Boyd, C. J.,
delivered the opinion of the Court.
The appellee recovered a judgment against the three appellants, individually, for feed for livestock furnished them while they were acting as trustees for The Slack and Slack Company. That company had contracted with the City of Baltimore to build some sewers, and, having become financially embarrassed, made a deed of trust to Albert J. Boyle, one of the appellants, for the benefit of its creditors. A few days afterwards a meeting' of the creditors was held, and Messrs. Kelly and Vervalen, with the consent of Mr. Boyle, were selected as co-trustees, subject to the approval of the Court having jurisdiction of the trust. An agreement dated ‘the 12th of November, 1915, was entered into between the
creditors and Mr. Boyle and, although not very clearly-shown, we understand that all of the creditors signed it. Theappellee was one of the number, but as hereinafter mentioned he testified that he did not read the agreement and that its-terms were misrepresented. It recited tbat it had been agreed that Messrs. Kelly and Vervalen should be appointed co-trustees ; that part of the assets of the company consisted of two unfinished contracts with the Mayor and City Council of Baltimore, one of which being approximately 98 per cent., and the other approximately 25 per cent, completed; that three bonding companies were jointly responsible to the city for the completion of the contracts and had the right to take possession of the assets of The Slack and Slack Company, pertaining to the contracts, and to complete the work, and threatened to so enforce their rights; that it had been agreed, subject to the approval of the creditors and of Circuit Court No. 2 of Baltimore City, that if the appellants would give-their individual bond to said companies to protect them and! save them harmless, the bonding companies would accept it and waive their right to complete the work, provided no creditors of The Slack and Slack Company instituted bankruptcy proceedings against it, and that the bonding companies be reimbursed in full for their claims against that company for premiums due on the bonds furnished by them to the city,, and’for their Workmen’s Compensation bond; that it was reported to the creditors that if the bonding companies proceeded with the work the creditors would lose approximately $20,000 in the way of profits lost by reason of the failure on the part of the trustees.to complete the work, “whereas, if the trustees aforementioned are allowed to proceed with the-work in accordance with the above mentioned arrangement, whatever profits might accrue by the doing of the balance of the work would be applicable to the payment of .the claims of creditors of The Slack and Slack Company.” It was also agreed that the signing creditors did thereby signify their acceptance of the terms mentioned, to the intent that upon
the giving of the bond referred to, “the said Albert J. Boyle, Samuel A. Yervalen and John J. Kelly, trustees shall be authorized to proceed with the administration of the trust created by the said deed of trust, and to finally settle and close all matters appertaining to the administration of the said The Slack and Slack Company, a body corporate.” They further agreed not to petition, individually or jointly, to have The Slack and Slack Company adjudicated a bankrupt, and that the trustees were only to be allowed $3,000 commissions' — $2,000 to Boyle, $1,000 to be divided between the other two-, and $1,000 to be allowed as counsel fees to the attorneys for the trustees.
Over forty companies, firms and individuals signed the agreement (eighteen of them after the plaintiff), the bond was given by the appellants and they were authorized by the Court to proceed with the work. They finished the contracts and were paid by the city the balances due, but it turned out that there were creditors who had prior claims, which the record shows were allowed by the Court, resulting in the trustees not having funds sufficient to pay in full the claims they contracted in finishing the work, after paying those allowed as priorities. The suit by the appellee was for a balance of $915.28, with interest, alleged to be due him for feed furnished the trustees for horses or mules held by them. The plaintiff was a creditor of the company for four or five thousand dollars (apparently exclusive of a claim for $2,000 secured by a bill of sale on horses and mules of the company), and the three companies represented by the appellants were also creditors to considerable amounts. It was understood that in completing the contracts the trustees should buy from the creditors of The Slack and Slack Company, which they did, and the companies represented by the appellants, as well as others, furnished materials, and there is still money due those companies for1 what they furnished the trustees, besides about $1,200.00 advanced by the appel
lants themselves. Mr. Boyle testified that they finished the work and collected the money that was retained on the contracts, that “from time to time the Court passed orders for us to pay those preferred claims out of our money for hills that were contracted by The Slack and Slack Company before they appointed the trustees. Had that money not been paid preferred creditors, we would have been able to pay every cent that the trustees contracted for plus about fifteen thousand dollars on the original creditors’ indebtedness.” This is also in his testimony: “Did you or did you not know that those preferred claims were in existence? A. No, sir, lots of them I did not. Q. When did you find out? A. Not ■until the orders were passed; just about the time the work was completed, taking that money away from us, I did not know that the assignment and bills of sale existed.” He was the original trustee and was the practical man in charge, but he said that there was no record of the preferred claims in The Slack and Slack Company’s affairs.
