The opinion of the Court was delivered by
Mr. Justice Hydricic.
1
This is an appeal from a judgment recovered by plaintiff against defendant for damages to plaintiff’s property, caused by collision with defendant’s engine and cars on a highway crossing. Will Rucker, a negro youth about twenty years of age, was driving plaintiff’s team, drawing a covered piano wagon along a highway which ran close to and parallel with
the railroad for three-quarters of a mile or more, and then turned abruptly across the track, the distance from the turn in the highway to the crossing 'being from twenty to> thirty feet. He testified that, on account of the cover of the wagon, he could not see the train which was approaching from his rear, without “hanging out” of the wagon, and that he could not hear it because of the rumbling noise made by the wagon. At first, he testified that he looked but saw no train, but on cross-examination, he admitted that if he had looked, he would have seen it. About the time the team began to make the turn for the crossing, the engineer began blowing the danger signal, and he testified that, as soon as he came to the conclusion that the team was not going to stop, he put on the emergency brakes and did everything in his power to stop the train in time to prevent the collision. There is no evidence from which a reasonable inference that he did not do so is warranted. As there was nothing to indicate that the driver of the team was not in possession of his faculties, the engineer had a right to assume that he would exercise them, and not drive upon the track in front of the approaching train. According to the undisputed evidence, the track is straight and1 the view is unobstructed for at least three-quarters of a mile in both directions from the crossing. It necessarily follows that, if the driver had looked, before going upon the crossing, he would have seen the train in time to1 prevent the collision. The law imposes upon every capable person the duty of observing due care for his own safety, when about to cross a railroad track, which necessarily involves the exercise of his senses. And, while it is ordinarily a question of fact for the jury to say whether, under the circumstances of the particular case, the traveler did exercise such care, when the facts are undisputed and susceptible of only one inference, it becomes a question of law for the Court.
Zeigler
v.
R. Co.,
5 S. C. 221;
Edwards
v.
Ry.,
63 S. C. S71, 41 S. E. 458;
Bamberg
v.
Ry.,
7S S. C. 389, 51 S. E. 988;
Osteen
v.
Ry.,
76 S. C. 378, 57 S. E. 196;
Drawdy
v.
Ry., 78
S. C. 379, 58 S. E. 980;
Griskell
v.
Ry.,
81 S. C. 193, 62 S. E. 205. In this- case plaintiff’s driver did not observe the slightest care for his own safety, or that of the property in his custody, and the failure to- observe such a slight precaution as- to look for approaching trains, before driving-upon the crossing, was gross negligence. The evidence warrants no other inference than that his failure to look was the sole cause of the accident, or at least, a proximate contributing cause. Therefore, defendant’s motion to direct the verdict should have been granted.
2
The plaintiff’s witness, Rucker, testified, before objection was made, that defendant had settled with him for personal injuries sustain by him in the same collision. The defendant’s attorney then objected, — after the witness had so testified, — and moved to strike it out as irrelevant. The Court, being in doubt, suggested to counsel that the very point had been recently decided by the Supreme Court, and said to defendant’s attorney that he would allow the evidence to- remain- in, and that he would hear a motion later to strike it out, when counsel could present the authorities. The defendant’s attorney did not renew the motion to strike it out; but, before charging the jury, the trial Judge himself called attention to- the matter, and asked defendant’s attorney if he had withdrawn his objection to the testimony. Upon his stating that he had not, after hearing argument as to its admissibility, the Court -ordéred it stricken out, and instructed the jury not to- consider it.
3
The case of
Rookard
v.
Ry.,
84 S. C. 190, 65 S. E. 1047, decides the point, and shows that the testimony was not admissible; but, as it had already come out, and before any objection- was made, there was no- error in allowing it to remain in, until counsel could have an opportunity to present the authorities, for all the harm that could be done by its getting to- the jury had already been done. The Court did all that could be done to undo- any mischief that had been done by instructing the jury not to- consider it. We should
assume that the jury obeyed the instruction, as was their sworn duty. If it 'be said that it would be very difficult, if not impossible, for jurors to rid their minds of the impression made thereon by such testimony, and that striking it from the record could not have the effect of striking it from their minds, we can only say, that is one of the misfortunes almost inevitably incident to- the necessarily imperfect administration of justice by human tribunals. It certainly will not do- to lay down the rule that, in every case, where incompetent or irrelevant testimony is admitted, and afterwards- stricken out, with proper instructions from the Court to- the jury to- disregard it, a new trial must be granted. On the other hand, it would, perhaps-, be equally unsafe to say that in no such case should a new trial be granted. The character of the testimony, the circumstances under which it was offered and admitted, the nature of the case 'being tried, the other testimony in the case, and, perhaps, other matters which might be suggested, should be considered by the Court in deciding whether the party against whom such testimony was admitted was- so prejudiced thereby as to- call for the exercise o-f the discretion to- grant a new trial. In such cases, much must necessarily be left to the wise discretion of the trial Judge, who is in the atmosphere of the trial, and is, therefore, most capable of correctly deciding the question; and this- Court should not interfere, unless it is made to appear that the ruling was manifestly erroneous.
