Brown v. Federal Bureau of Investigation

• Court: District Court, District of Columbia
• Decided: August 18, 2023
• Docket: Civil Action No. 2021-1639
• Status: Published

Opinion

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

GARY SEBASTIAN BROWN, III, ) ) Plaintiff, ) ) v. ) Civil Action No. 21-cv-01639 (RBW) ) FEDERAL BUREAU OF ) INVESTIGATION, ) ) Defendant. )

MEMORANDUM OPINION

The plaintiff, Gary Sebastian Brown, III, proceeding pro se and in forma pauperis, brings

this lawsuit against the defendant, the Federal Bureau of Investigation (“FBI”), pursuant to the

Freedom of Information Act (“FOIA”), 5 U.S.C. § 552. See Complaint, ECF No. 1, at 1. Currently

pending before the Court is the FBI’s Motion for Summary Judgment (“MSJ”), ECF No. 23, along

with its accompanying statement of material facts (“SOF”), ECF No. 23-1; the FBI’s

Memorandum of Points and Authorities in Support of Defendant’s Motion for Summary Judgment

(“MSJ Mem.”), ECF No. 23-2; the Declaration of Michael G. Seidel––the FBI’s Section Chief

of the Record/Information Dissemination Section (“RIDS”), Information Management

Division (“IMD”)(“Seidel Decl.”), ECF No. 23-3; and the FBI’s supporting Exhibits (“MSJ

Exs.”), ECF No. 23-4. In response, the plaintiff filed his Memorandum of Points and Authorities

in Support of Plaintiff’s Opposition to Defendant’s Motion for Summary Judgment (“Pl.’s

Opp’n”), ECF No. 25, along with his supporting Exhibits to Plaintiff’s Opposition to Defendant’s

Motion for Summary Judgment (“Opp’n Exs.”), ECF No. 25-1, to which the FBI filed its Reply

(“Def.’s Reply”), ECF No. 27. On May 26, 2023, the plaintiff filed a Motion for Leave to

Amend/Supplement his Opposition, ECF No. 28, and with it, filed what the Court construes as a

1 Surreply (“Surreply”), ECF No. 29. Even though neither this Court’s Local Rules nor the Federal

Rules of Civil Procedure provide the right to file a surreply, given the plaintiff’s pro se status, the

Court will grant his request that his Surreply be considered in resolving the defendant’s request

for summary judgment. After review of the entire record, and for the reasons stated herein, the

FBI’s Motion for Summary Judgment will be granted in full, and this matter will be closed.

BACKGROUND

On November 7, 2019, Brown submitted a FOIA Request to the FBI requesting:

any witness accounts, narratives, or statements provided by witnesses from an incident which occurred on December 2nd, 2015 at the Inland Regional Center in San Bernardino, CA. This was a high profile massacre involving some 14 dead and 22 injured, allegedly committed by Tashfeen Malik and Syed Farook. Specifically, I am seeking accounts, narratives, and statements from witnesses who were located in the conference room where the attack mainly took place. Of particular importance to this requester are any descriptions of the perpetrators such as, the number of attackers, their behavior, apparel, equipment, and any other details regarding their appearance.

MSJ Ex. A (FOIA Request); see Seidel Decl. ¶ 6. Upon receipt of this request, the FBI conducted

a search to determine if there were any previously processed records responsive to the Request,

and successfully located records about the December 2, 2015 terrorist attack and mass shooting at

the Inland Regional Center in San Bernardino, California. See Seidel Decl. ¶ 7. The FBI

responded to the plaintiff by letter on November 25, 2019, assigning the plaintiff’s FOIA Request

“No. 1452736-000,” and enclosing 19 pages of records that were previously released. Id.; see MSJ

Ex. B (Letter Dated 11/25/19). The FBI further indicated that the plaintiff could request an

additional search for records if he was unsatisfied with what he had been provided. Id.

On December 12, 2019, the plaintiff requested that the FBI continue its search and provide

him with additional records. Seidel Decl. ¶ 8; see MSJ Ex. C (Letter Dated 12/12/19). On January

2 3, 2020, the FBI sent a letter to the plaintiff, acknowledging the plaintiff’s request, and reassigning

his FOIA Request “No. 1452736-001.” Seidel Decl. ¶ 9; see MSJ Ex. D (Letter Dated 1/2/20).

On February 26, 2020, the FBI advised the plaintiff that the material he requested was

found in an investigative file that was exempt from disclosure pursuant to 5 U.S.C. § 552(b)(7)(A)

due to an associated pending or prospective law enforcement proceeding, and that release of the

information could interfere with that proceeding. Seidel Decl. ¶ 10; see MSJ Ex. E (Letter Dated

2/26/20). The FBI also indicated that it was administratively closing FOIA Request No. 1452736-

001 and advised the plaintiff of his right to appeal that decision. See MSJ Ex. E. Presumably, the

plaintiff did not receive this letter because, on July 15, 2020, he contacted the FBI, indicating that

he that was still awaiting a response to FOIA Request No. 1452736-001. See Seidel Decl. ¶ 11;

see MSJ Ex. F (Letter Dated 7/15/20). In response, the FBI then reopened the matter on July 29,

2020, reassigned it “No. 1452736-002,” and re-sent the plaintiff the letter dated February 26, 2020.

Seidel Decl. ¶ 12; see MSJ Ex. G (Letter Dated 7/29/20).

On September 17, 2020, the plaintiff appealed the FBI’s withholdings pursuant to §

552(b)(7)(A), see Seidel Decl. ¶ 13; MSJ Ex. H (Appeal Letter), and on December 1, 2020, the

Department of Justice’s Office of Information Policy (“OIP”) affirmed the FBI’s determination,

see Seidel Decl. ¶ 13; MSJ Ex. I (OIP Acknowledgment Letter); MSJ Ex. J (OIP Decision as to

Appeal No. A-2021-02231).

In May 2022, the FBI’s Los Angeles Field Office determined the associated investigation

was no longer pending, rendering the FBI’s previous categorical reliance on § 552(b)(7)(A)

inapplicable. Seidel Decl. ¶ 15. On July 29, 2022, the FBI made its second and final release of

records to the plaintiff, advising that it had reviewed 411 pages, releasing 406 pages part,

withholding five pages in full, and relying on 5 U.S.C. §§ 552(b)(l), (b)(3), (b)(6), (b)(7)(A),

3 (b)(7)(C), (b)(7)(D), and (b)(7)(E) for the information withheld. See id. ¶¶ 16, 90–92; MSJ Ex. K

(Release Letter Dated 7/29/22); see also Opp’n Ex. B, ECF No. 25-1 (the FBI’s FOIA Release).

LEGAL STANDARD OF REVIEW

FOIA “sets forth a policy of broad disclosure of Government documents in order ‘to ensure

an informed citizenry, vital to the functioning of a democratic society.’” FBI v. Abramson, 456

U.S. 615, 621 (1982) (quoting NLRB v. Robbins Tire & Rubber Co., 437 U.S. 214, 242 (1978)).

“[D]isclosure, not secrecy, is the dominant objective of the Act.” Dep't of Air Force v. Rose, 425

U.S. 352, 361 (1976). FOIA accordingly “mandates release of properly requested federal agency

records, unless the materials fall squarely within one of nine statutory exemptions.” Hunton &

Williams LLP v. EPA, 346 F. Supp. 3d 61, 72 (D.D.C. 2018) (citing Milner v. Dep't of Navy, 562

U.S. 562, 565 (2011); Students Against Genocide v. Dep’t of State, 257 F.3d 828, 833 (D.C. Cir.

2001); 5 U.S.C. § 552(a)(3)(A), (b)). And “even if some materials from the requested record are

exempt from disclosure, any reasonably segregable information from those documents must be

disclosed after redaction of the exempt information,” unless the non-exempt portions are

“inextricably intertwined with exempt portions.” Id. (internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting

Johnson v. EOUSA, 310 F.3d 771, 776 (D.C. Cir. 2002)).

“FOIA cases typically and appropriately are decided on motions for summary judgment.”

Defs. of Wildlife v. Border Patrol, 623 F. Supp. 2d 83, 87 (D.D.C. 2009) (citing Bigwood v. Agency

for Int'l Dev., 484 F. Supp. 2d 68, 73 (D.D.C. 2007)). An agency is entitled to summary judgment

if no material facts are genuinely in dispute and the agency demonstrates “that its search for

responsive records was adequate, that any exemptions claimed actually apply, and that any

reasonably segregable non-exempt parts of records have been disclosed after redaction of exempt

information.” Competitive Enter. Inst. v. EPA, 232 F. Supp. 3d 172, 181 (D.D.C. 2017). To carry

4 its burden, the agency must provide “a relatively detailed justification, specifically identifying the

reasons why a particular exemption is relevant and correlating those claims with the particular part

of the withheld document to which they apply.” Elec. Priv. Info. Ctr. v. DEA, 192 F. Supp. 3d 92,

103 (D.D.C. 2016) (quoting Mead Data Cent., Inc. v. Dep't of Air Force, 566 F.2d 242, 251 (D.C.

Cir. 1977)).

DISCUSSION

I. Adequacy of the Search

The adequacy of an agency's search is measured by a standard of reasonableness under the

attendant circumstances. Truitt v. Dep't of State, 897 F. 2d 540, 542 (D.C. Cir. 1990). To satisfy

its burden, an agency must show that it “has conducted a search reasonably calculated to uncover

all relevant documents.” Elliott v. Dep't of Agric., 596 F. 3d 842, 851 (D.C. Cir. 2010) (quotation

omitted), cert. denied, 560 U.S. 973 (2010). It may base its showing on declarations submitted in

good faith, see Truitt, 897 F.2d at 542, provided that they explain, in reasonable detail, the scope

and method of the search, see Morley v. CIA, 508 F.3d 1108, 1116 (D.C. Cir. 2007) (internal

citations omitted).

