MEMORANDUM OF DECISION AND ORDER
MISHLER, Chief Judge.
Pleadings
The amended complaint states a claim for declaratory judgment praying that patent No. 2,988,259 be adjudged invalid and not infringed and a second claim for false marking (35 U.S.C. § 292). Defendant assignee of the patent issued to James N. Callinicos and assignee of a prior patent issued to James N. Callinicos under U.S. Patent No. 2,821,297 counterclaimed for patent infringement [402]*402of both patents and for unfair competition in the claimed use by plaintiff of defendant’s trade brochures, promotional materials and art work. Plaintiff’s reply put in issue the validity of the prior patent.
Background
The application upon which U.S. Patent No. 2,821,297 was issued was filed by the inventor James N. Callinicos on October 5,1954.1
Subsequent to the issuance of Callinicos I and on July 28, 1959, an application for an “Improved Adjustable Floral Package” was filed by Mr. Callinicos. The application stated “Specifically this invention involves a further improvement on my earlier invention which was awarded U.S. Patent No. 2,821,297 on January 28,1959.” 2
The subject matter of the patents is a paperboard box blank capable of being [403]*403folded into various shapes. Callinicos II has the added feature of expandability and greater variety of shapes by reason of the crosswise crease. The claims in Callinicos I describe in general language a paperboard box blank which has a base panel in the center in the form of a square; on two sides, at the crease mark, are side panels, with additional folds, tabs and/or slits (tongues) which, when folded around and towards each other on other crease marks, form the four walls of the folded box. On the other two sides of the base panel are two end panels which, when pressed towards each other, overlap and thereby create the restraining member.
The claims set forth in Callinicos II set out the proportion of the various parts of the box blank to each other. This is missing in Callinicos I. Claims “2”, “4” and “5” of Callinicos II limit the invention to notches, tabs and the additional crosswise crease herein referred to.
The plaintiff’s box blank, manufactured, sold and distributed since the summer of 1968 and marked Defendant’s Exhibit M, infringed Callinicos II. However, since the court finds both patents invalid, defendant’s counterclaim is dismissed.
Prior Art
The plaintiff concedes that the claims of the Callinicos patents were not anticipated by the prior art cited by the Patent Office Examiner. The plaintiff offered prior art which was overlooked by the Patent Office Examiner.
The use of an internal restraining member is not new to the design of box blanks. Payne, U.S. Patent No. 2,225,483 discloses a restraining member is a box blank designed for a hatbox. (Payne, U.S. Patent No. 2,225,483 — Dec. 14, 1940.)
Berke, U.S. Patent No. 2,257,151, September 30, 1941, also discloses an internal restraining member with a pair of [404]*404panels which projected upwards from the base towards each other in a box blank for assembling a hatbox.
Prather, U.S. Patent No. 1,862,980, June 14, 1932, discloses two internal restraining members brought upward from the sides and joined together to hold a cake or pie.
Lemke, U.S. Patent No. 1,479,426, December 19, 1922, cited in Callinieos I, discloses the use of locking tabs in a blank used to assemble a plant box.
The use of additional fold lines to give greater flexibility and expandability to the box blank is found in
Eichorn, U.S. Patent No. 2,942,770 (June 28, 1960),
Scaturro, U.S. Patent No. 2,793,802 (May 22, 1957), and
Wagenseller, U.S. Patent No. 2,037,839 (April 21, 1936).
Presumption of Validity
An issued patent carries the presumption of validity. 35 U.S.C. § 282. The burden of establishing invalidity is upon the plaintiff making the claim. Mumm v. Jacob E. Decker & Sons, 301 U.S. 168, 57 S.Ct. 675, 81 L.Ed. 983 (1937).
The presumption can be overcome only by clear and convincing proof. Radio Corporation of America v. Radio Engineering Laboratories, 293 U.S. 1, 55 S.Ct. 928, 79 L.Ed. 163 (1934).
The presumption arises from the acknowledged expertness and experience of the Patent Office personnel. Georgia Pacific Corporation v. United States Plywood Corporation, 258 F.2d 124, 133 (2d Cir. 1958), cert. denied, 358 U.S. 884, 79 S.Ct. 124, 3 L.Ed.2d 112. Where the file wrapper discloses full and careful consideration of all the pertinent art, the presumption is entitled to particular weight. However, where the claims were repeatedly reviewed and rejected and where all the pertinent art was not examined by the Patent Office Examiner, the presumption is weaker. Zoomar, Inc. v. Paillard Products, Inc., 258 F.2d 527, 530 (2d Cir. 1968), cert. denied, 358 U.S. 908, 79 S.Ct. 237, 3 L.Ed.2d 230; Lorenz v. F. W. Woolworth Co., 305 F.2d 102, 105, n. 7 (2d Cir. 1962); Aerotec Industries of Cal. v. Pacific Scientific Co., 381 F.2d 795 (9th Cir. 1967), cert. denied, 389 U.S. 1049, 88 S.Ct. 788, 19 L.Ed.2d 843.
