Bond, C. J.,
delivered the opinion of the Court.
The plaintiff in this case, now appellee, brought 'an action of deceit against the appellant, a dealer in automobiles', alleging that the dealer’s agents induced him to> buy a used truck upon ,a false representation that it was of a 1920 model, whereas it. was later found to be of a 1911 model, and upon other representations of condition and quality, all of which were untrue, and known toi the agents to be so, with the
result that he received a truck much inferior to that which was described to him, 'and of less value. The contract is not repudiated; the plaintiff has retained the truck and sued for the difference in values. The record contains sixty-two exceptions to rulings during the trial, and it is necessary to -group them according to the questions raised.
- -One question, raised by many exceptions throughout the -ease, is as to the admissibility of evidence of oral representations in the face of a written contract or memorandum of ‘the transaction. The buyer, after several interviews with the agents of the seller, and after some inspection of the truck bv himself and other members of bis family, purchased a used ■Columbia truck and signed a form of contract upon the conclusion of the bargaining. The contract was a simple one, with it® terms set out clearly. It contained .a clause to the ■effect that all assertions and promises whatever* emanating from the seller’s side should be taken as expressions of belief ■or opinion only, and contained the words “no warranty” inserted in capital letters above a form of warranty clause which had been crossed out. It was signed by tire buyer and ■signed in the name of the seller by its agents. On the trial, ■the buyer testified that he could not read, and therefore ■signed the paper without knowledge of its contents. That fact does not detract from the effectiveness of the contract, however, as it is not suggested that any advantage was taken of his illiteracy, or, indeed, that the seller’s agents had any intimation of it. The members of the buyer’s family who were with him could read; and the whole purport of the testimony seems to be that the buyer did not concern himself with the contents of the paper which he was executing. Sb far as it goes, he must abide by the contract which be joined in executing, just as .any other man must.
Wilson v. Pritchett,
99 Md. 583, 593;
Spitze v. B. & O. R. R. Co.,
75 Md. 162;
Boyle v. Rider,
136 Md. 286, 291;
McGrath v. Peterson,
127 Md. 412, 417. And the appellant contends that, this being so, it was improper to admit evidence of oral representations in the preliminary negotiations leading up
to the making of-the written contract. The objection might be well taken, if this were a suit on the contract for breach of warranty
(Williston on Sales,
sec. 215;
Thomson v. Gortner,
73 Md. 474, 480), but in a suit on the ground of fraud and deceit, such an express exclusion of representations not set out in the writing, does not, .according to the weight of authority, prevent proof by parol, of representations which amounted to fraud, iand which induced the making of the contract. The view taken by 'the law is that giving effect to such a stipulation would be a furtherance of the objects and results of the fraud.
Stouffer v. Alford,
114 Md. 110, 119; 1
Williston on Sales,
sec. 215; 2
Williston on Contracts,
sec. 811;
Pearson v. Dublin
(1907), A. C. 351;
General Electric
C
o. v. O’Connell,
118 Minn. 53;
Tiffany v. Times Sq. Automobile Co.,
168 Mo. App.. 729;
Pratt v. Darling,
125 Wis. 93;
Bonewell v. Jacobson,
130 Iowa, 170. And this is true even though the representations are .alleged to have been made by an agent of the party sued.
Pearson v. Dublin, supra.
It follows that there was no. error in the admission here of parol evidence to prove false representations which might mount up to fraud.
There is, next, a question whether the evidence is., after it has been received, legally sufficient to prove .actionable fraud and deceit. The preliminary representations, alleged to have been made were; more particularly, that this truck was of a 19'20 model, used only twenty-eight days; and now as good as new; that it contained a Continental motor, that it had been sold to a Wandell Chocolate Company for $1,400, that it 'had been sitting in the seller’s garage since 1920, and that the seller would be losing money when selling at $1,300. The selling agents flatly deny that any such representations were made, and testify that the buyer and his family examined the truck and the engine, for themselves, that the facts were open to them, and that they were given information of the make of the engine by a special sign bnng on the truck .as well as the clear notice in the contract which the buyer .signed that he bought the truck as it was. But the
conflict of evidence, of course, does not come upi for consideration on .appeal. The representations were of fact
(Rittenhouse Co. v. Kissner,
129 Md. 102), or, at least, such expressions as, if falsely made, with the intention and effect of inducing the purchase, would give a right of action for deceit.