It is admitted that there was no express agreement on the part of the appellee to look to the estate for what he sold the appellants beyond what may be inferred from the agreement of creditors referred to above, and he claims that his intention was to hold them individually for the amount of their purchases.' The appellants, on the other hand, r/mtend that the circumstances show that it was the intention • the •appellee not to hold them personally responsible. Before considering the main question, it may be well to refer to the appellee’s contention that he did not read the agreement of the creditors, which he signed and which he claims, that Mr. Fodlick, the attorney for the trustees, and Mr. Slade, who was with him, told him that it was “simply to keep the old Slade and Slack Company from being thrown into a receivership” —meaning bankruptcy, as his subsequent evidence shows. Mr. Fodlick testified that he saw Mr. Eider twice about signing the agreement. At the first time he said he told him of the contents of the paper, what the creditors had agreed to
and passed it over to him and he read it; that he refused to sign it the first time, saying that he wanted to think the matter over, that his claim was a large one. He went again the next day but Mr. Rider was not in and the following day he signed it. The appellee testified in reply that he could not swear how many times Mr. Podlick called at his office, butilo only remembered one. Mr. Podlick could have had no possible reason for attempting to deceive Mr. Rider. ' The trustees had not then begun the work. The agreement, outside of the signatures, occupies, nearly two pages and a half' of the printed record, and we cannot understand how Mr. Rider could have thought that it was. only intended to prevent the creditors from throwing The Slack and Slack Company into bankruptcy. It was hoped by the creditors that' the plan proposed would result in not only paying expenses which the trustees incurred in finishing the work, but in paying part of the claims of the general creditors. The agreement- does refer to bankruptcy proceedings and even if .Mr. Rider misunderstood it and thought that was all it included, he was bound to know what he was signing. Even if he was misled by what was told him, he was grossly negligent in signing the agreement without reading it, and there is nothing in the record which excuses his negligence. But beyond that, there is not a particle of evidence to show that the trustees,
or the other creditors,
knew that he had been misled into signing the agreement. On the contrary, he commenced at once to sell the trustees., who were proceeding under that agreement and the order of Court passed in pursuance of it. As we have said in a number of cases, people cannot be thus negligent, and as. the result of their own carelessness sign, papers and then asks a Court, to excuse them for their negligence, especially if their action misled others. Even illiterate people cannot ordinarily so act, and receive tho aid of the Court, and the appellee is a business, man of experience.
Wilson
v.
Pritchett,
99 Md. 583, 593;
Smith
v.
Humphreys,
104 Md. 285, 290;
Paper Bag Co.
v.
Carr,
116 Md. 541,
551, and other decisions show the position, this Court has taken on that subject.