Obviousness and Anticipation by the Prior Art
Callinieos I and Callinieos II are combined patents combining elements long known in the art of box folding. The advance is in the use made of the internal restraining member. The method of using the internal restraining member is adaptable to floral objects. Though useful in this better way of restraining a floral object in a folded box in combination with known elements, such advance does not rise to the level of invention. Further, the combination of such known elements is one that would have been obvious to a person having ordinary skill in the art of folding boxes. These claims are not entitled to patent protection.
If the net effect is to diminish that store of prior art which is public property — in the public domain — then patent protection must be denied. Graham v. John Deere Co., 383 U.S. 1, 6, 86 S.Ct. 684, 688, 15 L.Ed.2d 545 (1966); Great Atlantic & Pacific Tea Co. v. Supermarket Equipment Corp., 340 U.S. 147, 151, 71 S.Ct. 127, 130, 95 L.Ed. 162 (1950), quoting with approval, Lincoln Engineering Co. of Illinois v.
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MEMORANDUM OF DECISION AND ORDER
MISHLER, Chief Judge.
Pleadings
The amended complaint states a claim for declaratory judgment praying that patent No. 2,988,259 be adjudged invalid and not infringed and a second claim for false marking (35 U.S.C. § 292). Defendant assignee of the patent issued to James N. Callinicos and assignee of a prior patent issued to James N. Callinicos under U.S. Patent No. 2,821,297 counterclaimed for patent infringement [402]*402of both patents and for unfair competition in the claimed use by plaintiff of defendant’s trade brochures, promotional materials and art work. Plaintiff’s reply put in issue the validity of the prior patent.
Background
The application upon which U.S. Patent No. 2,821,297 was issued was filed by the inventor James N. Callinicos on October 5,1954.1
Subsequent to the issuance of Callinicos I and on July 28, 1959, an application for an “Improved Adjustable Floral Package” was filed by Mr. Callinicos. The application stated “Specifically this invention involves a further improvement on my earlier invention which was awarded U.S. Patent No. 2,821,297 on January 28,1959.” 2
The subject matter of the patents is a paperboard box blank capable of being [403]*403folded into various shapes. Callinicos II has the added feature of expandability and greater variety of shapes by reason of the crosswise crease. The claims in Callinicos I describe in general language a paperboard box blank which has a base panel in the center in the form of a square; on two sides, at the crease mark, are side panels, with additional folds, tabs and/or slits (tongues) which, when folded around and towards each other on other crease marks, form the four walls of the folded box. On the other two sides of the base panel are two end panels which, when pressed towards each other, overlap and thereby create the restraining member.
The claims set forth in Callinicos II set out the proportion of the various parts of the box blank to each other. This is missing in Callinicos I. Claims “2”, “4” and “5” of Callinicos II limit the invention to notches, tabs and the additional crosswise crease herein referred to.
The plaintiff’s box blank, manufactured, sold and distributed since the summer of 1968 and marked Defendant’s Exhibit M, infringed Callinicos II. However, since the court finds both patents invalid, defendant’s counterclaim is dismissed.
Prior Art
The plaintiff concedes that the claims of the Callinicos patents were not anticipated by the prior art cited by the Patent Office Examiner. The plaintiff offered prior art which was overlooked by the Patent Office Examiner.
The use of an internal restraining member is not new to the design of box blanks. Payne, U.S. Patent No. 2,225,483 discloses a restraining member is a box blank designed for a hatbox. (Payne, U.S. Patent No. 2,225,483 — Dec. 14, 1940.)
Berke, U.S. Patent No. 2,257,151, September 30, 1941, also discloses an internal restraining member with a pair of [404]*404panels which projected upwards from the base towards each other in a box blank for assembling a hatbox.
Prather, U.S. Patent No. 1,862,980, June 14, 1932, discloses two internal restraining members brought upward from the sides and joined together to hold a cake or pie.
Lemke, U.S. Patent No. 1,479,426, December 19, 1922, cited in Callinieos I, discloses the use of locking tabs in a blank used to assemble a plant box.
