Chicago & Northwestern Railway Co. v. Ingersoll

65 Ill. 399

• Court: Illinois Supreme Court
• Decided: September 15, 1872
• Status: Published

Opinion

Mr. Justice McAllister

delivered the opinion of the Court:

This was an action on the case, in the county court of DeKalb county, by appellees against appellant as common carrier, for breach of duty in not delivering a quantity of wheat and barley shipped by the former, in cars of the latter, at Malta in said county, to be safely and securely carried to Chicago, and delivered to H. S. Eaton, consignee:

The grain was shipped in bulk—the wheat on the sixth and the barley on the seventh of October, 1871. As to the barley, the defense was sought to be made that it was in part brought to Chicago on the seventh, being Saturday, and. on that day delivered by appellant into the elevator of Hunger, Wheeler & Co., who were authorized by the consignee to receive it, and was destroyed by the great fire in Chicago, October 8th and 9th, 1871.

The first point made is, the denial of the motion for continuance made before the trial at the June term, 1872. The suit was commenced December 22d, 1871. The application was in June, 1872, and the ground of continuance was, the absence of one Clark, who formerly resided in Chicago, but then in Baltimore, and, as was alleged, was the person who weighed and received the barley into the elevator. We think the affidavits for continuance were palpably wanting in the essential element of showing diligence.

The next point arises upon the admission in evidence of the answers to interrogatories eleven, twelve, and thirteen, put to witness Eaton, the consignee, called on behalf of appellees. The witness disclaimed all personal knowledge as to time when the grain was shipped, and did not pretend to possess any peculiar knowledge as to the management of appellant’s road, or the running of the trains. Upon facts hypothetically stated, he was asked to give his opinion whether it would have been possible or probable, in the ordinary course of business, for the grain to have been placed under the control of the consignee on Saturday. The questions were objected to by appellant’s counsel, but overruled and the answers admitted. He said it would not.

There was no other purpose in calling for the opinions of this witness, in this manner, than to anticipate and rebut appellant’s defense; by showing that inasmuch as it was impossible for the grain to have been put under the control of consignee on Saturday, and the elevator was burned Sunday night or Monday morning, it was therefore impossible that any delivery could have been made which was sufficient to discharge the carrier. The theory of the defense was, not that the grain was placed under the personal control of the consignee on Saturday, but that it was delivered to the ware-housemen whom the consignee had designated to receive it. The questions necessarily call for the mere opinion of the witness. It is a general rule that a Avitness must speak to facts, and his mere opinion is not eA'idence. There are AArell recognized exceptions to the rule, but this case falls within none of them. It is perfectly obvious that the opinion of the Avitness could only have been drawn from facts hypothetically stated, and others, which the jury Avere equally as Avell qualified to pass upon as the Avitness. The admission of the opinions of the witness Avas, therefore, error.

The third point arising is that there was error in excluding secondary evidence, offered by appellant, of the contents of a Avritten contract betAveen the parties, under Avhich, as Avas claimed, the grain in question Avas shipped. The evidence of loss of original Avas this : The station agent of appellant obtained it from appellees at Malta; then he delivered into the hands of another person to take it to Chicago and deliA'er it to the general freight agent, Wheeler, Avho was the proper custodian of it. He had an office in Chicago, where he usually kept papers, books, and documents belonging to his department, Avhich, Avith the contents, was burned October 9, 1871. Neither the messenger Avho took it from the station agent at Malta, nor Wheeler, nor any Avitness who ever suav it in Wheeler’s possession or in his office, was called as a Avitness. Noav from the facts that the station agent at Malta gaAre it to a messenger to take it to Wheeler, and the burning of his office, the court was called upon to presume that the messenger delivered it to Wheeler, and the latter put it in his office, and that .it remained there, and Avas therefore destroyed Avith the office. This is not a sufficient foundation for secondary evidence. Wheeler should have been called to sIioav that he received and placed it in his office, and that it Avas there at the time the office Avas burned. The court must be satisfied, by sufficient evidence, that the paper is destroyed or can not be found. Mariner v. Saunders, 5 Gilm. 113, and cases there cited.

It appears from the evidence that at the time of these shipments, there was a standing order from Eaton, the consignee, to Monger, AYheeler & Co., directing them to receive in store any grain consigned to him which might be brought to their elevators, put it in bins with other grain of like kind and quality by inspection, subject to their advertised rates of storage and owner’s risk of fire and heating.

■ Eaton had been acting as appellees’ factor for some time previous, and was so acting in this transaction.

In the act of receiving grain from the carrier to be put into the elevator, weighing was a neccssaiw part, and in the usual course of the business.

Under these circumstances appellant’s counsel offered in evidence an entry, made October 7th, in a book belonging to the business of Mlinger, AYheeler & Co., shown to have been made in the usual course of business, by Clark, the then foreman of the receiving and weighing department; which entry tends to show, as is claimed, that the car load of barley in question was weighed and received in store at their elevator on that day. It was not pretended that Clark was dead; the offer was based upon showing it to have been in his handwriting and made in the course of the performance of his ordinary duties, and as part of the res gestee. Greenleaf, in his Treatise on Evidence, vol. 1, sec. 120, after referring to the admission of such entries, arranges them into two classes. The one class consisting of entries made against the interest of the party making them, and which derive their admissibility from that circumstance alone. As to these, he says, it is not material when they were made. The testimony of the party who made them would be the best evidence of the fact; but if he is dead, the entry of the fact made by him in the ordinary course of his business, and against his interest, is received as, secondary evidence, in a controversy between third persons. “ The other class of entries consists of those which constitute parts of a chain or combination of transactions between the parties, the proof of one raising a presumption that another has taken place. Here the value of the entry, as evidence, lies in this, that it was ccmtemporaneous with the principal part done, forming a link in the chain of events, and being part of the res gestee. It is not merely the declaration of the party, but it is a verbal contemporaneous act, belonging, not necessarily, indeed, but ordinarily and naturally to the principal thing. It is on this ground that this latter class of entries is admitted; and therefore it can make no difference, as to their admissibility, whether the party who made them be living or dead, nor whether he was or was not interested in making them; his interest going only to affect the credibility or weight of the evidence when received.” She cases cited in note 2 (Redfield Ed.) in support of the text.

We are of opinion that the entry offered, under the circumstances of this ease, falls within the latter class defined by Greenleaf, and was admissible for all it was worth. The weight of a piece of evidence offered forms no criterion of its admissibility. If, in any point of view, it has any tendency to prove a point in issue, and is otherwise competent, it can not be excluded because the tendency is but slight. Many-such entries are capable of explanation by applying to them evidence of the usages and customs of the business.

The judgment of the court below must be reversed and the cause remanded.

Judgment reversed.