W. EUGENE DAVIS, Circuit Judge:
These consolidated cases sought judicial review of notices of final partnership administrative adjustment (FPAA) issued to Bemont Investments, L.L.C. (Bemont) and BPB Investments, L.C. (BPB). Following that review in the district court, the government appeals two aspects of the district court’s judgment: (1) the ruling on the partnerships’ motion for partial summary judgment disallowing the 40% valuation misstatement penalty, and (2) the ruling post trial holding that the FPAA issued to Bemont for the 2001 tax year was time-barred. The partnerships appeal the district court’s judgment upholding the imposition of the 20% substantial understatement and negligence penalties. We affirm in part and reverse in part.
I.
On October 13, 2006, the Commissioner of the Internal Revenue issued FPAAs to Bemont and BPB for tax years 2001 and 2002. An FPAA is the partnership equivalent of a statutory notice of deficiency to an individual or non-partnership entity. The FPAAs disallowed losses from a foreign currency hedging transaction claimed on Bemont’s 2001 partnership return and BPB’s 2002 return. Both FPAAs also imposed four, alternative, non-cumulative penalties: (1) a 40% penalty for underpayment attributable to a gross valuation misstatement, (2) a 20% penalty for underpayment attributable to negligence, (3) a 20% penalty for underpayment attributable to a substantial understatement of income tax, and (4) a 20% penalty for underpayment attributable to a substantial valuation misstatement, all under 26 U.S.C. § 6662. The partnerships timely commenced actions for readjustment of partnership items by filing petitions in the district court. The actions were consolidated and referred by consent to a magistrate judge for all purposes.
Before trial, the court granted the partnerships’ motion for partial summary judgment, holding that the government was foreclosed from imposing the valuation misstatement penalties (items (1) and (4) above). The remainder of the case proceeded to trial. After a bench trial, the court determined that the FPAA issued to Bemont for 2001 was time-barred, precluding the tax assessment and penalties related to that tax year. The court upheld the disallowance of losses reported by the partnerships and the imposition of penalties against them (items (2) and (3) above) for 2002. Both sides appeal.
The transaction underlying this dispute is described by the IRS as a classic Son of BOSS tax shelter. This type of shelter creates tax benefits in the form of deductible losses or reduced gains by creating an artificially high basis in partnership interests. Ordinarily under the Internal Revenue Code, when a partner contributes property to a partnership, the partner’s basis in his partnership interest increases. 26 U.S.C. § 722. When a partnership assumes a partner’s liability, the partner’s basis decreases. 26 U.S.C. §§ 722, 752. [342]*342A Son of BOSS shelter recognizes the increased basis resulting from the partnership’s acquisition of the partner’s asset, but ignores the effect on that basis created by the partnership’s assumption of the partner’s liability. A higher basis can lead to the recognition of a loss or a reduced amount of gain when the asset is sold. The IRS classified such schemes as abusive tax shelters. Notice 2000-44, 2000-2 C.B. 255. The notice designated such shelters as “listed transactions” for purposes of Treasury Regulation §§ 1.6011-4T(b)(2) and 301.6111-2T(b)(2). A listed transaction is one the IRS has determined to be a tax avoidance transaction. Treas. Reg. § 1.6011-4T, as amended by T.D. 92000, 2002-2 C.B. 87.
Taxpayers who purchase and entities who promote listed transactions have certain disclosure requirements to the IRS. In general, the taxpayer must file a disclosure statement with any tax return that includes gains or losses from a listed transaction. 26 U.S.C. § 6011. Promoters of listed transactions, who are also called material advisors, must keep lists identifying persons who engage in such transactions and report that information to the IRS upon request. 26 U.S.C. § 6112.
To combat the problem of taxpayers and promoters who fail to comply with the disclosure requirements, Congress extended the usual three-year statute of limitations for issuance of a deficiency notice or FPAA in cases involving undisclosed listed transactions until one year after the taxpayer or his tax-shelter advisor has complied with the notice requirements. 26 U.S.C. § 6501(c)(10).
The particular shelter in this case took the following form. Andrew Beal formed BPB and contributed to BPB $5 million in cash and stock with a cost basis of $4 million in Solution 6, an Australian company. Beal’s purported plan was to takeover Solution 6 in a transaction requiring substantial sums of Australian dollars. To hedge the risk that the Australian dollar would appreciate (relative to the U.S. dollar) prior to closing on a takeover bid for Solution 6, BPB entered into a digital currency swap transaction with Deutsche Bank. The swaps included two long positions that required BPB to pay Deutsche Bank a fee of $202.5 million. Two short positions required Deutsche Bank to pay BPB a fee of $197.5 million. BPB only paid Deutsche Bank the net difference between the long and short positions, i.e. $5 million. In addition, the swaps required BPB and Deutsche Bank to make offsetting fixed payments to each other — under which term Deutsche Bank paid BPB approximately $2.5 million. Thus, BPB’s net cost of these transactions was $2.5 million.
Shortly after Beal formed BPB, BPB formed a partnership called Bemont with Montgomery. BPB contributed the swaps contracts and Solution 6 stock to Bemont. The partnerships reported that the tax basis of the swaps contributed was $202.5 million, ignoring the $197.5 million offset represented by the short swaps.
After the swaps terminated in November 2001, Montgomery left the Bemont partnership with BPB, causing Bemont to terminate for tax purposes. Once Montgomery exited, Bemont’s only asset was the Australian currency, which was deemed distributed to BPB. In late 2001, Beal and Montgomery decided not to pursue the takeover of Solution 6 and BPB sold most of the Australian currency at its fair market value. Using the inflated basis of $202.5 million, Bemont reported a $151 million foreign-currency loss on its 2001 return, which was allocated to Beal. In 2002, after the deemed distribution from Bemont, BPB sold the remainder of the Australian currency and reported a [343]*343$46 million foreign-currency loss on its 2002 return, which was allocated to Beal.