- 'Another ground the appellee relies on to avoid the effect of' the agreement is, that after he signed it, the National Marine Bank signed it upon an express stipulation that it was not to interfere with its claim of priority under assignments covering all the money due, or to become due by the city to The Slack and Slack Company. But he testified that he “knew there was not a large amount of money to- be saved,” that “Mr. Slack had endorsed all these balances due by the city on retainers, they had all gone to the National Marine Bank, because Slack told mo the National Marine Bank held them all, there was no money there. That is the great proposition they were going to get some money out of.” Yet he claims that he was so imposed on by the special agreement of the bank that it relieves him of any binding effect. If he knew it, as he swore several times he did, how could he have been injured by the special stipulation with the bank? In addition to that, he was himself a. preferred creditor— had a bill of sale on some of the live stock, for which he furnished feed to the trustees, and was allowed priority for it, but he signed the agreement without making any note as to his priority, or telling the trustees- or other creditors of it. Then he was asked: “Didn’t you know perfectly well that they (the trustees) were completing .contracts which Slack
&
Slack had in partial performance a.t the time that the failure occurred, and that there wasi a lot of withheld amounts which they were to get and would get payments- of as this work progressed, and that they were completing these contracts with the idea of securing money to help- pay the creditors ?” And he answered: “I did, yes.” So there is nothing in those contentions-, and we must treat the agreement of creditors as- his, asi well as of the others who signed it, and give- it such effect as it is entitled to.
The general principles are thoroughly established in this State as to- the- personal liability of trustees on contracts
made by them, but like most subjects, the question generally is as to the application of principles, of law to the facts, of each particular case. The ease of
Gill et al.
v.
Carmine,
55 Md. 339, is not only a loading one in this; State, but some of the facts are similar to those in this, ease, although different in some important respects,. Michael Roche, a builder, made a deed of trust to Grill and others of his, property for the benefit of his creditors. There were some, unfinished houses, the completion of which Roche said in his deed would greatly increase his assets. Upon the, petition of the appellants as trustees, and at the instance of the creditors of Roche, the Circuit Court passed an, order authorizing the trustee before, making sale to complete seventeen, unfinished bouses, (including those upon which the appellee did the work and for which he furnished the materials sued for), and to pay for the same out of such amounts as might be received from, the trust estate. But as shown by the report of that case the appellee looked to the, appellants alone, for the payment of his account, and
so told them before he finished the work.
Judge Advey,
after saying that “the law is perfectly well settled, that the party holding the estate in trust, even with general powers of management, is bound personally by the contracta that he may make as trustee, though he designates himself as such,” and quoting from, 1
Parsons on Contracts
(4th Ed.) 102, referred at length, to, the case of
New
v.
Nicoll,
73 N. Y. 127, where it was held that, a trustee holding and managing a, trust estate*, who was, authorized to make an expenditure which was necessary for the protection, reparation or safety of the trust estate, but had no trust funds, and was not willing to make himself personally liable, could by express, agreement make the expenditure a, charge upon the trust estate, and have a lien upon it therefor, and could transfer such lien to another party who would agree, to make the necessary expenditure, upon the faith of the trust estate, lie then went on to say: “But, in the absence of such express agreement, or circumstances plainly indicating an in
tention on the part of the party doing" the work or making the expenditure, to exclude the personal liability of the trusr tee, and to rely exclusively upon the estate, or some other source for payment, the trustee, at whose request, the work was done or expenditure made, will be held personally liable. In such case, he must seek reimbursement from the trust estate.”
In
Glenn
v.
Allison,
Trustee, 58 Md. 527, there was a covenant by John Glenn, in a mortgage made by him as trustee of Margaret Armstrong, and he was sued personally on the covenant. The Court* through Judge Robinson, after fully recognizing the general rule as to the personal liability of a trustee, said: “Where' it plainly appears from the face of the instrument, that he did not mean to bind himself personally, courts will construe the covenant according to the plainly expressed intention of thei parties, and this too, in cases where the covenantor had no right to bind himself in a fiduciary character.” He said that if the question depended solely upon the covenant itself, there could be no doubt as to Glenn’s personal liability: “But when the covenant is read in connection with the recitals in the mortgage which refer to the deed of trust, by which he was authorized to borrow the money, and the order of the Court having jurisdiction over the trust property, and to. whom the trustee was answerable for its proper administration, it is dear that Glenn neither meant to make himself personally liable, nor was it so understood by the mortgagee *. We are of opinion, however, that
construing the mortgage according to the obvious meaning of the
parties, Glenn is not personally liable on the covenant.” The Court reversed the judgment without awardingi a new trial. In
Knipp
v. Bagby, 126 Md. 461, there was also a covenant in a mortgage made by a trustee. The Court held there that an, examination of the mortgage, the dealings between the parties by
letter
and otherwise show that the mortgagee never intended to rely solely upon the mortgaged property as the only security for the debt, or that the
cestui que
trust, and not the trustee personally, should
bo bound. A personal decree was entered against the appellant for a balance due after the foreclosure of the mortgage.
