Opinion for the court filed by District Judge WHYTE. Dissenting opinion filed by Circuit Judge DYK.
WHYTE, District Judge.
Nucleonics, Inc. (“Nucleonics”) appeals from the judgment of dismissal for lack of subject matter jurisdiction entered by the United States District Court for the Dis[1342]*1342trict of Delaware on Nucleonics’s declaratory judgment counterclaims against Beni-tec Australia, Ltd. (“Benitec”). We affirm.
I. BACKGROUND
On March 22, 2004, Benitec sued Nu-cleonics for infringing U.S. Patent No. 6,573,099 (“'099 patent”), which relates to RNA-based disease therapy. Both parties are biotechnology companies that are engaged in gene silencing, which involves silencing the expression of disease-causing genes. A cell is exposed to a piece of foreign DNA that is specifically engineered to contain certain portions or copies of the target gene to be silenced. The foreign DNA then produces other molecules (double-stranded RNA) that shut down the expression of the target gene. This technology is known as RNA interference (“RNAi”) gene silencing.
Nucleonics filed a timely answer to the complaint on March 24, 2004. On July 13, 2004, Nucleonics moved to dismiss Beni-tec’s complaint and argued:
Nucleonics now moves to dismiss Beni-tec’s complaint for lack of jurisdiction and failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted.... Simply stated, Benitec has shot before there is even a target. Nucleonics’ accused activities are directed to developing and submitting information to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration ... and are therefore exempt from infringement under 35 U.S.C. § 271(e)(1)....
Further, Nucleonics contended that: it [would] not be ready to file a New Drug Application to manufacture and market a new drug product until at least 2010-2012, if ever, depending on the progress of its clinical trials.... As a result, Benitec lacks a statutory basis to sue for infringement at this time, and it is premature for this Court even to entertain such a claim.
The court denied the motion, but without prejudice to reconsideration depending upon the outcome of the Supreme Court’s review of Integra Lifesciences I, Ltd. v. Merck KGaA, 331 F.3d 860 (Fed.Cir.2003).
On October 4, 2004, Nucleonics filed a request with the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (“PTO”) for reexamination of the '099 patent.1
In 2005, Benitec encountered a pair of obstacles. First, Nucleonics received evidence indicating that the inventor named in the '099 patent may have misappropriated the idea for the invention from others, or at least should have named others as co-inventors on the patent application. On February 16, 2005, Nucleonics sought leave of court to amend its answer and add declaratory relief counterclaims of invalidity and unenforceability based upon alleged inventorship fraud. After some discovery skirmishes, Nucleonics obtained testimony in June 2005 from Australian scientists Peter Waterhouse and Ming-Bo Wang that they had contributed to the subject matter of the '099 patent. Neither, however, is named as an inventor in the '099 patent.
Second, and in the same month, the Supreme Court decided Merck KGaA v. Integra Lifesciences I, Ltd., reading expansively the pharmaceutical research exception of § 271(e)(1). 545 U.S. 193, 125 S.Ct. 2372, 162 L.Ed.2d 160 (2005).
[1343]*1343On August 1, 2005, Benitec moved to dismiss its complaint without prejudice under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 41(a)(2). Benitec claims it sought dismissal only because the Merck decision indicated that it had no presently viable infringement claim against Nucleonics. Nucleonics, on the other hand, claims Benitec sought dismissal in an attempt to prevent the district court from declaring the '099 patent invalid.
The district court granted Nucleonics’s motion to amend its answer on September 14, 2005. Two weeks later, however, the court granted Benitec’s motion to dismiss its complaint without prejudice and dismissed Nucleonics’s counterclaims for lack of jurisdiction under the Declaratory Judgment Act, 28 U.S.C. §§ 2201-02.
During the time between the filing of Nucleonics’s motion to amend to assert its counterclaims and the court’s dismissal of those counterclaims, Nucleonics allegedly began discussing expanding its efforts beyond human health to animal husbandry and veterinary products.
Nucleonics appeals the dismissal of its declaratory judgment counterclaims. In its appellee’s brief, Benitec “covenants and promises not to sue Nucleonics for patent infringement arising from activities and/or products occurring on or before the date dismissal was entered in this action—September 29, 2005.”
The critical question on appeal is whether, in light of the circumstances, the court at this time has declaratory judgment jurisdiction over Nucleonics’s counterclaims seeking declarations of invalidity and un-enforceability of Benitec’s '099 patent.