Once the agency has provided a “reasonably detailed” declaration, the burden shifts to the

FOIA requester to produce “countervailing evidence” suggesting that a genuine dispute of material

fact exists as to the adequacy of the search. Id. (internal citation and quotation marks omitted).

“In the absence of contrary evidence, such affidavits or declarations are sufficient to demonstrate

an agency's compliance[.]” North v. DOJ, 774 F. Supp. 2d 217, 222 (D.D.C. 2011) (citing Perry

v. Block, 684 F.2d 121, 127 (D.C. Cir. 1982)). Here, the Court finds that the FBI has submitted a

reasonably detailed declaration establishing that it conducted an adequate search.

5 The FBI’s declarant, Seidel, has considerable tenure and a wealth of experience in

evaluating FOIA requests, see Seidel Decl. ¶¶ 1–3, and attests, in his official capacity, that he (1)

is well-versed in the procedures employed by the agency, and (2) has personal knowledge of FOIA

Request Nos. 1452736-000, 1452736-001, and 1452736-002, id. ¶ 3. In addition to being

reasonably detailed, the Declaration appears to have been made in good faith.

Seidel identifies and details the record systems and locations searched by the FBI,

including why the relevant information would be in those locations and systems, the search terms

used to conduct the search, and the scope of the search. See id. ¶¶ 17–27. More specifically, he

details the FBI’s Central Records System (“CRS”) and the other internal electronic, integrated case

management systems and their indices, most specifically, “Sentinel” (and the now-integrated

Automated Case Support––“ACS”) and explains why the FBI searched those databases. See id.

He further states that RIDS conducted a search of the CRS for potentially responsive records, by

employing its automated indices, available through Sentinel via its search function, by using the

search term “Inland Regional Center,” and it successfully located responsive records for “witness

interviews,” tailored to the scope of the plaintiff’s FOIA Request. See id. ¶¶ 24–27; see also MSJ

Ex. A.

Put simply, the FBI searched sites where the information was reasonably likely to be found.

See Seidel Decl. ¶¶ 24–27. Seidel states that

CRS is indexed in a manner that meets the FBI's investigative needs and priorities and allows FBI personnel to locate pertinent files. The general indices comprise multiple indices (including Sentinel . . . ) on a variety of subjects to include individuals, organizations, events, and other subjects of investigative interest that are indexed for future retrieval.

Id. ¶ 20. Furthermore, he represents that

FBI personnel rely on Sentinel to locate records and documents to fulfill essential functions, such as conducting criminal, counterterrorism, and 6 national security investigations; background investigations; citizenship and employment queries; and security screening, to include presidential protection. Sentinel’s index search methodology allows FBI personnel to query the CRS for indexed subjects in case files.

Id. ¶ 22. Seidel explains that these “indices are comparable to a digital version of a library's card

catalog[,]” and are neatly organized by “main entries” (for subjects of an investigation) and

“reference entries” (for non-subjects associated with as investigation), all of which contain

information regarding associated individuals, organizations, and events. See id. ¶¶ 20–21. Indeed,

RIDS searched CRS and Sentinel because those indices “provide access to a comprehensive,

agency-wide set of indexed data on a wide variety of investigative and administrative subjects and

consist of millions of searchable records that are updated daily with newly indexed information.”

Id. ¶ 24.

Seidel expressly attests that the search was adequate and reasonably likely to locate

responsive records, see id. ¶¶ 17, 25–26, 28, and based on the information provided, the Court

agrees. See Mobley v. CIA, 806 F.3d 568, 581 (D.C. Cir. 2015) (finding the FBI’s search of the

CRS to be adequate because of, in part, an agency declaration asserting that the FBI’s search was

“reasonably likely to produce the information [the plaintiff] requested”) (citation omitted).

In response, the plaintiff argues that the FBI’s search was “not diligent and reasonable as

the scope of [his] request was construed as a request for interviews only.” Pl.’s Opp’n at 3. He

concedes, however, that his request for witness “accounts, narratives, and statements,” MSJ Ex.

A, would likely be included in the FBI’s search for “interviews,” but then speculates that additional

materials in those three sub-categories could exist outside of the “interview” umbrella, see Pl.’s

Opp’n at 3; see also Surreply at 3–9. For example, he contends that potential audio recordings and

transcripts of 911 calls––which he has heard on television news––do not constitute “interviews,”

but may be available to the FBI in a more expanded search. See Pl.’s Opp’n at 3; Surreply at 3–4, 7 7. He also conjectures that potential “logs or audio records of police radio communications[,]”

and “raw recordings of witness interviews[,]” may exist outside of the FBI’s existing search

parameters. See Pl.’s Opp’n at 3–4.

An agency has a duty to construe a FOIA request liberally. Nation Magazine, Washington

Bureau v. U.S. Customs Serv., 71 F.3d 885, 890 (D.C. Cir. 1995). But “even a ‘liberal’ reading”

of the plaintiff’s FOIA Request does not support his assertion that the FBI was somehow obligated

to retrieve local law enforcement logs, or outside media and audio recordings, based on the scope

of his request. See Looks Filmproduktionen GmbH v. CIA, 199 F. Supp. 3d 153, 169–70 (D.D.C.

2016) (internal quotation marks and citations omitted) (finding both the CIA’s interpretation of a

FOIA request and its search to be reasonable after the plaintiff argued that his request was misread,

and contended the agency’s interpretation was “overly narrow,” because an agency is not obligated

to search for tangential material); see also Leopold v. Dep’t of Justice, 301 F. Supp. 3d 13, 25 n.6

(D.D.C. 2018) (explaining the difference between an agency improperly delimiting a search,

versus properly and necessarily narrowing the scope of a search to facilitate retrieving the records

actually requested); Dillon v. Dep’t of Justice, 102 F. Supp. 3d 272, 286–87 (D.D.C. 2015) (finding

that “an agency’s decision to conduct a ‘targeted search’ based on the scope of the plaintiff's

request is proper under the FOIA”) (quoting Bloomgarden v. Dep't of Justice, 10 F. Supp. 3d 146,

153 (D.D.C. 2014) (agreeing with agency's assertion that its “targeted search for personnel

documents . . . was reasonable in light of the narrow nature of [the] plaintiff's request[.]”)).

Additionally, the FBI “need not extend the meaning of the request to include things not

asked for.” Wallick v. Agrig. Marketing Srvc., 281 F. Supp. 3d 56, 68 (D.D.C. 2017) (concluding

that the defendant properly interpreted the request and conducted an adequate search where the

plaintiff unreasonably expected the agency to interpret his request in a nuanced manner beyond its

8 plain meaning) (collecting cases). And the plaintiff’s own preferences and suppositions cannot

dictate the reasonableness of the scope of the FBI’s search. Id. (“[U]nder [the plaintiff's] approach,

which would allow a requester to dictate, through search instructions, the scope of an agency's

search, the reasonableness test for search adequacy long adhered to in this circuit would be

undermined.”). This is particularly important where, as here, a plaintiff has presented only mere

speculation that additional materials might be found in the possession of an agency, see Meeropol

v. Meese, 790 F.2d 942, 954 (D.C. Cir. 1986), and a requester is only entitled to records actually

retained by the agency, see Bonfilio v. Occupational Safety & Health Administration, 320 F. Supp.

3d 152, 157 (D.D.C. 2018) (citing Wilbur v. CIA, 355 F.3d 675, 678 (D.C. Cir. 2004); Yeager v.

DEA, 678 F.2d 315, 321 (D.C. Cir. 1982)). And to the extent that the plaintiff, after reviewing

the FBI’s release of records, now seeks to expand the scope of his FOIA Request by and through

this litigation, he may not do so. See, e.g., Houser v. Church, 271 F. Supp. 3d 197, 204 (D.D.C.

2017) (finding that a requester may not “expand the scope of his FOIA request in the course of

litigation”) (citing Donoghue v. Office of Info. Policy, Dep't of Justice, 157 F. Supp. 3d 21, 23 n.2

(D.D.C. 2016); Coss v. Dep't of Justice, 98 F. Supp. 3d 28, 34 (D.D.C. 2015)).

Even assuming arguendo that the FBI is in possession of call-center transcripts, logs or

audio of police radio communications, or other “raw recordings,” see Pl.’s Opp’n at 3–4; Surreply

at 3–4, 7, the plaintiff’s FOIA Request, as drafted, does not mandate or ensure their retrieval. “A

search need not be perfect, only adequate, and adequacy is measured by the reasonableness of the

effort in light of the specific request[,]” Meeropol, 790 F.2d at 956, and in any event, a search “is

not unreasonable simply because it fails to produce all relevant material[,]” id. at 952–53; see

Mobley, 806 F.3d at 583 (collecting cases).

9 “In determining the proper scope of a FOIA request, ‘[t]he linchpin inquiry is whether the

agency is able to determine ‘precisely what records (are) being requested.’” McKinley v. FDIC,

807 F. Supp. 2d 1, 5 (D.D.C.2011) (alterations in original) (quoting Yeager, 678 F.2d at 326); see

also American Chemistry Council, Inc. v. Health & Human Servs., 922 F. Supp. 2d 56, 62 (D.D.C.