Cf.
2
Williston on Sales,
see. 628. The selling agents concede that the fact® are contrary to. some of the principal representations testified to, that the truck was, for instance, of a 1917 model, and did not have a Continental motor in it; and there is evidence sufficient for a jury that the facts were contrary to 'the other representations stated, and that the agents must have known, what the facte were. In addition to this, the buyer testified that he accepted everything told him without question, and without relying on his own inspection .and judgment at all. In thei argument, the appellant’s counsel contends that, in view of the fact that the truck was exposed to the buyer’s inspection, for thei exercise of his own judgment, and the notices given that -he must buy the truck as it was, 'he wasi not in law justified in relying on .any such representations .as he says were made to him, that he was in this transaction left to' make up his own independent judgment, and if he received what he did not intend to buy, it was a result of his. own folly or fault, and he cannot ask the law to relieve him from the consequence®.
Buschman v. Codd,
52 Md. 202, 208;
Lewis v. Clark,
86 Md. 327, 331;
Weaver v. Shriver,
79 Md. 530;
McAleer v. Horsey,
35 Md. 453;
Boulden v. Stilwell,
100 Md. 543, 549. The evidence showed that the buyer here had had some experience as an owner and user of a, truck, and that the truck was displayed for his inspection without restriction. On some of his visits to the salesrooms he remained an hour and' more. He testified, however, that his illiteracy rendered him unable to read marks or name® on the truck and its. engine, and that, having the 'statements of the selling; agents to depend upon, he did not undertake to determine any of the facts' for himself. He was not an expert in motor vehicle®; he' was a farmer.
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Bond, C. J.,
delivered the opinion of the Court.
The plaintiff in this case, now appellee, brought 'an action of deceit against the appellant, a dealer in automobiles', alleging that the dealer’s agents induced him to> buy a used truck upon ,a false representation that it was of a 1920 model, whereas it. was later found to be of a 1911 model, and upon other representations of condition and quality, all of which were untrue, and known toi the agents to be so, with the
result that he received a truck much inferior to that which was described to him, 'and of less value. The contract is not repudiated; the plaintiff has retained the truck and sued for the difference in values. The record contains sixty-two exceptions to rulings during the trial, and it is necessary to -group them according to the questions raised.
- -One question, raised by many exceptions throughout the -ease, is as to the admissibility of evidence of oral representations in the face of a written contract or memorandum of ‘the transaction. The buyer, after several interviews with the agents of the seller, and after some inspection of the truck bv himself and other members of bis family, purchased a used ■Columbia truck and signed a form of contract upon the conclusion of the bargaining. The contract was a simple one, with it® terms set out clearly. It contained .a clause to the ■effect that all assertions and promises whatever* emanating from the seller’s side should be taken as expressions of belief ■or opinion only, and contained the words “no warranty” inserted in capital letters above a form of warranty clause which had been crossed out. It was signed by tire buyer and ■signed in the name of the seller by its agents. On the trial, ■the buyer testified that he could not read, and therefore ■signed the paper without knowledge of its contents. That fact does not detract from the effectiveness of the contract, however, as it is not suggested that any advantage was taken of his illiteracy, or, indeed, that the seller’s agents had any intimation of it. The members of the buyer’s family who were with him could read; and the whole purport of the testimony seems to be that the buyer did not concern himself with the contents of the paper which he was executing. Sb far as it goes, he must abide by the contract which be joined in executing, just as .any other man must.
Wilson v. Pritchett,
99 Md. 583, 593;
Spitze v. B. & O. R. R. Co.,
75 Md. 162;
Boyle v. Rider,
136 Md. 286, 291;
McGrath v. Peterson,
127 Md. 412, 417. And the appellant contends that, this being so, it was improper to admit evidence of oral representations in the preliminary negotiations leading up
to the making of-the written contract. The objection might be well taken, if this were a suit on the contract for breach of warranty
(Williston on Sales,
sec. 215;
Thomson v. Gortner,
73 Md. 474, 480), but in a suit on the ground of fraud and deceit, such an express exclusion of representations not set out in the writing, does not, .according to the weight of authority, prevent proof by parol, of representations which amounted to fraud, iand which induced the making of the contract. The view taken by 'the law is that giving effect to such a stipulation would be a furtherance of the objects and results of the fraud.