II. ANALYSIS
A. Developments Following Notice of Appeal
Subsequent to the oral argument in this case, the Supreme Court decided MedImmune, Inc. v. Genentech, Inc., — U.S. -, 127 S.Ct. 764, 166 L.Ed.2d 604 (2007). In view of that decision, particularly footnote 11 expressing disapproval of our previously used “reasonable apprehension of imminent suit” test for determining declaratory judgment jurisdiction,2 we requested further briefing. The court has considered that briefing and is now also informed by this court’s recent decisions in Teva Pharmaceuticals USA Inc. v. Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corp., 482 F.3d 1330 (Fed.Cir.2007), and SanDisk Corp. v. STMicroelectronics NV, 480 F.3d 1372 (Fed.Cir.2007), both of which involve the application of the standards set forth in MedImmune for determining declaratory judgment jurisdiction.
B. Standard for Determining Declaratory Relief Jurisdiction
A party seeking to base jurisdiction on the Declaratory Judgment Act bears the burden of proving that the facts alleged, “ ‘under all the circumstances, show that there is a substantial controversy, between the parties having adverse legal interests, of sufficient immediacy and reality to warrant the issuance of a declaratory judgment.’” MedImmune, 127 S.Ct. at 771 (quoting Md. Cas. Co. v. Pac. Coal & Oil Co., 312 U.S. 270, 273, 61 S.Ct. 510, 85 L.Ed. 826 (1941)). Prior to MedImmune, our case law required that there be “both (1) an explicit threat or other action by the patentee, which creates a reasonable apprehension on the part of the declaratory plaintiff that it will face an infringement [1344]*1344suit, and (2) present activity which could constitute infringement or concrete steps taken with the intent to conduct such activity.” See, e.g., BP Chems. Ltd. v.
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Opinion for the court filed by District Judge WHYTE. Dissenting opinion filed by Circuit Judge DYK.
WHYTE, District Judge.
Nucleonics, Inc. (“Nucleonics”) appeals from the judgment of dismissal for lack of subject matter jurisdiction entered by the United States District Court for the Dis[1342]*1342trict of Delaware on Nucleonics’s declaratory judgment counterclaims against Beni-tec Australia, Ltd. (“Benitec”). We affirm.
I. BACKGROUND
On March 22, 2004, Benitec sued Nu-cleonics for infringing U.S. Patent No. 6,573,099 (“'099 patent”), which relates to RNA-based disease therapy. Both parties are biotechnology companies that are engaged in gene silencing, which involves silencing the expression of disease-causing genes. A cell is exposed to a piece of foreign DNA that is specifically engineered to contain certain portions or copies of the target gene to be silenced. The foreign DNA then produces other molecules (double-stranded RNA) that shut down the expression of the target gene. This technology is known as RNA interference (“RNAi”) gene silencing.
Nucleonics filed a timely answer to the complaint on March 24, 2004. On July 13, 2004, Nucleonics moved to dismiss Beni-tec’s complaint and argued:
Nucleonics now moves to dismiss Beni-tec’s complaint for lack of jurisdiction and failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted.... Simply stated, Benitec has shot before there is even a target. Nucleonics’ accused activities are directed to developing and submitting information to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration ... and are therefore exempt from infringement under 35 U.S.C. § 271(e)(1)....
Further, Nucleonics contended that: it [would] not be ready to file a New Drug Application to manufacture and market a new drug product until at least 2010-2012, if ever, depending on the progress of its clinical trials.... As a result, Benitec lacks a statutory basis to sue for infringement at this time, and it is premature for this Court even to entertain such a claim.
The court denied the motion, but without prejudice to reconsideration depending upon the outcome of the Supreme Court’s review of Integra Lifesciences I, Ltd. v. Merck KGaA, 331 F.3d 860 (Fed.Cir.2003).
On October 4, 2004, Nucleonics filed a request with the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (“PTO”) for reexamination of the '099 patent.1
In 2005, Benitec encountered a pair of obstacles. First, Nucleonics received evidence indicating that the inventor named in the '099 patent may have misappropriated the idea for the invention from others, or at least should have named others as co-inventors on the patent application. On February 16, 2005, Nucleonics sought leave of court to amend its answer and add declaratory relief counterclaims of invalidity and unenforceability based upon alleged inventorship fraud. After some discovery skirmishes, Nucleonics obtained testimony in June 2005 from Australian scientists Peter Waterhouse and Ming-Bo Wang that they had contributed to the subject matter of the '099 patent. Neither, however, is named as an inventor in the '099 patent.