4
One other po-in-t suggested by the exceptions should be noticed in order that the bar and the Circuit bench may not be misled by the overruling of the fourth and fifth exceptions. These exceptions assign error in charging plaintiff’s sixth and seventh requests, to wit: 6th. “That if the jury find from the testimony, that the failure of the defendant to giye the statutory signals, if it did fail to give them, contributed to- the injury in any degree, then the defendant would be liable.” 7th. “That the word
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The opinion of the Court was delivered by
Mr. Justice Hydricic.
1
This is an appeal from a judgment recovered by plaintiff against defendant for damages to plaintiff’s property, caused by collision with defendant’s engine and cars on a highway crossing. Will Rucker, a negro youth about twenty years of age, was driving plaintiff’s team, drawing a covered piano wagon along a highway which ran close to and parallel with
the railroad for three-quarters of a mile or more, and then turned abruptly across the track, the distance from the turn in the highway to the crossing 'being from twenty to> thirty feet. He testified that, on account of the cover of the wagon, he could not see the train which was approaching from his rear, without “hanging out” of the wagon, and that he could not hear it because of the rumbling noise made by the wagon. At first, he testified that he looked but saw no train, but on cross-examination, he admitted that if he had looked, he would have seen it. About the time the team began to make the turn for the crossing, the engineer began blowing the danger signal, and he testified that, as soon as he came to the conclusion that the team was not going to stop, he put on the emergency brakes and did everything in his power to stop the train in time to prevent the collision. There is no evidence from which a reasonable inference that he did not do so is warranted. As there was nothing to indicate that the driver of the team was not in possession of his faculties, the engineer had a right to assume that he would exercise them, and not drive upon the track in front of the approaching train. According to the undisputed evidence, the track is straight and1 the view is unobstructed for at least three-quarters of a mile in both directions from the crossing. It necessarily follows that, if the driver had looked, before going upon the crossing, he would have seen the train in time to1 prevent the collision. The law imposes upon every capable person the duty of observing due care for his own safety, when about to cross a railroad track, which necessarily involves the exercise of his senses. And, while it is ordinarily a question of fact for the jury to say whether, under the circumstances of the particular case, the traveler did exercise such care, when the facts are undisputed and susceptible of only one inference, it becomes a question of law for the Court.
Zeigler
v.
R. Co.,
5 S. C. 221;
Edwards
v.
Ry.,
63 S. C. S71, 41 S. E. 458;
Bamberg
v.
Ry.,
7S S. C. 389, 51 S. E. 988;
Osteen
v.
Ry.,
76 S. C. 378, 57 S. E. 196;
Drawdy
v.
Ry., 78
S. C. 379, 58 S. E. 980;
Griskell
v.
Ry.,
81 S. C. 193, 62 S. E. 205. In this- case plaintiff’s driver did not observe the slightest care for his own safety, or that of the property in his custody, and the failure to- observe such a slight precaution as- to look for approaching trains, before driving-upon the crossing, was gross negligence. The evidence warrants no other inference than that his failure to look was the sole cause of the accident, or at least, a proximate contributing cause. Therefore, defendant’s motion to direct the verdict should have been granted.
2
The plaintiff’s witness, Rucker, testified, before objection was made, that defendant had settled with him for personal injuries sustain by him in the same collision. The defendant’s attorney then objected, — after the witness had so testified, — and moved to strike it out as irrelevant. The Court, being in doubt, suggested to counsel that the very point had been recently decided by the Supreme Court, and said to defendant’s attorney that he would allow the evidence to- remain- in, and that he would hear a motion later to strike it out, when counsel could present the authorities. The defendant’s attorney did not renew the motion to strike it out; but, before charging the jury, the trial Judge himself called attention to- the matter, and asked defendant’s attorney if he had withdrawn his objection to the testimony. Upon his stating that he had not, after hearing argument as to its admissibility, the Court -ordéred it stricken out, and instructed the jury not to- consider it.
3
The case of
Rookard
v.