The use of additional fold lines to give greater flexibility and expandability to the box blank is found in
Eichorn, U.S. Patent No. 2,942,770 (June 28, 1960),
Scaturro, U.S. Patent No. 2,793,802 (May 22, 1957), and
Wagenseller, U.S. Patent No. 2,037,839 (April 21, 1936).
Presumption of Validity
An issued patent carries the presumption of validity. 35 U.S.C. § 282. The burden of establishing invalidity is upon the plaintiff making the claim. Mumm v. Jacob E. Decker & Sons, 301 U.S. 168, 57 S.Ct. 675, 81 L.Ed. 983 (1937).
The presumption can be overcome only by clear and convincing proof. Radio Corporation of America v. Radio Engineering Laboratories, 293 U.S. 1, 55 S.Ct. 928, 79 L.Ed. 163 (1934).
The presumption arises from the acknowledged expertness and experience of the Patent Office personnel. Georgia Pacific Corporation v. United States Plywood Corporation, 258 F.2d 124, 133 (2d Cir. 1958), cert. denied, 358 U.S. 884, 79 S.Ct. 124, 3 L.Ed.2d 112. Where the file wrapper discloses full and careful consideration of all the pertinent art, the presumption is entitled to particular weight. However, where the claims were repeatedly reviewed and rejected and where all the pertinent art was not examined by the Patent Office Examiner, the presumption is weaker. Zoomar, Inc. v. Paillard Products, Inc., 258 F.2d 527, 530 (2d Cir. 1968), cert. denied, 358 U.S. 908, 79 S.Ct. 237, 3 L.Ed.2d 230; Lorenz v. F. W. Woolworth Co., 305 F.2d 102, 105, n. 7 (2d Cir. 1962); Aerotec Industries of Cal. v. Pacific Scientific Co., 381 F.2d 795 (9th Cir. 1967), cert. denied, 389 U.S. 1049, 88 S.Ct. 788, 19 L.Ed.2d 843.
Obviousness and Anticipation by the Prior Art
Callinieos I and Callinieos II are combined patents combining elements long known in the art of box folding. The advance is in the use made of the internal restraining member. The method of using the internal restraining member is adaptable to floral objects. Though useful in this better way of restraining a floral object in a folded box in combination with known elements, such advance does not rise to the level of invention. Further, the combination of such known elements is one that would have been obvious to a person having ordinary skill in the art of folding boxes. These claims are not entitled to patent protection.
If the net effect is to diminish that store of prior art which is public property — in the public domain — then patent protection must be denied. Graham v. John Deere Co., 383 U.S. 1, 6, 86 S.Ct. 684, 688, 15 L.Ed.2d 545 (1966); Great Atlantic & Pacific Tea Co. v. Supermarket Equipment Corp., 340 U.S. 147, 151, 71 S.Ct. 127, 130, 95 L.Ed. 162 (1950), quoting with approval, Lincoln Engineering Co. of Illinois v. Stewart-Warner Corp., 303 U.S. 545, 549, 58 S.Ct. 662, 664, 82 L.Ed. 1008 (1938).
The subject matter must be “new and useful” 3 though patent monopoly must be denied.
[405]*405“* * * jf the differences between the subject matter sought to be patented and the prior art are such that the subject matter as a whole would have been obvious at the time the invention was made to a person having ordinary skill in the art to which said subject matter pertains.” 35 U.S.C. § 103.
Though the test of obviousness is difficult to apply and keeping in mind the admonition of Judge Medina in Lorenz that obviousness must relate to the “time the invention was made”, I find that the claims in Callinicos I and Callinicos II were obvious to a person having ordinary skill in the art of folding boxes.
Claim of Unfair Competition
The unfair competition claim by the defendant is based upon the manufacture, sale and distribution of the infringing box blank and the distribution of an instruction sheet which contained art work used by defendant. (Defendant’s Exhibit 0). The defendant conceded that the plaintiff never represented his box blank as the defendant’s product nor did he ever use the instruction sheet to indicate that it might be used for the defendant’s box blank. All the defendant is claiming with reference to the instruction sheet is that the plaintiff used the art work contained in the instruction sheet that was distributed in connection with the patented item manufactured under a license to Lindley Box and Paper. The defendant’s instruction sheet is captioned “How to fold the Boas box.”
The defendant has failed to show that the plaintiff’s practices constituted palming off, actual deception or appropriation of another’s property. Norwich Pharmacal Company v. Sterling Drug, Inc., 271 F.2d 569 (2d Cir. 1959).
Plaintiff is entitled to judgment declaring United States Patent No. 2,821,297 and United States Patent No. 2,988,259 to be invalid and void and dismissing the defendant’s counterclaim. Judgment to be settled on five (5) days notice.
Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law have this day been filed.