Second, and in the same month, the Supreme Court decided Merck KGaA v. Integra Lifesciences I, Ltd., reading expansively the pharmaceutical research exception of § 271(e)(1). 545 U.S. 193, 125 S.Ct. 2372, 162 L.Ed.2d 160 (2005).
[1343]*1343On August 1, 2005, Benitec moved to dismiss its complaint without prejudice under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 41(a)(2). Benitec claims it sought dismissal only because the Merck decision indicated that it had no presently viable infringement claim against Nucleonics. Nucleonics, on the other hand, claims Benitec sought dismissal in an attempt to prevent the district court from declaring the '099 patent invalid.
The district court granted Nucleonics’s motion to amend its answer on September 14, 2005. Two weeks later, however, the court granted Benitec’s motion to dismiss its complaint without prejudice and dismissed Nucleonics’s counterclaims for lack of jurisdiction under the Declaratory Judgment Act, 28 U.S.C. §§ 2201-02.
During the time between the filing of Nucleonics’s motion to amend to assert its counterclaims and the court’s dismissal of those counterclaims, Nucleonics allegedly began discussing expanding its efforts beyond human health to animal husbandry and veterinary products.
Nucleonics appeals the dismissal of its declaratory judgment counterclaims. In its appellee’s brief, Benitec “covenants and promises not to sue Nucleonics for patent infringement arising from activities and/or products occurring on or before the date dismissal was entered in this action—September 29, 2005.”
The critical question on appeal is whether, in light of the circumstances, the court at this time has declaratory judgment jurisdiction over Nucleonics’s counterclaims seeking declarations of invalidity and un-enforceability of Benitec’s '099 patent.
II. ANALYSIS
A. Developments Following Notice of Appeal
Subsequent to the oral argument in this case, the Supreme Court decided MedImmune, Inc. v. Genentech, Inc., — U.S. -, 127 S.Ct. 764, 166 L.Ed.2d 604 (2007). In view of that decision, particularly footnote 11 expressing disapproval of our previously used “reasonable apprehension of imminent suit” test for determining declaratory judgment jurisdiction,2 we requested further briefing. The court has considered that briefing and is now also informed by this court’s recent decisions in Teva Pharmaceuticals USA Inc. v. Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corp., 482 F.3d 1330 (Fed.Cir.2007), and SanDisk Corp. v. STMicroelectronics NV, 480 F.3d 1372 (Fed.Cir.2007), both of which involve the application of the standards set forth in MedImmune for determining declaratory judgment jurisdiction.
B. Standard for Determining Declaratory Relief Jurisdiction
A party seeking to base jurisdiction on the Declaratory Judgment Act bears the burden of proving that the facts alleged, “ ‘under all the circumstances, show that there is a substantial controversy, between the parties having adverse legal interests, of sufficient immediacy and reality to warrant the issuance of a declaratory judgment.’” MedImmune, 127 S.Ct. at 771 (quoting Md. Cas. Co. v. Pac. Coal & Oil Co., 312 U.S. 270, 273, 61 S.Ct. 510, 85 L.Ed. 826 (1941)). Prior to MedImmune, our case law required that there be “both (1) an explicit threat or other action by the patentee, which creates a reasonable apprehension on the part of the declaratory plaintiff that it will face an infringement [1344]*1344suit, and (2) present activity which could constitute infringement or concrete steps taken with the intent to conduct such activity.” See, e.g., BP Chems. Ltd. v. Union Carbide Corp., 4 F.3d 975, 978 (Fed.Cir.1993). However, “[t]he Supreme Court’s opinion in MedImmune represents a rejection of our reasonable apprehension of suit test.” SanDisk, 480 F.3d at 1380; see also Teva, 482 F.3d at 1339. In MedImmune, the Supreme Court held that in order for a court to have jurisdiction over a declaratory judgment action:
the dispute be definite and concrete, touching the legal relations of parties having adverse legal interests; and that it be real and substantial and admit of specific relief through a decree of a conclusive character, as distinguished from an opinion advising what the law would be upon a hypothetical state of facts. Basically, the question in each case is whether the facts alleged, under all the circumstances, show that there is a substantial controversy, between parties having adverse legal interests, of sufficient immediacy and reality to warrant the issuance of a declaratory judgment.