Those arei the principal cases in this State on the liability of trustees on contracts made by them. Before passing on the prayers it will be well to see what, if any, circumstances there wore that can' be said to clearly indicate an intention on the part of Rider to exclude the personal liability of the trustees and to rely exclusively upon the estate. In the first place, the agreement of the creditors,, while not in so many words stating that they were to look to the estate alone, and that the trustees were not to be held personally liable,
could nob mean anything else,
when interpreted in the light of the surrounding circumstances. The trustees were respectively officers of three corporations, which were creditors of the Slack & Slack Company. Boyle had already been named trustee in the deed of trust, and with his consent the other two were made co-trustees with him and the three were clearly understood to be the representatives of the creditors, subject to the supervision of the Court. It was reported to the creditors at the meeting held on November 12, 1915, that there were profits in sight, amounting approximately to $20,000, which others, would make if the bonding companies prosecuted the work through subcontractors, whereas if the trustees proceeded with the work under that agreement, “whatever profits might, accrue by the doing of the balance of the work would be applicable to the payment of the claims of creditors of The 'Slack & Slack Company.” It was, their agreed that upon the trustees giving the bond to the bonding companies, spoken of above, they’- “shall bo authorized to proceed with the administration of the trust created by the said deed of trust, and to finally settle and close all matters, appertaining to the administration of the s,a,id The Slack & Slack Company.” It was, bad faith, not, to use a stronger term, for any creditor entering into that agreement to sign it with a, reserved intention of holding the trustees, personally responsible, if such conditions should arise as, did actually arise — preferred claims having exhausted or depleted
the receipts of the trustees, so that they could not pay all of thei obligationsi incurred by them in carrying out the agrees ment of the creditors; — and not disclose such intention. The plaintiff was! one of the preferred creditors, and is now suing for feed purchased of him by the trustees, and it can be fairly inferred from what is in the record that at least part of it was used to feed the live stock on which he had a bill of sale, -and which went into possession of the trustees and wasi sold by them — the appellee being allowed in the audit the proceeds of sale, $2,000, as stated in the record.
Then he commenced at once to sell feed to the trustees, the entries on his books were, “Trustees of The Slack & Slack Company,” the statements sem by him showed the same debtors and the checks he received for payments were signed in the same way. The names of the trustees did not appear on the books, or statements sent by the appellee. The articles in his account were furnished by him in February, March and April, 1916, and on May 2, 1916, he wrote a letter addressed to “Trustees of Slack & Slack Co.,” asking for a check to cover balance in full, if possible, and insisting upon settlement of the overdue balance of $672.76 immediately. On May 15th he wrote another1 letter, addressed the same way, and again asking for balance. On May 16th the “Trustees for Slack and Slack” wrote to him, “Yours of 15th at hand, and we regret that at the present time we haven’t sufficient funds to meet this bill, but after1 our next estimate, will be in a position to settle it.” On May 18th he acknowledged receipt of their letter of the 16th, “and note where you are unable at the present time to settle your account with me, also note where you will settle; after your next estimate. Kindly advise me the date of the estimate, and how long after this date you will make settlement.” He knew perfectly well that they were referring to the estimate from the city for the work they were doing for the creditors, although he gave evasive answers about them, but he did not bring this suit until December I, 1918. Then for the first time the
names of the appellants appear, although he had been told by Mr. Boyle in 1916 that they had no. money with which to pay the bills. He made out his claim against the estate and filed it in the trust ease. That is, of course, not conclusive, it “was but a circumstance to be considered by the jury,” as said in Gill v.
