was issued on March 20, 2024. The second level 9 decision characterized Grievance No. 489864 as disputing RVR No. 736756. The second level 10 decision denied the claim, finding that there was sufficient information presented and relied upon 11 in the RVR hearing to support Plaintiff’s guilt and that the video surveillance system footage 12 “clearly depict[ed Plaintiff] assault[ing] staff.” ECF No. 37-2 at 28. 13 In a memorandum dated June 14, 2024, the CDCR informed Plaintiff of the results of its 14 investigation into the staff misconduct allegations. The CDCR stated that it determined that the 15 allegation that, on October 28, 2023, correctional officers Hopkins, Larson, or Hoven were being 16 dishonest by preventing the capture of video footage evidence in a use of force incident by altering 17 the view of the camera were not sustained. ECF No. 37-1 at 48. 18 3. Grievance/Reasonable Accommodation Request (“RAP”) No. 487341 19 On December 3, 2023, Plaintiff submitted RAP No. 487341. In RAP No. 487341, 20 Plaintiff stated that, on October 28, 2023, he was slammed on the ground, kneed, and hit, which 21 left him with a bad knee and back injury and limited mobility. Plaintiff stated that it was difficult 22 to walk, take a shower, stand for extended periods of time, and sit on the toilet. Plaintiff requested 23 physical therapy, a back brace, and a cane. ECF No. 37-2 at 30. On December 4, 2023, Plaintiff 24 was issued a cane and a shower chair as an interim accommodation. On December 19, 2023, 25 Plaintiff informed his PCP that he could walk without a cane but had knee pain. The PCP 26 provided pain reliever cream. Based on this meeting, the RAP Panel decided to remove the cane 27 that had been issued as an interim accommodation. On December 20, 2023, Plaintiff was seen by 1 facility staff removed the cane and returned it to medical staff, and medical staff advised that the 2 cane was damaged beyond repair and had to be disposed of. The RAP Panel denied Plaintiff’s 3 request for a back brace, stating that a back brace was only recommended for stability after a 4 fracture, post operatively, or for spinal cord injuries, none of which applied to Plaintiff. ECF No. 5 37-2 at 33-35. 6 On December 29, 2023, RAP No. 487341 was construed as a grievance, with the first-level 7 decision finding that the grievance stated two claims: (1) request for physical therapy, back brace, 8 or a cane; and (2) staff misconduct. The first level decision found that the first claim had been 9 granted per the accommodations described above; and that the second claim would be considered 10 outside the prison grievance process because it alleged staff misconduct. The first-level decision 11 specified that it exhausted Plaintiff’s administrative remedies with respect to the second claim. 12 ECF No. 37-2 at 37-39. 13 On June 16, 2024, Plaintiff appealed this decision, stating that he continued to have 14 extremely bad back pain; that he required help to balance when walking, standing, or sitting on the 15 toilet; and that he only walked without the cane because the doctor asked him to do so. He 16 requested that his cane be replaced, and that he be issued a back brace and prescribed physical 17 therapy. ECF No. 37-2 at 44-47. 18 On March 20, 2024, Grievance No. 487341 was denied at the second and final level of 19 review, on the grounds that a physician had examined Plaintiff and determined that he did not 20 require a cane or a back brace. ECF No. 37-2 at 51. 21 DISCUSSION 22 Defendants argue that they are entitled to summary judgment because (1) Plaintiff has not 23 exhausted his administrative remedies with respect to his failure-to-protect claims against 24 defendants Little and Grogan; and (2) the excessive force claims are barred by the favorable 25 termination rule set forth in Heck and Edwards. See generally ECF Nos. 37, 41. 26 I. Summary Judgment Standard 27 Summary judgment is proper where the pleadings, discovery and affidavits show there is 1 law.” See Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a) (2014). Material facts are those that may affect the outcome of the 2 case. See Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248 (1986). A dispute as to a material 3 fact is genuine if the evidence is such that a reasonable jury could return a verdict for the 4 nonmoving party. See id. 5 A court shall grant summary judgment “against a party who fails to make a showing 6 sufficient to establish the existence of an element essential to that party’s case, and on which that 7 party will bear the burden of proof at trial [,] . . . since a complete failure of proof concerning an 8 essential element of the nonmoving party’s case necessarily renders all other facts immaterial.” 