127 S.Ct. at 771 (internal citation and quotations omitted).
In SanDisk, we further explain:
Article III jurisdiction may be met where the patentee takes a position that puts the declaratory judgment plaintiff in the position of either pursuing arguably illegal behavior or abandoning that which he claims a right to do.... We hold only that where a patentee asserts rights under a patent based on certain identified ongoing or planned activity of another party, and where that party contends that it has the right to engage in the accused activity without license, an Article III case or controversy will arise and the party need not risk a suit for infringement by engaging in the identified activity before seeking a declaration of its legal rights.
SanDisk, 480 F.3d at 1381. A useful question to ask in determining whether an actual controversy exists is what, if any, cause of action the declaratory judgment defendant may have against the declaratory judgment plaintiff:
The concepts of “adverse legal rights” and “legal risk,” used in [prior] cases to describe the standard for jurisdiction require that there be an underlying legal cause of action that the declaratory defendant could have brought or threatened to bring, if not for the fact that the declaratory plaintiff has preempted it. Without an underlying legal cause of action, any adverse economic interest that the declaratory plaintiff may have against the declaratory defendant is not a legally cognizable interest sufficient to confer declaratory judgment jurisdiction.
Microchip Tech. Inc. v. Chamberlain Group, Inc., 441 F.3d 936, 943 (Fed.Cir.2006).
The burden is on the party claiming declaratory judgment jurisdiction to establish that such jurisdiction existed at the time the claim for declaratory relief was filed and that it has continued since. See Steffel v. Thompson, 415 U.S. 452, 459 n. 10, 94 S.Ct. 1209, 39 L.Ed.2d 505 (1974); Super Sack Mfg. Corp. v. Chase Packaging Corp., 57 F.3d 1054, 1058 (Fed.Cir.1995); Int’l Med. Prosthetics Research Assocs., Inc. v. Gore Enter. Holdings, Inc., 787 F.2d 572, 575 (Fed.Cir.1986). “If ... a party has actually been charged with infringement of the patent, there is, necessarily, a case or controversy adequate to support jurisdiction” at that time. Cardinal Chem. Co. v. Morton Int’l, Inc., 508 U.S. 83, 96, 113 S.Ct. 1967, 124 L.Ed.2d 1 (1993). Further, once that burden has been met, absent further information, that [1345]*1345jurisdiction continues. Id. at 98, 113 S.Ct. 1967. The burden of bringing forth such further information may logically rest with the party challenging jurisdiction, see id. at 98, 113 S.Ct. 1967, but the actual burden of proof remains with the party seeking to invoke jurisdiction. See Super Sack, 57 F.3d at 1058; Int’l Med. Prosthetics Research Assocs., 787 F.2d at 575. “The rule in federal cases is that an actual controversy must be extant at all stages of review, not merely at the time the complaint [was] filed.” Steffel, 415 U.S. at 459 n. 10, 94 S.Ct. 1209.
The dissent’s view that Cardinal Chemical holds that “the burden shifts to the party seeking to divest the court of jurisdiction to prove there is no longer a current case or controversy” reads more into the language of Cardinal Chemical than is justified. First, the Supreme Court makes clear at the outset of its opinion that “[the] practice [the Federal Circuit’s uniform practice of declaring the issue of validity moot if it affirms the district court’s finding of noninfringement], and the issue before us, therefore concern the jurisdiction of an intermediate appellate court—not the jurisdiction of either a trial court or this Court. In the trial court, of course, a party seeking a declaratory judgment has the burden of establishing the existence of an actual case or controversy.” 508 U.S. at 95, 113 S.Ct. 1967. Further, the Court only said that “[i]f a party to an appeal suggests that the controversy has, since the rendering of the judgment below, become moot, that party bears the burden of coming forward with subsequent events that have produced that alleged result.” Id. at 98, 113 S.Ct. 1967 (emphasis added). The Court did not hold that the ultimate burden of proof in the trial court was on other than the party seeking to invoke declaratory judgment jurisdiction.
With the basic principles for determining declaratory judgment jurisdiction in mind, we analyze the question of whether the court currently has declaratory judgment jurisdiction over Nucleonics’s counterclaims.