2013) (“Agencies . . . need not expand their searches beyond ‘the four corners of the request,’ nor

are they ‘required to divine a requester's intent.’”) (quoting Landmark Legal Found. v. EPA, 272

F. Supp. 2d 59, 64 (D.D.C. 2003)). Here, the FBI analyzed the plaintiff’s FOIA Request and

determined that a search of the CRS automated index, via Sentinel, would locate responsive

material. See Def.’s Reply at 2–3 (quoting Seidel Decl. ¶ 24). It searched “millions of searchable

records that are updated daily with newly indexed information[,]” and specifically searched for

records involving the San Bernadino shooting. See id. at 3 (quoting Seidel Decl. ¶¶ 17, 24–25).

In doing so, it retrieved over 400 pages of records, see Seidel Decl. ¶¶ 16, 90–92, comprised of

“FD-302s”––internal FBI forms that memorialize a myriad of evidence and information from

witness interviews, compiled in furtherance of the FBI’s investigation and for potential use in

future court proceedings, see MSJ Ex. L (Vaughn Index) (“VI”) at A2, and it then released, in part,

nearly all of them, see Opp’n Ex. B.

The Court finds it reasonable that the FBI construed the plaintiff’s request for witness

“accounts, narratives, and statements” as witness “interviews,” and that the FD-302s would be the

source where responsive records would be found, given the purpose of the FD-302 and the

comprehensive nature of the information contained therein. See id. All circumstances considered,

(1) the FBI properly interpreted the scope of the plaintiff’s FOIA Request, and (2) its search

parameters and methods were appropriate. See, e.g., Cole v. Copan, No. 19-cv-1182, 2020 WL

7042814, at *4 (D.D.C. Nov. 30, 2020) (entering summary judgment for the defendant and finding

10 that the plaintiff’s challenge to the scope of the agency’s search, based on a semantics debate over,

inter alia, the interpretation of the phrase “input data,” was an improper attempt to reframe his

request) (citing Larson v. Dep't of State, 565 F.3d 857, 869 (D.C. Cir. 2009) (upholding a district

court's narrow interpretation of a FOIA request where the request did not “reasonably suggest” the

broad scope argued by the plaintiff)). In sum, the Court finds that the FBI has met its burden in

showing that it conducted an adequate search.

II. Adequacy of the Vaughn Index

In FOIA cases, a motion for summary judgment is typically supported by a “Vaughn

index,” as derived from Vaughn v. Rosen, 484 F.2d 820 (D.C. Cir. 1973), cert. denied, 415 U.S.

977 (1974). No set formula exists for an adequate Vaughn index, because “the critical elements

of the Vaughn index lie in its function, and not its form.” Kay v. FCC, 976 F. Supp. 23, 35 (D.D.C.

1997), aff’d, 172 F.3d 919 (D.C. Cir. 1998). The purpose of a Vaughn index is “to permit adequate

adversary testing of the agency's claimed right to an exemption,” and thus must contain “an

adequate description of the records” and “a plain statement of the exemptions relied upon to

withhold each record.” Nat'l Treas. Emps. Union v. Customs Serv., 802 F.2d 525, 527 n.9 (D.C.

Cir. 1986).

Although a Vaughn index can be an important component of FOIA briefing,

the Court may award summary judgment solely on the basis of information provided by the department or agency in declarations when the declarations describe ‘the documents and the justifications for nondisclosure with reasonably specific detail, demonstrate that the information withheld logically falls within the claimed exemption, and are not controverted by either contrary evidence in the record nor by evidence of agency bad faith.’

Citizens for Resp. & Ethics in Wash. v. Dep’t of Labor, 478 F. Supp. 2d 77, 80 (D.D.C. 2007)

(quoting Military Audit Project v. Casey, 656 F.2d 724, 738 (D.C. Cir. 1981)); see also Spirko v.

11 USPS, 147 F.3d 992, 998 n.4 (D.C. Cir. 1998) (“The form of the Vaughn index is unimportant and

affidavits providing similar information can suffice.”) (citing Gallant v. NLRB, 26 F.3d 168, 172–

73 (D.C. Cir. 1994)).

As noted above, the located documents consisted of FD-302s, which are adequately

described by the FBI. See VI at A2. The FBI’s Vaughn Index, see VI at A1–A2, 1–10, and the

comprehensive Declaration submitted by Seidel, see Seidel Decl. ¶¶ 28–92, considered together,

sufficiently describe the records (or portions of records) withheld and their associated Bates

numbers, as well as the exemptions justifying the associated information withheld. See id.; VI at

A1–A2, 1–10. For these reasons, the Court finds that the Vaughn Index, along with the Seidel

Declaration, are sufficiently specific “to permit adequate adversary testing of the agency's claimed

right” to the FBI’s reliance on the invoked exemptions. Nat'l Treas. Emps. Union, 802 F.2d at

527.

III. FOIA Exemptions & Segregability

The FBI relied on several different FOIA exemptions in withholding information requested

by the plaintiff. See Seidel Decl. ¶¶ 12–13; see generally Opp’n Ex. B. Notably, “even if [the]

agency establishes an exemption, it must nonetheless disclose all reasonably segregable,

nonexempt portions of the requested record(s).” Roth v. Dep’t of Justice, 642 F.3d 1161, 1167

(D.C. Cir. 2011) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). “[I]t has long been the rule in

this Circuit that non-exempt portions of a document must be disclosed unless they are inextricably

intertwined with exempt portions.” Wilderness Soc'y v. Dep't of Interior, 344 F. Supp. 2d 1, 18

(D.D.C. 2004) (quoting Mead Data Cent., 566 F.2d at 260). Thus, an agency must provide “a

detailed justification and not just conclusory statements to demonstrate that all reasonably

segregable information has been released.” Valfells v. CIA, 717 F. Supp. 2d 110, 120 (D.D.C.

12 2010) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted), aff’d sub nom., 666 F.3d 1330 (D.C. Cir.

2010). However, “[a]gencies are entitled to a presumption that they complied with the obligation

to disclose reasonably segregable material,” which must be overcome by some “quantum of

evidence” from the requester. Sussman v. U.S. Marshals Serv., 494 F.3d 1106, 1117 (D.C. Cir.

2007), aff’d sub nom., 666 F.3d 1330 (D.C. Cir. 2011).

A declaration and/or Vaughn index attesting to the performance of a review of the

documents, and describing the withholdings, satisfies the FOIA's segregability requirement. See,

e.g., Johnson, 310 F.3d at 776; Loving v. Dep’t of Justice, 550 F.3d 32, 41 (D.C. Cir. 2008), cert.

denied, 558 U.S. 945 (2009). Here, the FBI attests that Seidel and others extensively reviewed the

responsive material and that all non-exempt and segregable information was produced. See Seidel

Decl. ¶¶ 90–93.

The plaintiff’s challenge to the FBI’s use of its exemptions is difficult to comprehend and

somewhat amalgamated. At the outset, he states that he “does not take issue with the language of

Defendant’s [redaction and withholding] justifications [under the asserted exemptions] and

concedes that any such content rightly identified under said justification are properly withheld,”

and he indicates that he only objects to the FBI’s segregability analysis. See Pl.’s Opp’n at 5.

However, his segregability challenge reveals that he, at least in part, challenges the use of certain

exemptions. See id. at 5–42; Surreply at 8–19. More specifically, he asserts that the descriptions

of the shooters are segregable and should be released, and in doing so, challenges the FBI’s

redaction of that information pursuant to Exemptions 6 and 7(C), and Exemption 7(D), on the

documents designated as Bates Nos. 1–4, 6–7, 16–17, 24–27, 30–31, 33, 35–36, 38–39, 43–44, 47,

50–51, 54, 58, 61–62, 74–76, 78–79, 81–82, 85–86, 87–88, 93–94, 96–99, 101–102, 106–07, 101–

102, 106–07, 109, 111–12, 114, 116–17, 120–21, 124, 126–27, 130, 133–34, 137–38, 139–40,

13 143, 146–47, 153–54, 156–57, 159, 160–61, 163, 165–70, 174–75, 177–78, 180–81, 185–89, 196–

99, 201–02, 206, 208–09, 211–12, 213, 219–20, 223–24, 227–28, 234–37, 241–43, 248–49, 253–

54, 259–61, 267–68, 272–73, 277, 278–79, 280, 283–84, 286–87, 290, 293–98, 300–10, 313–46,

349–63, 365–66, 369–70, 373–74, 380–81, 384, 1 387–88, 391–93, 396–97, 403, and 407–10. See

id. The Court will thus discuss the propriety of each of the FBI’s noted exemptions, and where

relevant, the segregability of the information withheld thereunder.

A. 5 U.S.C. § 552(b)(1) (“Exemption 1”)

The FBI relies on FOIA Exemption 1 as the basis for withholding certain information, see

Seidel Decl. ¶ 34–35, and the plaintiff presents no opposition to its use of this Exemption. FOIA

Exemption 1 provides that matters “specifically authorized under criteria established by an

Executive [O]rder to be kept secret in the interest of national defense or foreign policy and . . . are

in fact properly classified pursuant to such Executive [O]rder” are exempt from production under

the FOIA. 5 U.S.C. § 552(b)(1). “The [agency's] arguments need only be both ‘plausible’ and

‘logical’ to justify the invocation of a FOIA exemption in the national security context.” ACLU v.

Dep't of Defense, 628 F.3d 612, 624 (D.C. Cir. 2011) (quoting Wolf v. CIA, 473 F.3d 370, 374–75

(D.C. Cir. 2007)); see also Morley, 508 F.3d at 1124 (“[T]he text of Exemption 1 itself suggests

that little proof or explanation is required beyond a plausible assertion that information is properly

classified.”).