9 See Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 322–23 (1986). The moving party bears the initial 10 burden of identifying those portions of the record that demonstrate the absence of a genuine issue 11 of material fact. Id. at 323. The burden then shifts to the nonmoving party to “go beyond the 12 pleadings and by [his] own affidavits, or by the ‘depositions, answers to interrogatories, and 13 admissions on file, ‘designate ‘specific facts showing that there is a genuine issue for trial.’” See 14 id. at 324 (citing Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(e)). The nonmoving party must show more than “the mere 15 existence of a scintilla of evidence.” In re Oracle Corp Sec. Litig., 627 F.3d 376, 387 (9th Cir. 16 2010) (citing Liberty Lobby, 477 U.S. at 252). “In fact, the non-moving party must come forth 17 with evidence from which a jury could reasonably render a verdict in the non-moving party’s 18 favor.” Id. (citing Liberty Lobby, 477 U.S. at 252). If the nonmoving party fails to make this 19 showing, “the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Celotex Corp, 477 U.S. at 20 323. 21 For purposes of summary judgment, the court must view the evidence in the light most 22 favorable to the nonmoving party; if the evidence produced by the moving party conflicts with 23 evidence produced by the nonmoving party, the court must assume the truth of the evidence 24 submitted by the nonmoving party. See Leslie v. Grupo ICA, 198 F.3d 1152, 1158 (9th Cir. 1999). 25 The court’s function on a summary judgment motion is not to make credibility determinations or 26 weigh conflicting evidence with respect to a disputed material fact. See T.W. Elec. Serv., Inc., v. 27 Pac. Elec. Contractors Ass’n, 809 F.2d 626, 630 (9th Cir. 1987). 1 II. Exhaustion Claim 2 A. Exhaustion Requirement and Legal Standard 3 The Prison Litigation Reform Act (“PLRA”) sets forth the following exhaustion 4 requirement: “No action shall be brought with respect to prison conditions under [42 U.S.C. 5 § 1983], or any other Federal law, by a prisoner confined in any jail, prison, or other correctional 6 facility until such administrative remedies as are available are exhausted.” 42 U.S.C. § 1997e(a). 7 The PLRA’s exhaustion requirement is mandatory, Jones v. Bock, 549 U.S. 199, 211 (2007), and 8 requires “proper exhaustion” of available administrative remedies, Woodford v. Ngo, 548 U.S. 81, 9 93 (2006). Proper exhaustion requires using all steps of an administrative process and “demands 10 compliance with an agency’s deadlines and other critical procedural rules because no adjudicative 11 system can function effectively without imposing some orderly structure on the course of its 12 proceedings.” Woodford, 548 U.S. at 90–91. Compliance with prison grievance procedures is all 13 that is required by the PLRA to “properly exhaust.” Jones, 549 U.S. at 217–18. 14 Where a prison’s grievance procedures do not specify the requisite level of factual 15 specificity required in the grievance, “‘a grievance suffices if it alerts the prison to the nature of 16 the wrong for which redress is sought.’” Griffin v. Arpaio, 557 F.3d 1117, 1120 (9th Cir. 2009) 17 (quoting Strong v. David, 297 F.3d 646, 650 (7th Cir. 2002)). The grievance should include 18 sufficient information “to allow prison officials to take appropriate responsive measures.” Id. 19 (citation and internal quotation marks omitted). The grievance need not include legal terminology 20 or legal theories unless they are needed to provide notice of the harm being grieved. Id. Nor must 21 a grievance include every fact necessary to prove each element of an eventual legal claim. Id. 22 The purpose of a grievance is to alert the prison to a problem and facilitate its resolution, not to lay 23 groundwork for litigation. Id. 24 Failure to exhaust under the PLRA is an affirmative defense that the defendant must plead 25 and prove. Jones, 549 U.S. at 204, 216. The defendant’s burden is to prove that there was an 26 available administrative remedy and that the prisoner did not exhaust that available administrative 27 