Carmine,
but it was a stronger circumstance in this case than in that, when we take into consideration the agreement, the- facts above stated, and that the appellee called upon Mr. Boyle a number of times for money, but never
hinted
that he intended to hold him individually responsible,
or that he had sold the articles with such intention,
and, as we have seen, his books, his statements, his letters and his agreement showed the contrary. The appellants would have been foolish to have knowingly incurred such liability for the creditors of The Slack and Slack Company, whom they were representing, including the appellee^ and while it1 is true that they could have insisted upon an express agreement that they should not be personally liable1 for purchases honestly made in the progress of the work, it would not have occurred to many, if any, business men that there could be such liability, under the circumstances. If these trustees are to be held personally responsible, it will be difficult in the future to get responsible1 men to accept such positions., at the instance of creditors. There was nothing to be hoped for by The Slack and Slack Company, except to pay part of its- debts and, as we have already indicated, the creditors of that company were in effect the principals of the trustees, with the permission and sanction of the Court. It must- be borne in mind that under the pleadings, and under the facts (as notwithstanding repeated efforts to introduce matters which were clearly inadmissible, and were calculated to prejudice the appellants before the jury, the lower Court- ruled them out) there was no question of bad faith, or-even improper1 or negligent management or conduct of the business by the trustees properly before the jury, or in the record. If there
had been, under appropriate pleadings, other questions might have arisen.
The important question as presented to us is, therefore, whether the Court should have granted the defendants’ prayers seeking to take the case from the jury. It is not a case where the word “trustees,” or even “trustees of The Slack and Slack Company” have been added to the names of those who were such. That might be “merely descriptive of these persons,” as said in
Taylor
v.
Mayo,
Admr., 110 U. S. 330, and quoted in
Knipp
v.
Bagby.
Nor can it be correctly said that as these trustees contracted, unless they are bound no one is bound, for they have no principal, as was said in
Taylor
v.
Mayo.
They were acting
for
the
creditors,
and were authorized by them to do just what they did do’, and that was approved by the Court, and it was distinctly irnderstood by the creditors, including the appellee, that they were to finish the
contracts in expectation of realizing something for those creditors,
who were not merely looking to an insolvent estate1, but were trying through their appointees, the trustees, to1 save money for the estate, which would prevent it from being wholly insolvent. See a somewhat analogous case, as to whom credit was given,
Lumber Co.
v.
Israel
Congregation, 100 Md. 125, 127-128.
There is nothing to meet the overwhelmingly convincing evidence tending to relieve the defendants of personal liability, except the testimony of the appellee that he intended to hold them personally liable, an intention which was confessedly unexpressed and not even suggested, until he brought this suit, which was over two years and a half after the indebtedness was incurred, and after he knew he could expect but little, if any, more from the estate: The audits, orders of Court directing the trustees to pay the preferred claims, and the various proceedings taken by the appellee and others, are not fully set out in the record, and we have not the benefit of all information which copies of them might more fully give us, but as the appellee admittedly signed the agreement
of creditors and gave' no notice to the appellants, or to the other creditors, of any mistake, fraud or misleading statements inducing him to sign it, and not only permitted the appellants to proceed under it and the sanction of the Court, but actually helped them to do so> by selling to them materials required in their administration of the estate, he cannot now deny being a party to that agreement. That agreement, together with all he did and failed to do, which in fair dealing was his duty to do, cannot now be affected by a secret intention, any more than might have been, if he had signed a paper expressly relieving them of liability, and then at the trial sought to avoid its effect by something similar to what he says about this agreement, and his intention. He is estopped by his acts and conduct from now relying on such intention, confessedly known to himself
alone,
and contradicted by every movement he made and every stop he took. If he had told the appellants of such intention, slumbering in his own mind, when they were purchasing of him, as Carmine did in
Gill
v. Carmine, they would doubtless have stopped buying from him, specially after the Court was passing orders to pay prior claims. But he testified that even his bookkeeper did not know’ what was in his mind. That was said in an attempted explanation as to why he billed the goods as he did.