Ry.,
84 S. C. 190, 65 S. E. 1047, decides the point, and shows that the testimony was not admissible; but, as it had already come out, and before any objection- was made, there was no- error in allowing it to remain in, until counsel could have an opportunity to present the authorities, for all the harm that could be done by its getting to- the jury had already been done. The Court did all that could be done to undo- any mischief that had been done by instructing the jury not to- consider it. We should
assume that the jury obeyed the instruction, as was their sworn duty. If it 'be said that it would be very difficult, if not impossible, for jurors to rid their minds of the impression made thereon by such testimony, and that striking it from the record could not have the effect of striking it from their minds, we can only say, that is one of the misfortunes almost inevitably incident to- the necessarily imperfect administration of justice by human tribunals. It certainly will not do- to lay down the rule that, in every case, where incompetent or irrelevant testimony is admitted, and afterwards- stricken out, with proper instructions from the Court to- the jury to- disregard it, a new trial must be granted. On the other hand, it would, perhaps-, be equally unsafe to say that in no such case should a new trial be granted. The character of the testimony, the circumstances under which it was offered and admitted, the nature of the case 'being tried, the other testimony in the case, and, perhaps, other matters which might be suggested, should be considered by the Court in deciding whether the party against whom such testimony was admitted was- so prejudiced thereby as to- call for the exercise o-f the discretion to- grant a new trial. In such cases, much must necessarily be left to the wise discretion of the trial Judge, who is in the atmosphere of the trial, and is, therefore, most capable of correctly deciding the question; and this- Court should not interfere, unless it is made to appear that the ruling was manifestly erroneous.
4
One other po-in-t suggested by the exceptions should be noticed in order that the bar and the Circuit bench may not be misled by the overruling of the fourth and fifth exceptions. These exceptions assign error in charging plaintiff’s sixth and seventh requests, to wit: 6th. “That if the jury find from the testimony, that the failure of the defendant to giye the statutory signals, if it did fail to give them, contributed to- the injury in any degree, then the defendant would be liable.” 7th. “That the word
‘contributed/ as used in the statute, means that it had some share or agency in producing the result, or that it helped in any way to produce the result, and if the jury should find that it did, then the plaintiff is entitled to recover.” The errors assigned in charging these requests are untenable, and the exceptions should be overruled. But it must not be understood that the Court thereby impliedly approves the instruction that plaintiff was entitled to- recover, if the failure to give the statutory crossing signals contributed “in any degree” to the injury, or that the word “contributed,” as used in the statute, “means that it had some share or agency in producing the result, or that it helped in any way to produce the result.” The law, as contained in these requests, was announced in the case of
Wragge
v.
R. Co.,
47 S. C. 105,
25
S. E. 76, and followed in
Strother
v.
R. Co.,
47 S. C. 375, 25 S. E. 272. But, in the subsequent case of
Bowen
v.
Ry.,
58 S. C. 222, 36 S. E. 590, the Court said: “When the law speaks of an act of negligence as contributing to' an injury, it means as a direct and proximate cause thereof.” Though no' reference was made thereto, this announcement of the law necessarily overruled the contrary principle which had been announced in the Wragge and Strother cases. The rule announced in the Bowen case has been followed ever since.
Edwards
v.
Ry.,
63 S. C. 271, 41 S. E. 458;
Burns
v.
Ry.,
65 S. C. 229, 43 S. E. 679;
Duncan
v.
Greenville,
73 S. C. 254, 53 S. E. 367;
Turbyfill
v.
Ry.,
83 S. C. 328, 65 S. E. 278;
Lee
v.
R. Co.,
84 S. C. 138, 65 S. E. 1031.
It appears from the arguments of counsel in this case, that the attorneys on both sides, and, perhaps, also, the Circuit Judge, were laboring under the impression that the case of
Lawson
v.
Ry.,
91 S. C. 201, 74 S. E. 473, overruled the principle above quoted from the Bowen casé, and re-established the principle announced in the Wragge case.- If such were the fact, they were in error. Neither the Bowen case, nor any of the cases following' it, nor the Edwards case, 63 S. C. 271, 41 S. E. 458, has been overruled, for, by reference
to the report of the Lawson case, it will be seen that all of the Justices who participated in the decision concurred only “in the result,” which means that they concurred only in the judgment granting a new trial, and that they did not concur in the reasoning, or at least, in some part of it, which led to that result. Hence, the opinion in that case stands only as the opinion of the learned Justice who wrote it, and is not itself authority upon any point discussed therein.
It is merely to- prevent any further misconception of the effect of the judgment in the Lawson case that this explanation- is made.
The judgment is reversed.