remedy. Albino v. Baca, 747 F.3d 1162, 1171 (9th Cir. 2014). Once the defendant has carried that 1 something in his particular case that made the existing and generally available administrative 2 remedies effectively unavailable to him. Albino, 747 F.3d at 1172. As required by Jones, 3 however, the ultimate burden of proof remains with the defendant. Id. If undisputed evidence 4 viewed in the light most favorable to the prisoner shows a failure to exhaust, a defendant is 5 entitled to summary judgment under Rule 56. Id. at 1166. But if material facts are disputed, 6 summary judgment should be denied and the district judge rather than a jury should determine the 7 facts in a preliminary proceeding. Id. 8 B. Analysis 9 Defendants argue that Plaintiff did not exhaust his administrative remedies for his failure- 10 to-protect claim against defendants Little and Grogan because Grievance No. 481860 did not name 11 either defendant Little or defendant Grogan and did not complain of staff failing to intervene. 12 Defendants further argue that, to the extent that Plaintiff believed Grievance No. 481860 put 13 prison officials on notice of his failure-to-protect claim against defendants Little and Grogan, after 14 receiving the June 14, 2024 memorandum reporting the results of the staff misconduct 15 investigation, Plaintiff was aware that that prison officials had not construed Grievance No. 16 481860 as grieving defendants Little and Grogan’s failure to protect and had not investigated these 17 claims. ECF No. 37 at 16-17. 18 Plaintiff argues that he satisfied the PLRA’s exhaustion requirement for the following two 19 reasons. First, Plaintiff argues that there existed a sufficient connection between Grievance No. 20 481860 and defendants Little and Grogan such that notice was properly given to prison officials. 21 He argues that he gave notice in Grievance No. 481860 when he (1) described the October 28, 22 2023 incident in detail; (2) specified that because of his position on the ground, he was unable to 23 see all the officers present; and (3) asked that an investigation be conducted into “all unnamed 24 corrections officers attached to the incident.” Second, Plaintiff argues that Grievance No. 481860 25 was exhausted even though it only received a first level decision because when the first level 26 decision construes the grievance as a staff misconduct allegation, there is only one level of review. 27 ECF No. 40 at 5-6, 10-12. 1 exhausted administrative remedies against defendants Little and Grogan. As an initial matter, 2 Plaintiff misunderstands Defendants’ arguments. Defendants have not argued that Grievance No. 3 481860 is unexhausted. Rather, Defendants argue that Grievance No. 481860 has only exhausted 4 Plaintiff’s excessive force claims against defendants Johnson, Orosa, Cantrall, Barragan, and 5 Gonzalez, but has not exhausted Plaintiff’s failure-to-protect claims against defendants Little and 6 Grogan. The Court agrees. It is undisputed that Grievance No. 481860 does not mention 7 defendants Little and Grogan. Nor can Grievance No. 481860 reasonably be read as giving notice 8 of a failure-to-protect claim. Grievance No. 481860 specified that Plaintiff was seeking to hold 9 accountable correctional officers who committed excessive force: “all co/s’s named in this 602 10 violated claimant’s right to be free of cruel and unusual punishment and committed excessive 11 force.” ECF No. 37-2 at 10-11. Grievance No. 481860 described correctional officers forcing 12 him to the ground, kneeing him, and slamming his head into the dirt. There is no description of 13 officers failing to intervene. Grievance No. 481860’s reference to correctional officers “attached 14 to” the October 28, 2023 incident and its request that there be “discipline for any and all staff 15 misconduct regarding the c/o’s named and any un-named c/o’s attached to this incident” cannot be 16 reasonably read as seeking to hold accountable correctional officials who were not part of the 17 excessive force. Grievance No. 481860 therefore fails to exhaust administrative remedies for 18 Plaintiff’s failure-to-protect claim against defendants Little and Grogan. The Court GRANTS 19 summary judgment in favor of defendants Little and Grogan on the failure-to-protect claim, and 20 DISMISSES defendants Little and Grogan from this action without prejudice to Plaintiff re-filing 21 a civil rights action against them after exhausting administrative remedies. 