The FBI withheld information pursuant to Exemption 1 under Executive Order 13526 (“EO

13526”), see Seidel Decl. ¶ 34–35; VI at 1, 2, 9 (withholding in part Bates Nos. 42, 46, 49, 53, 57,

60, 64, 66, 364, 368, 372, 376, 379, 383, 386, 390, and 395), which establishes procedural and

1 Exemption 6 and 7(C) are both used as the basis for redacting information on this page, but not Exemption 7(D). See VI at 9. 14 substantive requirements for classification of eight categories of national security information, see

75 Fed. Reg. 707 (Dec. 29, 2009).

[I]f information that is responsive to a FOIA request fits into any of the eight categories, and if an original classifying authority has designated the information classified based on that authority's determination that the unauthorized disclosure of the information reasonably could be expected to result in damage to the national security, the information has properly been deemed ‘classified’ and the government can invoke Exemption 1 to withhold the information from disclosure under the FOIA.

Elec. Privacy Info. Ctr. v. Dep’t of Justice, 296 F. Supp. 3d 109, 124–25 (D.D.C. 2017). Here, the

FBI specifically relies on § 1.4(c), see Seidel Decl. ¶¶ 37–45, which protects the category of

information pertaining to “intelligence activities (including covert action), intelligence sources or

methods, or cryptology” if that information “could reasonably be expected” to damage national

security, see EO 13526 75 § 1.4(c).

Seidel attests that he “personally and independently examined the information withheld

pursuant to FOIA Exemption (b)(1) . . . [and] determined that the classified information continues

to warrant classification at the ‘Secret’ level . . . pursuant to E.O. 13526 § l .4(c)[.]” Seidel Decl.

¶ 36. This he asserts is “because its release would reveal actual intelligence activities and methods

used by the FBI against specific targets of foreign counterintelligence investigations or operations;

identify a target of a foreign counterintelligence investigation; and/or disclose the intelligence

gathering capabilities of the activities or methods directed at specific targets.” Id. ¶ 38. Seidel

further maintains that disclosure of this “specific information regarding the intelligence

activities[,]” for which this Exemption was asserted, “could reasonably be expected to cause

serious damage to the national security,” because: “(1) disclosure would reveal current targets of

specific FBI national security investigations; and (2) disclosure would reveal the criteria used and

priorities assigned to current intelligence or counterintelligence investigations.” Id. ¶ 39. Indeed,

15 the FBI asserts that “hostile entities could develop countermeasures which would . . . severely

disrupt the FBI's intelligence gathering capabilities . . . [and] efforts to detect and apprehend

violators of the United States' national security and criminal laws.” Id.

The FBI represents that it protected three catagories of information under this Exemption.

See id. ¶ 40–45. First, it withheld a classified intelligence file number “assigned to specific

intelligence activities, including channelization and dissemination instructions.” Id. ¶ 41. These

“individual file numbers are assigned by FBIHQ and field offices and contain a numerical

characterization of the investigation type, geographical prefix or the originating office, and a

chronological number assigned to a specific investigation or activity.” Id. ¶¶ 19, 41. Seidel

explains that disclosure of this file number would allow “adversaries to attribute any information

released from records containing such a file number to that particular investigation[,]” affording

them the opportunity to ultimately “patch bits and pieces of information together until the

[intelligence] activity is determined . . . [,]severely limiting its use.” Id. ¶ 42. Moreover, he states

that such identification

“will inform adversaries of the possible range of the FBI's intelligence capabilities, as well as the probable intelligence the FBI has gathered, or can collect, concerning them . . . [,]provid[ing] violators of the United States’ national security laws with a means of avoiding lawful regulations by potentially initiating countermeasures . . . [,][thus] making future operations more difficult, and compromising other ongoing planned intelligence operations.”

Id.

Additionally, the FBI withheld “classified information concerning the character and title

of the case for a specific type of intelligence activity directed at a specific target of national security

interest.” Id. ¶ 43. Seidel explains that such disclosure risks identifying a particular investigation

16 and its “nature, scope, or thrust . . . [and] the manner of acquisition of the intelligence information.”

Finally, the FBI withheld information that could identify the targets of an investigation.

See id. ¶ 44. Seidel represents that such disclosure would “provide a description of an intelligence

source's penetration of a specific target of national security during a specific time period[,]” thus

allowing (1) “hostile individuals or foreign governments to appraise the scope, focus, location,

target, and capabilities of the FBI’s intelligence-gathering methods and activities,” (2) “hostile

agents to devise countermeasures to circumvent these intelligence activities or methods and render

them useless[,]” and (3) disruption to “the FBI’'s intelligence­ gathering capabilities.” Id. ¶ 45.

Based upon consideration of all of this information, the Court finds that the FBI has offered

sufficient factual detail for the Court to conclude that the categories of information withheld under

Exemption 1 may be classified according to EO 13526, and that it was properly classified pursuant

to that Order. In fact, Seidel actually describes the withheld information in more detail than

required under Exemption 1. See, e.g., Nat'l Sec. Counselors v. CIA, 960 F. Supp. 2d 101, 166

(D.D.C. 2013) (“Although many details of these two documents remain unknown, the

[government]'s declaration plausibly establishes that the withheld information relates to sensitive

operations within the Intelligence Community, the substance of which is properly classified in the

interest of national security. That is sufficient to grant summary judgment.”); DiBacco v. Dep't of

the Army, 983 F. Supp. 2d 44, 61 (D.D.C. 2013) (finding that, where the government has provided

a “reasonable level of specificity that the information at issue was properly classified[,]”

information was properly withheld under Exemption 1), aff’d in relevant part, 795 F.3d 178, (D.C.

17 Cir. 2015). Accordingly, and with no challenge from the plaintiff, the Court concludes that the FBI

properly withheld this information pursuant to Exemption 1. 2

B. 5 U.S.C. § 552(b)(3) (“Exemption 3”):

Pursuant to Exemption (b)(3), an agency may withhold information “specifically exempted

from disclosure by statute,” 5 U.S.C. § 552(b)(3), so long as the statute:

(A)(i) requires [withholding] from the public in such a manner as to leave no discretion on the issue; or (ii) establishes particular criteria for withholding or refers to particular types of matters to be withheld; and

(B) if enacted after the date of enactment of the OPEN FOIA Act of 2009, specifically cites to this paragraph.

Id. To prevail on summary judgment based on this Exemption, the FBI “need only show that the

statute claimed is one of exemption as contemplated by Exemption [(b)(3)] and that the withheld

material falls within the statute.” Larson, 565 F.3d at 865 (citation omitted). Notably, “the Court

must defer to the FBI's determination, because [t]he judiciary ‘is in an extremely poor position to

2 Regarding Exemption 1, the FBI also concomitantly invoked 5 U.S.C. § 552(b)(7)(A) (“Exemption 7(A)”)––which protects from disclosure records or information compiled for law enforcement purposes, to the extent that the production of that information could reasonably be expected to interfere with enforcement proceedings––see id., in redacting the “FBI file number, scope, nature, and target of a pending investigation because it would reveal publicly unknown information concerning pending enforcement procedures.” MSJ Mem. at 11 n.2; Seidel Decl. ¶ 71; VI at 1–2, 9 (also withholding in part, pursuant to Exemption 7(A), Bates Nos. 42, 46, 49, 53, 57, 60, 64, 66, 364, 368, 372, 376, 379, 383, 386, 390, and 395). While the Court is satisfied that these redactions were properly made under Exemption 1, it notes that § 552(b)(7)(A) applies equally to the withheld information. See Shapiro v. Dep’t of Justice, No. 12-cv-313, 2020 WL 3615511, at *16–*18 (D.D.C. July 2, 2020) (finding that the FBI properly withheld information pursuant to Exemption 7(A), derived from “closed” law enforcement files, because the FBI expressed concerns about “overlap” with other pending enforcement proceedings, and it “reviewed all documents with an eye toward the so-called ‘mosaic’ effect[,]” by which “an individual piece of intelligence information, much like a piece of jigsaw puzzle, may aid in piecing together other bits of information even when the individual piece is not of obvious importance in itself.”) (quoting Halperin v. CIA, 629 F.2d 144, 150 (D.C. Cir. 1980); citing CIA v. Sims, 471 U.S. 159, 178 (1985); Ctr. for Nat'l Sec. Studies v. Dep't of Justice, 331 F.3d 918, 928 (D.C. Cir. 2003)), aff’d in relevant part, 40 F.4th 609 (D.C. Cir. 2022), cert. denied, 143 S.Ct. 526 (2022); see also Seidel Decl. ¶¶ 42, 70–71. 18 second-guess the predictive judgments made by the government's intelligence agencies regarding

the risk of disclosure or the harm posed by such disclosure.” Citizens United v. Dep’t of State, No.

18-cv-1862, 2021 WL 3268385, at *6 (D.D.C. Jul. 29, 2021) (internal quotation marks omitted)

(quoting Larson, 565 F.3d at 865; Ctr. for Nat'l Sec. Stud., 331 F.3d at 928.

Here, the FBI has exempted information pursuant to § 102A(i)(1) of the National Security

Act of 1947, see Seidel Decl. ¶¶ 46–50; VI at 1–10 (withholding in part Bates Nos. 1–376, 379–

83, 386–411), which requires the Director of National Intelligence (“DNI”) to “protect from

unauthorized disclosure intelligence sources and methods[,]” 50 U.S.C. § 3024(i)(1). The plaintiff

has not challenged the FBI’s use of Exemption 3.