C. Application of Standard for Declaratory Judgment Jurisdiction
1. Declaratory Judgment Jurisdiction Existed at the Time Nucleonics Filed it Counterclaims
At the time Nucleonics filed its counterclaims for declarations of invalidity and unenforceability, Benitec’s patent infringement claims were pending. Because Nucleonics had been charged with infringement of the '099 patent, there was, as dictated by Cardinal Chemical, necessarily a case or controversy adequate to support jurisdiction at that time. See id.
2. Declaratory Judgment Jurisdiction at the Present Time
a. Human Application of RNAi
Cardinal Chemical, however, does not address whether subsequent events can divest the district court of jurisdiction, specifically here, over Nucleonics’s counterclaims. This court has rejected the argument that subsequent events cannot divest the trial court of jurisdiction, noting that Cardinal Chemical dealt primarily with this court’s previous practice of vacating findings of patent invalidity as moot in light of non-infringement. Super Sack, 57 F.3d at 1060; see also Amana Refrigeration, Inc. v. Quadlux, Inc., 172 F.3d 852, 855 (Fed.Cir.1999).
In Super Sack, we found that Super Sack’s unconditional agreement “not to sue Chase for infringement as to any claim of the patents-in-suit based upon the products currently manufactured and sold by Chase” was sufficient to divest the court of jurisdiction over Chase’s counterclaims for non-infringement, invalidity and unen-[1346]*1346forceability because Chase was engaged in no “present activity ” placing it at risk of an infringement suit and Chase did not claim it was planning to make any new infringing product. 57 F.Sd at 1059-60 (quoting BP Chems., 4 F.3d at 978). We further explained that “[t]he residual possibility of a future infringement suit based on Chase’s future acts is simply too speculative a basis for jurisdiction over Chase’s counterclaim for declaratory judgments of invalidity.” Id. at 1060.
In Amana Refrigeration, Amana sued Quadlux for “declaratory judgments of patent invalidity and noninfringement.” 172 F.3d at 855. Quadlux responded with a promise not to sue Amana for patent infringement based on the patent-in-suit “as it presently reads, with respect to any product currently advertised, manufactured, marketed or sold by Amana, or any product which was advertised, manufactured, marketed or sold by Amana prior to the date of’ the promise. Id. We held that this promise divested the district court of jurisdiction, notwithstanding that at some indefinite point in the future, Amana might develop new products or the PTO might reissue the patent-in-suit with altered claims. Id. at 855-56.
Although neither Super Sack nor Amana has been expressly overruled, both applied the disapproved “reasonable apprehension of imminent suit” test. Therefore, although the holdings in both cases are not necessarily dependent on the “reasonable apprehension of imminent suit” requirement, we nevertheless base our analysis of whether jurisdiction currently exists over Nucleonics’s declaratory judgment counterclaims strictly on the framework of MedImmune.
Nucleonics is currently researching applications of RNAi with an eye to treating human diseases, such as hepatitis B. Section 271(e)(1) of Title 35 of the United States Code provides:
It shall not be an act of infringement to make, use, offer to sell, or sell within the United States or import into the United States a patented invention (other than a new animal drug or veterinary biological product (as those terms are used in the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act and the Act of March 4, 1913) which is primarily manufactured using recombinant DNA, recombinant RNA, hybri-doma technology, or other processes involving site specific genetic manipulation techniques) solely for uses reasonably related to the development and submission of information under a Federal law which regulates the manufacture, use, or sale of drugs or veterinary biological products.
The parties have now both taken the position that Nucleonics’s present activities related to the human medical application of RNAi are, in light of § 271 and the Supreme Court’s decision in Merck, not infringing and cannot become infringing until after Nucleonics files a new drug application (“NDA”) with the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (“FDA”). Nu-cleonics took this position, which the dissent does not mention, even before the decision in Merck. Benitec acknowledged lack of infringement later when it moved to dismiss its infringement claims. Nu-cleonics does not even anticipate filing an NDA before “at least 2010-2012, if ever.” Therefore, Nucleonics’s activities of developing and submitting information to the FDA related to human application of RNAi does not present a case or controversy of sufficient immediacy and reality to warrant declaratory judgment jurisdiction over the enforceability of the '099 patent. The fact that Nucleonics may file an NDA in a few years does not provide the immediacy and reality required for a declaratory judgment. The situation is analogous to that in Telectronics Pacing Systems, Inc. v. Ventritex, Inc., 982 F.2d [1347]*13471520, 1527 (Fed.Cir.1992), where we affirmed the district court finding that a defibrillator component manufacturer’s claim for future patent infringement lacked a sufficient allegation of immediacy to support a declaratory judgment action since the potentially infringing defibrillator had only recently begun clinical trials and was years away from possible FDA approval.