22 III. Applicability of Favorable Termination Rule 23 A. Legal Standard 24 In Heck v. Humphrey, 512 U.S. 477 (1994), the United States Supreme Court held that a 25 plaintiff may not bring a Section 1983 action for damages based on “actions whose unlawfulness 26 would render a conviction or sentence invalid” when his conviction or sentence has not yet been 27 reversed, expunged, or otherwise invalidated. Heck, 512 U.S. at 486–87. The Supreme Court 1 a judgment in favor of the plaintiff would necessarily imply the invalidity of his conviction or 2 sentence; if it would, the complaint must be dismissed unless the plaintiff can demonstrate that the 3 conviction or sentence has already been invalidated.” Id. at 487. Heck applies to Section 1983 4 claims that challenge prison disciplinary procedures that result in the prisoner losing good-time 5 credits. Edwards v. Balisok, 520 U.S. 641, 644–46 (1997) (holding that Heck barred claims 6 alleging procedural defects and bias by hearing officer at disciplinary hearing because claims 7 implied invalidity of credit forfeiture imposed at hearing). But the favorable termination rule of 8 Heck does not apply to prison disciplinary sanctions that do not “necessarily” affect the fact or 9 length of a prisoner’s confinement. Ramirez v. Galaza, 334 F.3d 850, 854-58 (9th Cir. 2003). 10 Heck does not bar a California prisoner serving a life sentence with the possibility of parole from 11 bringing a Section 1983 challenge to a disciplinary hearing that resulted in the loss of good time 12 credits because success on the challenge would not necessarily affect the length of the prisoner’s 13 confinement. A disciplinary infraction is only one of many factors that the parole board may 14 consider in deciding whether to grant parole. See Nettles v. Grounds, 830 F.3d 922, 934-35 (9th 15 Cir. 2016) (Heck did not bar prisoner from Section 1983 suit alleging that disciplinary proceedings 16 which resulted in loss of thirty postconviction credit day violated due process and seeking 17 expungement of guilty finding; because prisoner was sentenced to life with possibility of parole 18 and parole board authorized to consider various factors in making decision, successful 19 expungement of rules violation guilty finding would not necessarily lead to immediate or speedier 20 release). 21 B. Analysis 22 Defendants argue that Heck bars Plaintiff’s excessive force claim because it is based on his 23 allegation that Plaintiff was neither acting aggressively or resisting when defendants Johnson, 24 Barragan, Cantrall, Orosa, and Gonzalez used force on him; this allegation is contradicted by the 25 disciplinary proceeding which found him guilty of assaulting a peace officer and resulted in a loss 26 of ninety days of credit; and the excessive force claims against Barragan, Cantrall, Orosa, and 27 Gonzalez fall within the temporal scope of the assault on defendant Johnson. ECF No. 37 at 18- 1 battery as Section 1983 created a species of tort liability and there is strong judicial policy against 2 the creation of two conflicting resolutions arising out of the same or identical transaction. Id. at 3 21. Finally, Defendants argue that Heck bars the failure-to-protect claims because the failure-to- 4 protect claims rely upon the theory that the force used by defendants Johnson, Barragan, Cantrall, 5 Orosa, and Gonzalez was unconstitutional. Id. 6 Plaintiff argues that Heck does not apply because, similar to Bealer v. Warden of KVSP, 7 No. 1:12-CV-01516-AWI, 2015 WL 5519645, at *3 (E.D. Cal. Sept. 16, 2015), report and 8 recommendation adopted sub nom. Bealer v. Brannum, No. 112-CV-01516 DAD EPG, 2016 WL 9 878873 (E.D. Cal. Mar. 8, 2016), the factual context in which the force was used is disputed. 10 Specifically, Plaintiff alleges that the excessive force “occurred subsequent to the assault on c/o 11 Johnson being completed”:

12 I do declare that on October 28th, 2023, while in Pelican Bay State Prison, the act of Assault on a Peace Officer was committed by, 13 myself. The act was completed, when I was being escorted, in hand restraints behind my back, as I turned my shoulder and head toward 14 c/o Johnson. This act was done subsequent to me being slammed face first on the walkway, and Excessive Force being committed on me by 15 c/o Johnson, c/o Barragan, c/o Gonzalez, c/o Cantrall, and c/o Orosa.