“The DNI has delegated enforcement of this National Security Act mandate to the heads

of the 17 agencies that constitute the Intelligence Community,” Elec. Privacy Info. Ctr., 296 F.

Supp. 3d at 121 (internal quotation marks, citation, and alterations omitted), and the FBI is one of

those delegees, see 50 U.S.C. § 3003(4)(H). There can be no “dispute that the National Security

Act satisfies the second criterion mentioned above because” it was enacted before the OPEN FOIA

Act of 2009, see id., and it ‘refers to particular types of matters to be withheld’—namely,

‘intelligence sources and methods.’” Leopold v. CIA, 106 F. Supp. 3d 51, 57 (D.D.C. 2015)

(quoting ACLU, 628 F.3d at 619); see Sims, 471 U.S. at 167 (explaining that the “conclusion [that

the National Security Act is a withholding statute] is supported by the plain meaning of the statute,

by the legislative history of the FOIA, and by every federal court of appeals that has considered

the matter”); DiBacco v. U.S. Army, 795 F.3d 178, 197 (D.C. Cir. 2015) (noting that the plaintiff

“does not dispute, nor could she, that Section 3024(i)(1) is a valid Exemption 3 statute”).

19 Having found that the FBI has met the second element, 3 the Court considers whether it has

met the first element; i.e., it must determine whether the FBI’s withholdings “satisfy the criteria

of the exemption statute.” Fitzgibbon, 911 F.2d at 761. The Court finds the answer to that question

to be in the affirmative. The FBI has invoked Exemption 3, largely in conjunction with Exemption

1 (and with 5 U.S.C. § 552(b)(7)(E), discussed below), to protect information that, as already

determined above, concerns intelligence activities and methods relating to the underlying

investigation. See Seidel Decl. ¶¶ 37–40, 50. Seidel’s Declaration sufficiently explains that

Exemption 3 applies, namely, because the information withheld from the FBI’s internal documents

could reasonably be expected to lead to unauthorized disclosure of intelligence sources or methods.

See id. ¶¶ 47–50; see also Shapiro v. Dep’t of Justice, 37 F. Supp. 3d 7, 27 (D.D.C. 2014).

Therefore, the Court finds that the information was properly withheld under Exemption 3.

C. 5 U.S.C. §§ 552(b)(6), (b)(7)(C) (“Exemption 6 and 7(C)”)

The FBI invokes FOIA Exemptions 6 and 7(C) for many of its withholdings. See Seidel

Decl. ¶¶ 53–69. “[B]ecause the Court concludes that the FBI's withholding decisions [were]

justified under the standard imposed under Exemption 7(C), it need not reach the question of

whether the FBI's withholdings are independently justified under Exemption 6.” Schoenman v.

3 As noted above, qualifying statutes under 5 U.S.C. § 552(b)(3)(A)(ii) may refer to either “particular types of matters to be withheld[,]” or to “particular criteria for withholding” information, see id. Statutes that fall into the latter category require “a formula whereby the administrator may determine precisely whether disclosure in any instance would pose the hazard that Congress foresaw in the disclosing of the information[,]” and if the agency withholds that information under Exemption 3, and the requester challenges that withholding, a court must review whether the agency “followed the particular criteria established. . .” in withholding that information. See Pub. Citizen, Inc. v. Mineta, 444 F. Supp. 2d 12, 17–18 (D.D.C. 2006) (quoting Am. Jewish Congress v. Kreps, 574 F.2d 624, 628–29 (D.C. Cir. 1978)) (internal quotation marks omitted), aff’d, 533 F.3d 810 (D.C. Cir. 2008). Because § 102A(i)(1) falls into the former category––i.e., referring to the types of matters to be withheld, see 5 U.S.C. § 552(b)(A)(i), the Court need not conduct such an assessment. See Ass’n of Ret. R.R. Workers, Inc. v. U.S. R.R. Retirement Bd., 830 F.2d 331, 337 (D.C. Cir. 1987). 20 FBI, 763 F. Supp. 2d 173, 198 n.16 (D.D.C. 2011), appeal dismissed, Nos. 12–5079, 12–5216,

2012 WL 3244009 (D.C. Cir. Jul. 31, 2012). Accordingly, the Court will only conduct an analysis

under Exemption 7(C).

First, to invoke any subsection of § 552(b)(7), a threshold test must first be satisfied.

Exemption 7 protects from disclosure “records or information compiled for law enforcement

purposes[.]” 5 U.S.C. § 552(b)(7); see Abramson, 456 U.S. at 622. In assessing whether records

were compiled for law enforcement purposes, the “focus is on how and under what circumstances

the requested files were compiled, and whether the files sought relate to anything that can fairly

be characterized as an enforcement proceeding.” Jefferson v. Dep’t of Justice, 284 F. 3d 172, 176–

77 (D.C. Cir. 2002) (citations and internal quotations omitted).

The FBI is, by definition, a criminal investigatory and regulatory law enforcement agency

within the Department of Justice. See 28 U.S.C. § 531 (“The Federal Bureau of Investigation is in

the Department of Justice.”); id. §§ 533–35, 538–540D (listing the many criminal investigatory

and regulatory duties of the FBI and its officials). Seidel has stated that all the responsive records

withheld pursuant to Exemption 7 were compiled for law enforcement purposes. Seidel Decl. ¶

25. Additionally, the plaintiff’s own purpose for filing this action is rooted in his express interest

in criminal investigation records. See Compl. ¶¶ 5, 7–12; FOIA Request; see also Blackwell v.

FBI, 646 F. 3d 37, 40 (D.C. Cir. 2011) (finding that, where the plaintiff sought records relating to

a criminal investigation and prosecution, it was “quite obvious[]” that the records were compiled

for law enforcement purposes); Roberts v. FBI, 845 F. Supp. 2d 96, 103 (D.D.C. 2012) (same).

Having satisfied its threshold burden, the Court therefore concludes that the responsive FBI

records were compiled for law enforcement purposes. The Court must then address the

21 applicability of the cited subsections of Exemption 7. See 5 U.S.C. § 552(b)(7); see also

Abramson, 456 U.S. at 622.

Exemption 7(C) protects from disclosure records compiled for law enforcement purposes

to the extent that their disclosure “could reasonably be expected to constitute an unwarranted

invasion of personal privacy.” 5 U.S.C. § 552(b)(7)(C). In assessing this question, a court must

balance the privacy interests in nondisclosure against the public interest in “shed[ding] light on an

agency's performance of its statutory duties.” DOJ v. Rept’s Comm. for Freed. of Press, 489 U.S.

749, 773 (1989). In other words, the proper application of “privacy exemptions [6 and 7(C)] turns

on a balance of the individual's right of privacy against the basic policy of opening agency action

to the light of public scrutiny.” CEI Wash. Bureau, Inc. v. DOJ, 469 F.3d 126, 128 (D.C. Cir. 2006)

(citation and internal quotation marks omitted). Thus, when a requester seeks such information,

an agency must conduct a balancing test to determine if releasing the information “could

reasonably be expected to constitute an unwarranted invasion of personal privacy[,]” id. at 127

(quoting 5 U.S.C. § 552(b)(7)(C)), by balancing “the individual's right of privacy against the basic

policy of opening agency action to the light of public scrutiny[,]” id. at 128 (citation omitted). It

is this balancing test and “not the nature of the files in which the information was contained [that]

limit[s] the scope of the exemption.” Nat’l Ass'n of Home Builders v. Norton, 309 F. 3d 26, 33

(D.C. Cir. 2002).

Here, under Exemption 7(C), the FBI withheld names and other identifying information

of: (1) FBI personnel and staff, (2) local law enforcement personnel and staff, (3) third parties who

assisted the investigation by providing information, (4) third parties of investigative interest, (5)

third parties “merely mentioned,” (6) third party victims, and (7) non-FBI government personnel.

See Seidel Decl. ¶¶ 53–69; see FBI VI at 1–10 (withholding in part Bates Nos. 1–148, 152–82,

22 184–411). For the reasons explained below, the Court finds that the FBI was justified in its reliance

on Exemption 7(C).

Disclosure of the personal information of law enforcement personnel and staff (both federal

and local), third parties who assisted the FBI in its investigation, third parties of investigative

interest, third parties mentioned, and non-FBI federal government personnel, see Schoenman, 763

F. Supp. 2d at 198 (finding all of these categories of information to be exempt under Exemption

7(C)), as well as third party victims, see Bartko v. Dep’t of Justice, 898 F.3d 51, 72 (D.D.C. 2018)

(finding the same as to third party victims); Sandoval v. Dep’t of Justice, 296 F. Supp. 3d 1, 18–

19 (D.D.C. 2017) (same); Accurso v. FBI, No. 19-cv-2540, 2021 WL 411152, at *5–6 (D.D.C.

Feb. 5, 2021) (same); Shapiro, 2020 WL 3615511, at *29–32 (same), is ordinarily improper as

disclosure could put all such individuals at risk of a myriad of harms.

Here, as required,

[t]he FBI has described, plausibly and in considerable detail, the harms one might reasonably expect to flow from the public disclosure of such information, including: subjecting these individuals to unsolicited scrutiny and harassment from the media, the general public, and current and former investigatory targets; endangering the safety of individuals who have provided information in the course of an investigation; and impairing the effectiveness of investigative activities by compromising the identities of law enforcement personnel and deterring individuals from providing information in the future.