Nucleonics argues that Fort James Corp. v. Solo Cup Co., 412 F.3d 1340, 1342 (Fed.Cir.2005), supports its position that the court has jurisdiction. In Fort James, the plaintiff sued Solo Cup for infringement of three patents. Solo Cup “counterclaimed for declarations that the patents were invalid, unenforceable, and not infringed.” Id. at 1343. The district court bifurcated the proceedings; all issues were to be tried to a jury first, except Solo Cup’s unenforceability counterclaim, which was to be tried by the court following the jury trial. Id. at 1344. The jury found that one of the patents-in-suit was neither invalid nor infringed. Id. at 1345. Fort James then promised not to sue Solo Cup on any of the three patents for any product Solo Cup currently or previously manufactured and to “not seek to overturn the jury’s verdict.” Id. Solo Cup nonetheless wished to press forward with its declaratory claim for invalidity of one of the patents. Id. We held that there was still declaratory judgment jurisdiction over Solo Cup’s counterclaim. Id. at 1349. The majority stated that Fort James’s promise not to sue “had no effect on Fort James’s claim for infringement, because that controversy had already been resolved by the jury’s verdict.” Id. at 1348. The majority concluded that “the jury verdict holding that Solo Cup did not infringe Fort James’s patents did not moot Solo Cup’s counterclaim for unenforceability nor did it act to divest the district court of jurisdiction to hear that unlitigated counterclaim.” Id.
Contrary to Nucleonic’s assertions, Fort James does not compel jurisdiction here. The instant setting is different because no trial of the infringement issue has taken place. Benitec instead had its claims dismissed at its request before a trial and the considerable effort connected therewith had taken place. The court in Fort James distinguished Super Sack on this “unique procedural posture”:
In Super Sack and its progeny, the pat-entee’s covenant not to sue was filed prior to consideration or resolution of the underlying infringement claim. In such circumstances, the promise not to sue obviated any reasonable apprehension that the declaratory judgment plaintiff might have of being held liable for its acts of infringement.... Here, however, the Post-Verdict Covenant had no effect on Fort James’s claim for infringement, because that controversy had already been resolved by the jury’s verdict.
Id. at 1348.
In SanDisk, we did hold that the statement of STMicroelectronics NVs (“ST”) vice president of intellectual property and licensing that “ST has absolutely no plan whatsoever to sue SanDisk” did not eliminate the justiciable controversy created by ST’s actions. 480 F.3d at 1382. However, ST’s statement was made when ST had engaged in a course of conduct that showed a willingness to enforce its patent rights despite its vice-president’s statement. ST had approached SanDisk having made a studied and considered determination of infringement by SanDisk and having communicated that determination to SanDisk. It then only stated that it did not intend to sue SanDisk; it did not say it would not sue SanDisk in the future for its alleged infringement. Id. at 1382-83. In the instant case, Benitec made its covenant and sought dismissal of its infringement claim after it concluded that the Merck [1348]*1348decision precluded an infringement claim based upon the activities of Nucleonics on which it, Benitec, had instituted its suit. Under these circumstances, there is no controversy between the parties concerning infringement by Nucleonics in its development of human applications of RNAi technology.
b. Animal Application of RNAi
Nucleonics now states, however, that it wishes to expand into animal RNAi products. Such products presumably would not be protected from infringement by § 271(e)(1) because they would appear to fall within its parenthetical exception to the safe harbor that excepts from infringement protection any “new animal drug or veterinary biological product ... which is primarily manufactured using recombinant DNA, recombinant RNA, hybridoma technology, or other processes involving site specific genetic manipulation techniques.”
Nucleonics submitted to the district court the declaration of its president3 who stated:
Nucleonics wishes to expand its efforts beyond human health to animal husbandry and veterinary products. To this end, Nucleonics has entered into discussion with a large supplier of breeding stock for a variety of livestock food species regarding their needs and how RNA interference might be utilized to provide them a competitive advantage. These discussions began around May 25 of 2005; a meeting was held in Nashville on July 27. Nucleonics has executed a confidentiality agreement between the parties, which is a prerequisite to detailed technical discussions. Nucleonics expects work and research involving RNAi technology will commence shortly.