Stouffer v. Alford,
114 Md. 110, 119; 1
Williston on Sales,
sec. 215; 2
Williston on Contracts,
sec. 811;
Pearson v. Dublin
(1907), A. C. 351;
General Electric
C
o. v. O’Connell,
118 Minn. 53;
Tiffany v. Times Sq. Automobile Co.,
168 Mo. App.. 729;
Pratt v. Darling,
125 Wis. 93;
Bonewell v. Jacobson,
130 Iowa, 170. And this is true even though the representations are .alleged to have been made by an agent of the party sued.
Pearson v. Dublin, supra.
It follows that there was no. error in the admission here of parol evidence to prove false representations which might mount up to fraud.
There is, next, a question whether the evidence is., after it has been received, legally sufficient to prove .actionable fraud and deceit. The preliminary representations, alleged to have been made were; more particularly, that this truck was of a 19'20 model, used only twenty-eight days; and now as good as new; that it contained a Continental motor, that it had been sold to a Wandell Chocolate Company for $1,400, that it 'had been sitting in the seller’s garage since 1920, and that the seller would be losing money when selling at $1,300. The selling agents flatly deny that any such representations were made, and testify that the buyer and his family examined the truck and the engine, for themselves, that the facts were open to them, and that they were given information of the make of the engine by a special sign bnng on the truck .as well as the clear notice in the contract which the buyer .signed that he bought the truck as it was. But the
conflict of evidence, of course, does not come upi for consideration on .appeal. The representations were of fact
(Rittenhouse Co. v. Kissner,
129 Md. 102), or, at least, such expressions as, if falsely made, with the intention and effect of inducing the purchase, would give a right of action for deceit.
Cf.
2
Williston on Sales,
see. 628. The selling agents concede that the fact® are contrary to. some of the principal representations testified to, that the truck was, for instance, of a 1917 model, and did not have a Continental motor in it; and there is evidence sufficient for a jury that the facts were contrary to 'the other representations stated, and that the agents must have known, what the facte were. In addition to this, the buyer testified that he accepted everything told him without question, and without relying on his own inspection .and judgment at all. In thei argument, the appellant’s counsel contends that, in view of the fact that the truck was exposed to the buyer’s inspection, for thei exercise of his own judgment, and the notices given that -he must buy the truck as it was, 'he wasi not in law justified in relying on .any such representations .as he says were made to him, that he was in this transaction left to' make up his own independent judgment, and if he received what he did not intend to buy, it was a result of his. own folly or fault, and he cannot ask the law to relieve him from the consequence®.
Buschman v. Codd,
52 Md. 202, 208;
Lewis v. Clark,
86 Md. 327, 331;
Weaver v. Shriver,
79 Md. 530;
McAleer v. Horsey,
35 Md. 453;
Boulden v. Stilwell,
100 Md. 543, 549. The evidence showed that the buyer here had had some experience as an owner and user of a, truck, and that the truck was displayed for his inspection without restriction. On some of his visits to the salesrooms he remained an hour and' more. He testified, however, that his illiteracy rendered him unable to read marks or name® on the truck and its. engine, and that, having the 'statements of the selling; agents to depend upon, he did not undertake to determine any of the facts' for himself. He was not an expert in motor vehicle®; he' was a farmer. The .selling ¡agents', on the other hand, were pre
sumably experts with -exact information asi to- the truck they were selling. And the court could not -say that it was negligence -and folly for this buyer to accept and rely on whatever had been told him.
Cf. Cook v.