Schoenman, 763 F. Supp. 2d at 198–99; see Seidel Decl. ¶¶ 53–69. In the instances where the FBI

employed Exemption 7(C), it weighed the adverse effects of the release of the information to the

individuals involved and the benefit to the public that disclosure could be expected to provide,

concluding that the interest in privacy was greater. See Schoenman, 763 F. Supp. 2d. at 199; see

also Seidel Decl. ¶ 55. And “the FBI did not withhold identifying information where it was able

to determine that [an] individual was deceased or was a high-ranking governmental official whose

23 activities may be of a greater public interest.” Schoenman, 763 F. Supp. 2d at 199; see Seidel Decl.

¶ 56.

These “representations suffice to establish ‘a reasonable likelihood’ that the disclosure of

such information would result in an unwarranted invasion of personal privacy. Indeed, courts have

repeatedly upheld identical withholdings.” Schoenman, 763 F. Supp. 2d at 199 (citing Amuso v.

Dep’t of Justice, 600 F. Supp. 2d 78, 94–97 (D.D.C. 2009); Voinche v. FBI, 412 F. Supp. 2d 60,

68–69 (D.D.C. 2006)). The FBI’s noted concerns significantly outweigh what little benefit the

public may gain from knowing this information regarding its understanding of agency operations.

See id. at 198; see also Nat'l Whistleblower Ctr. v. DHHS, 849 F. Supp. 2d 13, 28 (D.D.C. 2012)

(same); Banks v. Dep’t of Justice, 813 F. Supp. 2d 132, 144 (D.D.C. 2011) (same); Lesar v. Dep’t

of Justice, 636 F. 2d 472, 487 (D.C. Cir. 1980) (same); Pray v. Dep’t of Justice, 902 F. Supp. 1, 3

(D.D.C. 1995) (same), aff'd in relevant part, No. 95-5383, 1996 WL 734142 (D.C. Cir. Nov. 20,

1996).

The Court emphasizes that this protection generally extends to those even passingly

mentioned in law enforcement records. See Schrecker v. Dep’t of Justice, 349 F. 3d 657, 661 (D.C.

Cir. 2003) (collecting cases and recognizing this Circuit’s “decisions [which] have consistently

supported nondisclosure of names or other information identifying individuals appearing in law

enforcement records . . .”), because such third party information is “categorically exempt” from

disclosure under Exemption 7(C), in the absence of an overriding public interest in its disclosure);

Nat. Mag., Wash. Bureau v. Customs Service, 71 F. 3d 885, 894, 896 (D.C. Cir. 1995)

(acknowledging the “obvious privacy interest” cognizable under Exemption 7(C) and extending

this interest “to third parties who may be mentioned in investigatory files”); accord Fischer v.

DOJ, 596 F. Supp. 2d 34, 46 (D.D.C. 2009).

24 The plaintiff nonetheless expresses suspicions that, where larger swaths of information are

redacted under Exemption 7(C), namely, the redactions associated with third-party victims, “[i]t

is unlikely” that the bulk of it could be “inextricably intertwined with personally identifying

information.” See Pl.’s Opp’n at 6. But the plaintiff fails to recognize that, on nearly every page

where he has challenged the use of Exemption 7(C), the FBI also applied additional exemptions,

largely, Exemption 7(D), see VI at 1–10; Opp’n Ex. B; Seidel Decl. ¶¶ 75–77. And as discussed

below, Exemption 7(D) certainly justifies this type of larger “block-redaction.” See Comp. Prof'ls

for Soc. Resp. v. Secret Serv., 72 F.3d 897, 905 (D.C. Cir. 1996); 5 U.S.C. § 552(b)(7)(D). Because

all the plaintiff’s arguments regarding these records are predicated on his misconception that

Exemption 7(C) was used to redact the descriptions of the shooters, they all are all equally

defective.

For example, the plaintiff references Bates Nos. 297–98, which contains some block

redactions, and he argues that they must contain information apart from personal identifiers that

are subject to Exemption 7(C). See Pl.’s Opp’n at 25; Surreply at 17–19; Opp’n Ex. B at Bates

Nos. 297–98. However, those block redactions are also made pursuant to Exemption 7(D), see

Opp’n Ex. B at Bates Nos. 297–98; Seidel Decl. ¶¶ 75–77, and as noted above, it renders the entire

“block” exempt, thus making any segregation of the material impossible.

The plaintiff’s remaining arguments are similarly not cognizable. He focuses inordinately

on the FBI’s assertion that third-party victims may be forced “to relive traumatic events” if their

identities were released. See Surreply at 19–23; Pl.’s Opp’n at 6–7, 34–42; Seidel Decl. ¶ 64. In

doing so, the plaintiff again insists, without basis, that the descriptions of the shooters were

redacted under Exemption 7(C), and argues that release of the that information should not cause a

victim trauma––even though the FBI never made such a contention. See Surreply at 19–23; Pl.’s

25 Opp’n at 6–7, 34–42. As an example, he discusses a victim (also a confidential source), who

provided information regarding one of the perpetrator’s behaviors immediately before and after

the shooting. See Surreply at 18; Pl.’s Opp’n at 24–25; Opp’n Ex. B at Bates Nos. 297–98. He

argues that because this information does not describe the shooting itself, it should not cause the

victim trauma, and therefore, should be released. See Surreply at 18; Pl.’s Opp’n at 24–25.

But the descriptions of the perpetrators, provided by this individual and others were, in

fact, largely redacted pursuant to Exemption 7(D), not Exemption 7(C). See Opp’n Ex. B at Bates

Nos. 297–98; Seidel Decl. ¶¶ 75–77. However, even if they were redacted under Exemption 7(C),

the plaintiff cites to no authority to support his speculative argument. Thus, it is completely unclear

why proximate details regarding the event, whether antecedent or subsequent, would somehow be

immune from causing a victim trauma.

Moreover, trauma is not the only basis for preventing an unwarranted invasion of a victim’s

personal privacy. For instance, as noted by the FBI, the “witnesses’ and victims’ recounting of

these events was provided for use by law enforcement in an official investigation, and not for

public consumption. Releasing these individuals’ identities in the context of these investigative

records would cause unsolicited and unnecessary attention to be focused on these individuals and

their families.” Seidel Decl. ¶ 64. Victims are fundamentally entitled to protection of their

“cognizable privacy interest” for many reasons, see Accurso, 2021 WL 411152, at *5 (citing

Schrecker, 349 F.3d at 661) (quotation omitted), and that reason need not be profoundly traumatic;

indeed, it can be as simple as seeking to prevent their mere association with the criminal event, see

id. (citing Dunkelberger v. Dep't of Justice, 906 F.2d 779, 781 (D.C. Cir. 1990) (“Exemption 7(C)

takes particular note of the strong interest of individuals . . . in not being associated unwarrantedly

with alleged criminal activity.”) (citation and internal quotation marks omitted)); see also Nishnic

26 v. Dep’t of Justice, 671 F. Supp. 776, 789–90 (D.D.C. 1987) (collecting cases and holding that

Exemption 7(C) “contemplates ‘invasions’ of widely varied types[,]” including potential

embarrassment, reputational harm, annoyance, harassment, discomfort, or stigma).

Finally, and as noted earlier, see § III (C) at 24, the D.C Circuit instructs “categorically

that[,] unless access to” personal identifiers “of private individuals appearing in files within the

ambit of Exemption 7(C) is necessary in order to confirm or refute compelling evidence that the

agency is engaged in illegal activity, such information is exempt from disclosure[,]” SafeCard

Srvs., Inc. v. SEC, 926 F.2d 1197, 1206 (D.C. Cir. 1991). The plaintiff has not advanced or

presented any public interest with respect to the information sought––let alone anything to suggest

the FBI’s engagement in illegal activity. In fact, in his Surreply, he does not challenge the FBI’s

position that he has ostensibly failed to demonstrate a public interest. See Surreply at 19. He

instead argues that he is under no such obligation because Exemption 7(C) was improperly applied

to the descriptions of the shooters, a topic that, if released, would be non-traumatic to the reporting

witnesses, and would make any privacy intrusion de minimis. See Surreply at 19–23; see also Pl.’s

Opp’n at 6–7, 34–42. But once again, these descriptions were redacted, in large part, pursuant to

Exemption 7(D), not Exemption 7(C). See VI at 1–10; Opp’n Ex. B; Seidel Decl. ¶¶ 75–77. And

to the extent the plaintiff actually challenges the FBI’s redactions of the victim’s personal

identifying information withheld under Exemption 7(C), and even if that redacted information also

included descriptions of the perpetrators or the incident itself, the FBI has justified those

withholdings. See Lesar, 636 F. 2d at 487; see also Steinberg v. Dep’t of Justice, 179 F.R.D. 357,

364 (D.D.C. 1998) (entering summary judgment on behalf of the government as to its redactions

within “certain documents that describe the contents of an informant's interview with the

government,” under Exemption 7(C) because “[i]t is understandable how the public disclosure of

27 highly confidential details about terrorist activities might be traced to particular individuals.”),

aff’d, No. 98-5465, 1999 WL 1215779 (D.C. Cir. Nov. 5, 1999). Seidel’s Declaration is specific

as to what information is being withheld and why the privacy interests outweigh any public

interest; its representations are neither conclusory nor vague, nor is there any evidence of bad faith,

and the plaintiff has presented no evidence to the contrary. See id.; see also Seidel Decl. ¶¶ 53–

69.

For all of these reasons, the Court concludes that the FBI’s withholdings were proper under

Exemption 7(C), and that it released all segregable information as it relates to this Exemption.

D. 5 U.S.C. § 552(b)(7)(D) (“Exemption 7(D)”)

As discussed above, the FBI also relies on Exemption 7(D) for some of its withholdings.