Nucleonics argues that the evidence offered by its president shows a justiciable case or controversy that supports declaratory judgment jurisdiction over its potential expansion to animal husbandry and veterinary products. To be liable as an infringer, Nucleonics must be one who “without authority makes, uses, offers to sell, or sells” a product that infringes the '099 patent. See 35 U.S.C. § 271(a). There was no evidence before the district court that Nucleonics had made or sold any infringing product.4
The meaning of “offer to sell” in § 271(a) is the offer of common law contracts. Rotec Indus. v. Mitsubishi Corp., 215 F.3d 1246, 1254-55 (Fed.Cir.2000). The declaration of Nucleonics’s president does not indicate that Nucleonics’s desire to expand into animal markets has yet produced any definite offer which the unnamed “supplier of breeding stock” could accept. Nucleonics has not shown that it is engaged in any “use” of the patented invention that could subject it to an infringement suit by Benitec. Nucleonics has therefore not met its burden of showing that it is engaged in any present activity that could subject it to a claim of infringement by Benitec. See Microchip Tech., 441 F.3d at 943. In other words, Nucleonics has not shown that its discussions regarding expansion into animal husbandry and veterinary products meet the immediacy and reality requirement of MedImmune. See MedImmune, 127 S.Ct. at 771.
Nucleonics has also failed to show that its future plans meet the immediacy and [1349]*1349reality requirement of MedImmune necessary to support a justiciable controversy. Three reasons compel the conclusion that Nucleonics has not done so.
First, Nucleonics’s only steps toward potentially-infringing animal research are discussions with an unnamed potential customer and execution of an undescribed confidentiality agreement. Nucleonics merely “expects” to begin work “shortly.” We do not doubt the veracity of Nucleon-ics’s president’s statements — indeed, there is no evidence to the contrary. However, to allow such a scant showing to provoke a declaratory judgment suit would be to allow nearly anyone who so desired to challenge a patent.
Second, and particularly given the uncertain contours of § 271(e)(1), see Merck, 545 U.S. at 202, 125 S.Ct. 2372, Nucleonics has provided insufficient information for a court to assess whether Nucleonics’s possible future animal work would be infringing or not. The Supreme Court in Merck held that § 271(e)(1) “exempted from infringement all uses of patented compounds ‘reasonably related’ to the process of developing information for submission under any federal law regulating the manufacture, use, or distribution of drugs.” 545 U.S. at 206, 125 S.Ct. 2372 (emphases in original). Although the allegedly infringing activity at issue in Merck did not implicate § 271(e)(l)’s parenthetical exception for animal drugs, here, based on the evidence Nucleonics has presented, one cannot tell if Nucleonics intends to undertake activity that would fall within § 271(e)(l)’s parenthetical exception or would otherwise be infringing.
Third, although Benitec originally argued that animal testing for human use was infringing activity, it has now concluded that such testing falls within § 271(e)(l)’s protection. Benitec has never challenged use of the technology in testing in animals for animal use and claims another company owns any right to do so. In any event, there is no evidence of a justiciable controversy between Beni-tec and Nucleonics over Nucleonics’s vaguely defined potential expansion to animal husbandry and veterinary products.
We recognize that Nucleonics would like to remove any concerns it or its potential investors might have over possible infringement of the Benitec patent. We do not express an opinion on whether Nu-cleonics’s animal work could ever be the subject of an infringement suit. We merely hold that Nucleonics did not carry its burden of showing an existing justiciable controversy. As we observed in Teva:
federal courts are to decide only actual controversies by judgment which can be carried into effect, and not to give opinions on moot questions or abstract propositions .... Although there can be a fine line between declaratory judgments and advisory opinions, the Supreme Court maintains the necessity of avoiding issuing advisory opinions on hypothetical facts.
482 F.3d at 1338-39 (internal quotations and citation omitted). We also recognize that Nucleonics wishes to receive the benefit of a ruling on the validity and scope of Benitec’s patent now, while Nucleonics undertakes any nascent animal work. There is currently, however, no “substantial controversy, between [Benitec and Nucleonics], of sufficient immediacy and reality to warrant the issusance of a declaratory judgment.” MedImmune, 127 S.Ct. at 771. And there may never be.
III. CONCLUSION
Nucleonics has not made a showing of “sufficient immediacy and reality” to support declaratory judgment jurisdiction. The district court’s judgment of dismissal for lack of jurisdiction is affirmed.
AFFIRMED