16 ECF No. 40 at 5. 17 The Court finds that Plaintiff’s claims against defendants Johnson, Barragan, Gonzalez, 18 Cantrall, and Orosa for use of excessive force in violation of the Eighth Amendment for state law 19 assault and battery are not barred by Heck because success on these claims does not necessarily 20 affect the length of Plaintiff’s confinement. The Court makes no determination as to whether 21 success on the excessive force claims and state law assault and battery claims against defendants 22 Johnson, Barragan, Gonzalez, Cantrall, and Orosa would implicate the validity of the finding that 23 Plaintiff was guilty of assaulting defendant Johnson. Regardless, even if success on these claims 24 invalidated the guilty finding, success would not necessarily lead to speedier release. Plaintiff is 25 serving a life sentence with the possibility of parole and, as of July 5, 2024, had a minimum 26 eligible parole date of December 29, 2083. ECF No. 37-1 at 39. Expungement of the guilty 27 finding would not necessarily lead to a grant of parole, or even an earlier parole date. Under 1 California law, the parole board must consider “[a]ll relevant, reliable information . . . in 2 determining suitability for parole.” 15 Cal. Code Regs. § 2281(b). “A rules violation is merely 3 one of the factors shedding light on whether a prisoner ‘constitutes a current threat to public safety 4 . . .’” Nettles, 830 F.3d at 935 (9th Cir. 2016) (quoting In re Lawrence, 44 Cal.4th 1181, 1191 5 (2008)). A disciplinary infraction does not compel the denial of parole, and the lack of infractions 6 does not compel the grant of parole. Nettles, 830 F.3d at 935. Accordingly, Heck does not bar 7 Plaintiff’s claims of excessive force and state law assault and battery against defendants Johnson, 8 Barragan, Gonzalez, Cantrall, and Orosa. The Court therefore DENIES Defendants’ motion for 9 summary judgment with respect to the excessive force claim and state law assault and battery 10 claims against defendants Johnson, Barragan, Gonzalez, Cantrall, and Orosa. 11 CONCLUSION 12 For the foregoing reasons, the Court ORDERS as follows. 13 1. The Court GRANTS IN PART AND DENIES IN PART Defendants’ motion for 14 summary judgment. ECF No. 37. The Court GRANTS summary judgment in favor of defendants 15 Little and Grogan on the failure-to-protect claim. The Court DISMISSES defendants Little and 16 Grogan from this action without prejudice to Plaintiff re-filing a civil rights action against them 17 after exhausting administrative remedies. The Court DENIES Defendants’ motion for summary 18 judgment with respect to the excessive force claim and state law assault and battery claims against 19 defendants Johnson, Barragan, Gonzalez, Cantrall, and Orosa. 20 2. The Court DENIES as moot Plaintiff’s request for a declaratory judgment in his 21 favor with respect to Defendants’ summary judgment motion. ECF No. 45. 22 3. Within ninety (90) days of the date of this order, defendants Johnson, Barragan, 23 Gonzalez, Cantrall, and Orosa shall file their dispositive motion. If Defendants are of the opinion 24 that this case cannot be resolved by summary judgment, Defendants must so inform the Court 25 prior to the date the motion is due. A motion for summary judgment also must be accompanied by 26 a Rand notice so that Plaintiff will have fair, timely, and adequate notice of what is required of 27 him in order to oppose the motion. Woods v. Carey, 684 F.3d 934, 939 (9th Cir. 2012) (notice 1 concurrently with motion for summary judgment). 2 Plaintiff's opposition to Defendants’ motion must be filed with the Court and served upon 3 || Defendants no later than 28 days from the date the motion is filed. Defendants shall file a reply 4 || brief no later than 14 days after the date the opposition is docketed in the Court’s electronic filing 5 system. The motion will be deemed submitted on the date the reply brief is due. 6 Plaintiff is advised that a motion for summary judgment under Rule 56 of the Federal 7 Rules of Civil Procedure will, if granted, end your case. Rule 56 tells you what you must do in 8 order to oppose a motion for summary judgment. Generally, summary judgment must be granted 9 when there is no genuine issue of material fact — that is, if there is no real dispute about any fact 10 || that would affect the result of your case, the party who asked for summary judgment is entitled to 11 || judgment as a matter of law, which will end your case. When a party you are suing makes a 12 || motion for summary judgment that is properly supported by declarations (or other sworn 13 testimony), you cannot simply rely on what your complaint says. Instead, you must set out 14 specific facts in declarations, depositions, answers to interrogatories, or authenticated documents, 3 15 as provided in Rule 56(c), that contradict the facts shown in the defendants’ declarations and a 16 || documents and show that there is a genuine issue of material fact for trial. If you do not submit 3 17 your own evidence in opposition, summary judgment, if appropriate, may be entered against you. 18 || Ifsummary judgment is granted, your case will be dismissed and there will be no trial. Rand v. 19 Rowland, 154 F.3d 952, 962-63 (9th Cir. 1998) (en banc) (App. A). (The Rand notice above does 20 || not excuse Defendants’ obligation to serve said notice again concurrently with a motion for 21 summary judgment. Woods, 684 F.3d at 939). 22 This order terminates ECF Nos. 37, 45. 23 IT IS SO ORDERED. 24 Dated: September 30, 2025 . .

2° JON S. TIGA 6 nited States District Judge 27 28