The only question wo have had any doubt about was whether the evidence of the appellee as to his intention required the Court to submit the case to the jury. -There are decisions in this State which hold that it is permissible to allow a, person to testify as to his intention in doing or not doing something involved in the trial.
Jarrell
v.
Young,
105 Md 280, makes some of the distinctions as to when such evidence is admissible, and when it is not. The question there was whether there had been such an actual acceptance of goods by a purchaser, with intent to take possession
as owner,
as complied with the statute of frauds, and hence lie was permitted to testify as to whothei he intended to receive and
accept them
as owner.
That was held to be admissible, and in considering the subject the Court said: “It might be that a purchaser might do some act which would be conclusive of his intention, as to the question whether there has been such an acceptance and receipt as complies with the requirements of the Statute of Frauds. The Oourt could then instruct the jury that if they found that the purchaser had done such acts, the statute was complied with, and the mere fact that the purchaser would swear he did not intend thereby to' become the owner of the goods would'not relieve him.” When there is no question about the facts (outside of what he said his intention was), and especially when they are admitted, as they were here, there could be no reason for submitting them to the jury. The Oourt cited some of our decisions to show what evidence was admissible and then referred to
Lineweaver
v. Slagle, 64 Md. 465, and
Ecker
v. McAllister, 45 Md. 290, as in a class of cases not in conflict with the general rule, where the evidence had been rejected. It quoted from
Lineweaver
v.
Slagle,
on page 490, that “Where the law imputes the intent from the acts done by a party, his testimony as to what his intention was in doing the act cannot be received in evidence.” In
Ecker
v.
McAllister,
on page 309, it was said: “The intent with which a grantor executes a deed must be gathered from the deed itself, and from his acts and the surrounding circumstances. When the probable consequence of an act is to give a preference, the debtor will be conclusively presumed to have intended to give such preference.
Bump on Bankruptcy,
404. Every person of sound mind is presumed to intend the necessary natural or legal consequences of his deliberate act. ‘This legal presumption may be either conclusive or disputable, depending upon the nature of the act and the character of the intention. And when, by law, the consequences must necessarily follow the act done, the presumption is ordinarily conclusive, and cannot be rebutted by any evidence of a want of such intention. * * * When the result, which necessarily and inevitably fol
lows tbo act, is to defeat the operation of the Bankrupt Act, the law conclusively presumes that the party intended to accomplish that result, and his denial of such intent is of no consequence.’ ” When the circumstances plainly and clearly indicate the intention on the part of one furnishing materials to exclude the personal liability of the trustee, and to rely exclusively upon the estate, the presumption that such was his intention must be held to be conclusive,
“and Ms denial of such intent is¡ of no
consequenceIt would encourage fraud to permit it to be done, and consequently, after a party has done enough, before and while the contract is being executed, to comply with what is necessary to relieve a trustee of personal liability, an undisclosed intention to hold him responsible, which he kept secret and hidden when it was his duty to make it known to the other party, cannot be asserted or given effect, so as to relieve him of the consequences of his acts and conduct, even if it be conceded that he had such concealed intention when he sold the materials. In view of that and what we have said above there was no legally sufficient evidence to entitle him to recover, and the trial Court should so have instructed the jury.
It follows that the defendant’s first prayer and Kelly’s prayer 1-A, Boyle’s prayer 1-B and Vervalen’s prayer 1-C should have been granted. It becomes unnecessary to dish cuss the other rulings, and the judgment must be reversed.
Judgment reversed, without awarding a new iriatj, the appellee to pop the costs.