Gill, 83 Md. 177. We know, of course, that it isi natural and usual for ordinary buyers to -do- so in respect toi such things as the model, the malte of engine, the history of the- truck, and its- .present condition. And we think the jury were entitled to- find, from the nature of the representations and their tendency to influence such a buyer, that the selling agents intended them- to- be relied on, despite the opportunities afforded the buyer for informing himself. Our conclusion isi that there was sufficient evidence for the jury to- find that the appellee relied upon the alleged misrepresentations and was justified in his reliance.
There is -a further question raised as to the measure of damages appropriate in such a suit, and -as to- the sufficiency -of -evidence to serve as a basis, for estimating damages according to that measure. The buyer claimed the difference between the amount of the purchase price he had paid and the value placed by his witnesses on the truck a® it was, which is according to the measure of damages regularly adopted in this State.
McAleer v. Horsey,
35 Md. 439;
Robertson v. Parks,
76 Md. 118;
Cooke v.
Gill, 83 Md. 177;
Pendergast v. Reed,
29 Md. 398. The appellant cites against this contention for a lower value the testimony on behalf of the buyer himself that the truck a.t once ran under its own power -a distance of about fifteen mil-es to- the buyer’s farm, then moved the furniture of a neighbor back to Baltimore, and was in use in -all about two months before, it waS taken in hand for repairs; and -that then the repairs-, with replacements-, cost altogether only eighty-one dollars. This does not go to- the p-o-int o-f possible difference in value of a, 1920 truck and a 1917 truck, one with a Continental m-otor and one without; -and it was for the jury to -decide the question whether the -facts cited were irreconcilable with the claim of differ ©nice in value because of -defective condition. We see
no error in tbe rulings on tbe measure of damages and tbe 'sufficiency of evidence for tbe jury to find damages.
Objections made to the recital in evidence of troubles experienced with the truck during the first two months seems to us not well taken, because in this case representations as to the extent of previous use and as to present condition were testified to, and the evidence seems relevant to. the controversy on those facts. It might also aid the jury in weighing the evidence of difference in values. Many other exceptions were taken to rulings on the admissibility of evidence, bringing up such questions as materiality of the evidence and leading nature of the questions of counsel. There are too many of them, .and they are of too little importance, to be discussed separately. We have found no error in any of them.
The one prayer of the plaintiff which was granted we find unobjectionable. Tbe only objection suggested by the appellant is -that it overlooks, an absence of evidence of actual damages, and -adopts a mistaken measure of damages. As has already been said, we think the measure is correct and' the evidence sufficient for the jury on that point.
McAleer v. Horsey, supra; Roberson v. Parks, supra; Gooke v. Gill, supra.
The defendant, now .appellant, submitted fourteen prayers for instructions.. Seven of them were prayers for the direction of a verdict for the defendant because of legal insufficiency of evidence to. support the plaintiff’s case, generally ; and five were for a like direction because of insufficiency of evidence to show actual damage either from all the alleged representations taken together, or from each one separately. They were all refused. We have already discussed the questions of sufficiency of evidence which these prayers raised, and for reasons .already given we think their refusal was correct. The defendant’s tenth prayer, which was granted, defined the burden of proof resting upon tbe plaintiff, and concluded with the statement that “in making up their minds upon the question of fraud the jury are instructed that fraud is not to. be presumed .and that the burden
of proof is on the plaintiff to overcome such legal presumption by evidence satisfactory to the jury.” In the eleventh prayer the court was asked to instruct the jury “that fraud is odious in contemplation of law .and is not to be presumed, .and the burden of the proof is on the plaintiff to overcome such legal presumption by evidence satisfactory to the jury.” The difference in the two instructions asked is only that the later one adds the statement “that fraud is odious in contemplation of law.” It is desirable that a jury be impressed with the need of caution in sustaining] a, charge of fraud and deceit, and the instruction contained in this eleventh prayer was approved in
McAleer v. Horsey,
35 Md. 439, 461, and
Robertson v. Parks,
76 Md. 118, 136; but we have concluded that it was not necessary to repeat the instruction on the burden of proof in this case so .as to add it, and that the court acted properly in selecting] the tenth prayer, which Was somewhat more comprehensive, as a sufficient instruction for the jury on that point.
After having thus considered all the questions raised, we find no reversible error in the case.
Judgment affirmed, with co'ds to the appellee.