See Seidel Decl. ¶¶ 72–77; VI at 1–10 (withholding in part Bates Nos. 1–11, 16–68, 71–148, 152–

182, 184–374, 379–82, 386–99, 401–11). Exemption 7(D) protects “records or information

compiled by criminal law enforcement authorities in the course of criminal investigations if their

release could reasonably be expected to disclose the identity of, as well as information provided

by, a confidential source.” Comp. Prof'ls, 72 F.3d at 905; see 5 U.S.C. § 552(b)(7)(D).

Here, the FBI withheld the names, identifying personal data, and the investigative

information provided by sources who received implied assurances of confidentiality from the

agency. See Seidel Decl. ¶¶ 75–77. Indeed, “[a] source is confidential within the meaning of

[E]xemption 7(D) if the source provided information under an express assurance of confidentiality

or in circumstances from which such an assurance could be reasonably inferred.” Williams v. FBI,

69 F.3d 1155, 1159 (D.C. Cir. 1995) (quotation omitted) (emphasis added). There is no general

“presumption that a source is confidential within the meaning of Exemption 7(D) whenever the

source provides information [to a law enforcement agency] in the course of a criminal

28 investigation.” DOJ v. Landano, 508 U.S. 165, 181 (1993). Rather, a source’s confidentiality

must be determined on a case-by-case basis. Id. at 179–80. “[T]he focus should always be on

whether the source of the information spoke with the understanding of confidentiality, not whether

the document is generally thought to be confidential.” Brown v. FBI, 873 F. Supp. 2d. 388, 406

(D.D.C. 2012) (citing Landano, 508 U.S. at 172).

The FBI protected these sources, who were under the impression that their communications

were confidential, due to the “critical information [that they conveyed] regarding the San

Bernardino shooting. These individuals provided specific, detailed information that is singular in

nature––i.e., only a few individuals would be privy to such information[,]” including “locations in

or near the building where the shooting occurred and their specific actions during the shooting.”

Seidel Decl. ¶ 76. Furthermore, many of these sources “were coworkers of one of the investigative

subjects and some sources interacted with this coworker the day of the shooting.” Id. ¶¶ 75–76.

Seidel also explains that the “highly violent nature of the mass shooting described in the records

at issue attests to the fact that anyone cooperating with a law enforcement investigation concerning

this terrorist attack would want and expect confidentiality[,]” and “[a]lthough the suspected

shooters are deceased, like­minded individuals or others sympathetic to the San Bernardino

suspects could seek to deter a source's cooperation with law enforcement through reprisal[,]” or to

seek retribution against the source and their family, by engaging in acts of harassment, defamation,

threats, or violent acts, including murder. Id. ¶ 76. Put differently, the information they provided

is “singular in nature,” and just like their names and contact information, such disclosure could

easily expose like their identities. See id. ¶¶ 73, 76.

Finally, the FBI maintains that it “would forever eliminate that source as a future means of

obtaining information[,]” and exposure would create a “chilling effect on the activities and

29 cooperation of other sources[,]” thus undermining “the FBI's most important means of collecting

information and could thereby severely hamper law enforcement efforts to detect and apprehend

individuals engaged in the violation of federal criminal laws.” Id. ¶ 74.

Given these detailed sworn representations, the Court is satisfied that the sources received

implied confidentiality, and that Exemption 7(D) was properly invoked. The Court takes into

account all of the extant circumstances in assessing whether these sources plausibly received

implied assurances, see Roth, 642 F.3d at 1184, including “the nature of the crime and the source's

relation to it[,]” Landano, 508 U.S. at 179, and finds it noteworthy that courts in this Circuit have

consistently recognized the violence and risk of retaliation attendant to “disclosure of the identities

of or information provided by confidential sources . . . in circumstances where the subject of the

investigation is known to have committed serious or violent offenses and where the sources are at

risk of retaliation, harassment or bodily harm.” Holt v. Dep’t of Justice, 734 F. Supp. 2d 28, 46

(D.D.C. 2010) (affirming the protection of source information arising from a murder investigation,

due to implied confidentiality under Exemption 7(D)) (citations omitted); see Williams, 69 F.3d at

1159–60 (concluding that sources who spoke to the FBI regarding a nationalist organization

“suspected . . . of committing . . . rebellion or insurrection, seditious conspiracy, and advocating

the overthrow of the government,” and which demonstrated its “willingness to use violence against

its enemies,” did so under an implicit assurance of confidentiality); Pinson v. Dep’t of Justice, 177

F. Supp. 3d 56, 89 (D.D.C. 2016) (affirming withholding of information regarding sources with

implied confidentiality under Exemption 7(D) where plaintiff sought records regarding the law

enforcement investigation of a “shooting death”).

Indeed, and as here, singular information provided to assist “[i]nvestigations into domestic

terrorism have been recognized as a sort of criminal investigation where an implicit grant of

30 confidentiality will be found.” Jud. Watch, Inc. v. Reno, No. 00-cv-0723, 2001 WL 1902811, at

*9 (D.D.C. Mar. 30, 2001) (citing Blanton v. Dep't of Justice, 63 F. Supp. 2d 35, 48–49 (D.D.C.

1999) (finding implied confidentiality for sources assisting in an investigation into a bombing));

see Shaw v. Dep’t of Justice, 559 F. Supp. 1053, 1064 (D.D.C. 1983) (finding implied

confidentiality under Exemption 7(D) as to sources who provided information regarding a terrorist

plot); Shapiro, 2020 WL 3615511, at *44 (entering summary judgment as to ATF’s withholdings

under Exemption 7(D) because the “crime at issue involve[d] domestic terrorism and the use of

explosives[,]” which are “certainly serious or violent crimes that weigh in favor of a finding of

[implied] confidentiality[,]” and because the sources provided “singular information” during the

investigation) (internal citations and quotation marks omitted); Owens v. Dep't of Justice, No. 04-

cv-1701, 2007 WL 778980, at *11 (D.D.C. Mar. 9, 2007) (identifying investigations of terrorist

attacks as a circumstance that warrants an inference of implied source confidentiality under

Exemption 7(D)).

In response, the plaintiff argues that the confidential sources’ descriptions of the shooters,

where redacted under Exemption 7(D), should be released because that particular information

cannot be used to identify the confidential sources. See Pl.’s Opp’n at 8; Surreply at 13–16. He

speculates that the information that the FBI already released to him put these sources at greater

risk than revealing the descriptions of the shooters, which he claims has “no rational link” to the

sources’ identities. See Pl.’s Opp’n at 8–11; Surreply at 13, 15–16. However, “the availability of

Exemption 7(D) depends not upon the factual contents of the document sought, but upon whether

the source was confidential and the information was compiled during a criminal investigation.”

Weisberg v. Dep’t of Justice, 745 F.2d 1476, 1492 (D.C. Cir. 1984) (citing Lesar, 636 F.2d at 492);

Blanton, 63 F. Supp. 2d at 48 (“[T]he relevant inquiry is ‘not whether the requested document is

31 of the type that the agency usually treats as confidential, but whether the particular source spoke

with an understanding that the communication would remain confidential.’”) (quoting Landano,

508 U.S. at 172) (emphasis in original); Parker v. Dep't of Justice, 934 F.2d 375, 380 (D.C. Cir.

1991) (holding that “once the agency receives information from a confidential source during the

course of a legitimate criminal investigation . . . [,] all such information obtained from the

confidential source receives protection”) (citing Lesar, 636 F.2d at 492 & n.114). Here, there is

no question––nor is there any dispute from the plaintiff––that the FBI’s sources were confidential,

and that the information was compiled during a criminal investigation. See, e.g., Seidel Decl. ¶¶

73–77. Consequently, the content at issue, namely, the descriptions of the shooters, is irrelevant

to the analysis of the propriety of the withholdings under Exemption 7(D).

The plaintiff also argues that the sources’ descriptions of the shooters should be released

because the incident was “a widely known event at a widely known time and place, publicized by

the national news, and acknowledged by the general public.” Pl.’s Opp’n at 9. But, assuming the

plaintiff’s representations to be true, it is of no consequence. “[E]ven assuming, arguendo, that

some of the withheld information has appeared in the press, the nondisclosure is proper because a

disclosure from an official source of information previously released by an unofficial source would

confirm the unofficial information and therefore cause harm to third parties.” Fisher v. Dep’t of

Justice, 772 F. Supp. 7, 12–13 (D.D.C. 1991), aff’d, 968 F.2d 92 (D.C. Cir. 1992).

The plaintiff also relies on the purported public interest in disclosure of this information,

see Pl.’s Opp’n at 10–11, and cites to Dep’t of State v. Ray, 502 U.S. 164 (1991), see Opp’n at 9–

11. But the plaintiff’s reliance on that case is misplaced because, in Ray, the Supreme Court found

unanimously that personal information concerning refugees returned to Haiti was indeed properly

withheld from release. See Ray, 502 U.S. at 179. Moreover, even if the holding in Ray somehow

32 worked to the plaintiff’s advantage, that case is inapposite to the circumstances in this matter. In

Ray, the redacted information came from voluntary interviewees, not government sources, and the

redactions were made pursuant to Exemption 6, not Exemption 7(D), see id. at 170–71, which

require different standards of analysis. Indeed, the plaintiff’s “appeal to a public interest in

disclosure is unavailing as a matter of law[,]” Jud. Watch, 2001 WL 1902811, at *9, because

Exemption 7(D) does not require any balancing of the public interest, see id. (citing Dow Jones &

Co. v. Dep't of Justice, 917 F.2d 571, 575–76 (D.C. Cir. 1990)). Consequently, the Court finds

the plaintiff’s arguments unavailing.

For all of these reasons, the Court finds that the FBI’s reliance on Exemption 7(D) is proper

and finds no defect in the FBI’s segregability analysis arising therefrom.

E. 5 U.S.C. §§ 552(b)(7)(E) (“Exemption 7(E)”)

Finally, the FBI invokes Exemption 7(E), see Seidel Decl. ¶¶ 78–88, which protects from

disclosure law enforcement records, “to the extent that the production of such law enforcement

records or information . . . would disclose techniques and procedures for law enforcement

investigations or prosecutions, or would disclose guidelines for law enforcement investigations or

prosecutions if such disclosure could reasonably be expected to risk circumvention of the law[,]”

5 U.S.C. § 552(b)(7)(E). The plaintiff does not express opposition to the FBI’s use of Exemption

7(E).

Under this Exemption, this Circuit has “set a relatively low bar for the agency,” requiring

it only to “demonstrate logically how the release of the requested information might create a risk

of circumvention of the law.” Blackwell, 646 F.3d at 42. Any information that “could increase the

risks that a law will be violated” is protected from disclosure. Mayer Brown LLP v. IRS, 562 F.3d

1190, 1193 (D.C. Cir. 2009); see Fisher, 772 F. Supp. at 12 (upholding the FBI's decision to

33 withhold information about law enforcement techniques where disclosure would impair

effectiveness and, within the context of the documents, could alert subjects of investigations “about

techniques used to aid the FBI”). Here, the FBI easily meets this low bar.

The FBI withheld four categories of information under Exemption 7(E), see Seidel Decl.

¶¶ 80–88, all of which the Court finds to be proper. First, it withheld “sensitive file numbers[,]”

Seidel Decl. ¶¶ 80–83; VI at 1–10 (withholding in part Bates Nos. 1–42, 46, 49, 53, 57, 60, 64, 66,

69–115, 119, 123–48, 152–82, 184–286, 288–364, 368, 372, 376, 379, 383, 386, 390, 395, 399–

411), which consist of (1) classification numbers, (2) two-letter internal office codes, and (3)

numbers assigned to the underlying “investigative initiatives[,]” Seidel Decl. ¶¶ 80–82. Seidel

explains that releasing these confidential identifiers would reveal “the investigative interest or

priority given to such matters.” Id. ¶ 80.

More specifically, he indicates that public knowledge of the classification numbers in the

context of the Inland investigation would expose “key non-public information about the FBI's

investigative strategies and gathered evidence . . . [, and] information about non-public

investigative techniques and procedures[,]” thus providing “criminals and foreign adversaries the

ability to discern the types of highly sensitive investigative strategies the FBI is pursuing whenever

such file classification numbers are present within these and other sensitive FBI investigative

records.” Id. He also indicates that exposing the office codes

would reveal critical information about where and how the FBI detected particular criminal behaviors or national security threats, and reveal key pieces about the FBI's non-public investigations or intelligence and evidence gathering sources and methods . . . [,][and] risk disclosing unknown FBI investigations or intelligence gathering initiatives, by revealing interests in varying areas of FBI investigative responsibility[,] [and its] failure to detect certain types of criminal behavior.

34 Id. ¶ 81. He further represents that, in doing so, criminals or would-be criminals in cities without

associated originating office codes could “assume the FBI failed to locate any evidence of their

wrongdoing, emboldening them to continue their activities, undeterred.” Id. And Seidel further

represents that revealing the investigation numbers “would provide criminals and foreign

adversaries with a tracking mechanism by which they can place particular investigations within

the context of larger FBI investigative efforts,” because a wrongdoer could discern “how FBI

investigations may be interrelated and when, why, and how the FBI pursued different investigative

strategies[,]” which would allow them to see how “FBI allocates its limited investigative resources,

how the FBI responds to different investigative circumstances, what the FBI knows[,] including

when and how they obtained the knowledge, and if there are knowledge gaps in the FBI's gathered

intelligence.” Id. ¶ 82.

Given this detailed information, the FBI “demonstrate[s] logically how the release of the

requested information might create a risk of circumvention of the law,” Blackwell, 646 F.3d at 42

(internal quotation marks omitted), and it identifies the harms attendant to the disclosure of these

file numbers. Therefore, the Court finds that these redactions are appropriate under Exemption

7(E). See Poitras v. Dep’t of Homeland Security, 303 F. Supp. 3d 136, 159 (D.D.C. 2018)

(affirming the defendant’s withholding of sensitive file numbers under Exemption 7(E)).

Second, the FBI also protected an official “direct line” “non-public telephone number of

an FBI employee.” Seidel Decl. ¶ 84; VI at 10 (withholding in part Bates No. 409). Seidel attests

that such release would put the agency at risk for an attack on its secure communications by way

of “spoofing,” and other acts of fraud, “to elicit sensitive information[.]” Seidel Decl. ¶ 84. He

asserts that this disclosure could cause “substantial risks to the FBl's ability to carry out its mission

effectively, could potentially decrease the FBI's effectiveness by devaluing public trust, and could

35 enable criminals to circumvent the law.” Id. Considering the nature of the documents in which

the telephone number was contained, together with Seidel’s specific representations regarding this

redaction, the Court is satisfied that the FBI has demonstrated that this phone number could be

used in furtherance of potential fraudulent acts, and could lead to disruption of the FBI’s activities,

or to the harassment and intimidation of its officials. See Shapiro v. Dep’t of Justice, 78 F. Supp.

3d 508, 520 (D.D.C. 2015) (affirming the FBI’s redaction of an internal phone number under

Exemption 7(E)).

Third, the FBI withheld “database identifiers” under Exemption 7(E). Seidel Decl. ¶¶ 85–

87; VI at 8 (withholding in part Bates Nos. 333–34). These identifiers correspond to “the identity

of and query data from a sensitive non-public investigative database used for official law

enforcement purposes by the FBI[,]” and Seidel identifies multiple ways in which disclosure of

such information would aid criminals in acquiring “insight into the available tools and resources

the FBI uses to conduct criminal and national security investigations[,]” and endanger the FBI's

investigative function and effectiveness by, for example, “revealing exactly where the FBI is

storing and obtaining valuable investigative data[,]” and rendering the FBI vulnerable to

cyberattack. See id. ¶¶ 85–86. Furthermore, release of the identifiers would “allow criminals who

gain access to FBI systems insight into where they can go to discover what the FBI knows, how it

gathered the information, and possible information regarding the FBI's investigative strategies[,]”

and provide an “opportunity to corrupt or destroy information stored within these databases.” Id.

The FBI has thus met its low burden to show that this information was properly redacted under

Exemption 7(E). See Kendrick v. FBI, No. 20-cv-2900, 2022 WL 4534627, at *8 (upholding the

FBI’s withholding of database-related information under Exemption 7(E)) (citing Shapiro v. Dep’t

of Justice, 393 F. Supp. 3d 111, 122 (D.D.C. 2019) (noting that courts “generally have affirmed

36 the withholding of information related to databases––metadata, codes, and structures––under

Exemption 7(E) for risk of cyber-attack or data breach.”) (collecting cases)).

Fourth, the FBI “protected the methods the FBI uses to collect and analyze information it

obtains for investigative purposes.” Seidel Decl. ¶ 88; VI at 2–3, 9 (redacting in part Bates Nos.

46, 49, 53, 57, 60, 64, 66, 115, 119, 364, 368, 372, 376, 379, 383, 386, 390, and 395). The Court

agrees that the FBI properly withheld this information, as it relates to its investigative efforts of

subjects of interest and their engagement in criminal activity. See Seidel Decl. ¶ 88. The FBI

represents that releasing such information would, inter alia, “enable criminals to educate

themselves about the techniques employed for the collection and analysis of information and

therefore allow these individuals to take countermeasures to circumvent the effectiveness of these

techniques and to continue to violate the law and engage in intelligence, terrorist, and criminal

activities.” Id. Thus, these withholdings were also proper under Exemption 7(E). See Kendrick,

2022 WL 4534627, at *9 (holding same) (citing Shapiro v. Dep’t of Justice, 893 F.3d 796, 800

(D.C. Cir. 2018) (holding same)).

IV. In Camera Review

The plaintiff requests that the court conduct in camera review to determine the propriety

of the redactions of the descriptions of the perpetrators, made under Exemption 6 and 7(C), and

Exemption 7(D), specifically as it relates to their segregability. See Pl.’s Opp’n at 32–33; Surreply

at 23–24. The FOIA authorizes the Court, at its discretion, to examine the contents of agency

documents in camera. See 5 U.S.C. § 552 (a)(4)(B). “In camera inspection may be appropriate in

two circumstances: when agency affidavits are insufficiently detailed to permit meaningful review

of exemption claims, and when evidence of agency bad faith is before the court.” Lam Lek Chong

v. DEA, 929 F.2d 729, 735 (D.C. Cir. 1991). Neither situation is presented here. The FBI has

37 adequately described the segregability analysis it conducted, see Seidel Decl. ¶¶ 90–92, in

combination with its Vaughn Index, and has provided sufficient justification for its redactions and

withholdings under the exemptions it invoked. Moreover, there are no allegations or evidence in

the record to suggest bad faith by the FBI. Consequently, the request for in camera review is

denied. See Pinson, 177 F. Supp. 3d at 90.

CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, the FBI’s Motion for Summary Judgment is granted. An Order

consistent with this Memorandum Opinion will be issued contemporaneously.

Date: August 18, 2023 _________/s/______________ REGGIE B. WALTON Senior United States District Judge