In adopting this tax treatment, Beal and Montgomery relied on the advice of tax accountant, Matt Coscia, that the tax treatment using the inflated tax bases was likely correct. Neither Beal nor the partnerships filed the disclosure statements required by Notice 2000-44 and 26 U.S.C. § 6011 with their tax returns affected by participation in the transactions.
In April 2005, the IRS audited Beal’s 2002 tax return and inquired about the $46 million loss allocated from BPB. Beth Montgomery, the accountant who had prepared Beal’s return, gave the IRS agent a copy of the agreement assigning BPB’s rights under the swaps to Bemont. The agreement listed all four swaps — two long and two short. She also provided copies of the confirmation letters for the long swaps but did not provide further detail on the short swaps. No adjustments were made by the IRS to Beal’s return for that year.
On October 13, 2006, after the ordinary three-year statute of limitations for examining Beal’s and the partnerships’ 2001 returns had expired, the IRS issued FPAAs to BPB and Bemont. The FPAA the IRS issued to Bemont covered the 2001 tax year, disallowing the losses from the swaps and determining that Bemont’s partners had no basis in the partnership. The FPAA the IRS issued to BPB dealt with the 2002 tax year, and disallowed the losses from the swaps and determined that the BPB partners had no basis. Thus this case deals with the 2001 losses reported by Bemont and the 2002 losses reported by BPB.
II.
The district court’s findings of fact are reviewed for clear error and legal conclusions are reviewed de novo. Klamath Strategic Inv. Fund v. United States, 568 F.3d 537, 543 (5th Cir.2009).
III.
Ordinarily, the IRS must assess taxes within three years after a taxpayer files his return. 26 U.S.C. § 6501. Because the IRS issued the FPAA for Bemont’s 2001 tax year more than three years after the return was filed, the district court had to determine whether the statute of limitations had run as to Bemont’s 2001 return. The Internal Revenue Code allows an exception to the three year limitations period in 26 U.S.C. § 6501(c)(10) “with respect to a listed transaction as defined in 26 U.S.C. § 6707(c)(2)” when the taxpayer fails to make the required disclosure under 26 U.S.C. § 6011. The partnerships do not challenge the fact that the transactions in this case are listed transactions or that the required disclosures were not made in conjunction with the partnership returns. Rather, they rely on a separate provision of § 6501 which provides that as to listed transactions, the statute of limitations “shall not expire before the date which is 1 year after the earlier” of (A) “the date on which the Secretary is furnished with the information so required,” or (B) “the date that a material advisor meets the requirements of Section 6112 with respect to a request by the Secretary under that section 6112(b) relating to such transaction with respect to such taxpayer.” 26 U.S.C. § 6501(c)(10).
The district court found that subpart (A) of § 6501(c)(10) did not apply because neither the partnerships nor Beal provided the required disclosure with their respective returns and because Montgomery did not furnish complete information about the swaps during the audit of Beal’s 2002 tax return. Beth Montgomery provided full disclosure regarding the long swaps, but did not disclose the offsetting short swaps.
[344]*344The district court therefore focused on subsection (B), which by its terms, commences the limitations period when a material advisor, in response to a request from the secretary, satisfies the disclosure requirement in § 6112. That provision requires material advisors to keep lists of persons engaging in listed transactions in a form and containing such information as the secretary may require by regulation.1
The regulation promulgated under the authority granted in § 6112 is structured in a series of questions and answers “relating to the requirement to maintain a list of investors in potential abusive tax shelters (temporary).” Treas. Reg. § 301.6112-1T (2002). Question 16 asks “In what manner must an organizer or a seller maintain a list?” Answer A-16 states;
A list may be maintained on paper, card file, magnetic media, or in any other form, provided the method of maintaining the list enables the Internal Revenue Sendee to determine without undue delay or difficulty the information required by A-17 of this section.
Question 17 asks what information must be included on the list. The requirement provided in Answer A-17 is quoted in the margin.2
[345]*345The district court found that pursuant to an IRS summons Deutsche Bank (a material advisor to the partnerships) provided information to the IRS no later than July 2005 which identified Bemont and BPB as participating in Son of Boss/Digital Options and that the information provided substantially complied with the statute and applicable regulations issued by the IRS as set forth in 26 C.F.R. § 301.6112-1T. Specifically, the district court found that by July 2005, the IRS had information that identified BPB and Bemont, and as to these entities, the account number for the buy and sell, the foreign exchange amount, the foreign exchange rate, the amount of U.S. dollars involved, the trade and sell dates, and the percentage sold. Accordingly, it held that the FPAA issued to Bemont in October 2006 was too late and the IRS was time barred from assessing additional taxes or related penalties for the 2001 tax year.3
Although the parties present arguments addressing whether the information was provided to the IRS as a § 6112 list and whether the information includes sufficient details to satisfy the regulatory requirements of such a list, we conclude that we need not reach these issues because the disclosure did not satisfy the regulation’s requirement in A-16 — that the information be provided in a form that enables the IRS to determine the information required by A-17 without undue delay or difficulty. Resolving the issue requires us to focus on the facts surrounding Deutsche Bank’s disclosure.
In 2004, the IRS issued a series of summons to Deutsche Bank. The summonses were never disclosed in this litigation. However, Deutsche Bank’s cover letters and responses to the IRS provide insight into what the IRS requested. A May 2005 letter states that the disclosure relates to “In re Matter of the Liability of Taurus Corporation and Deutsche Bank, AG for Penalties under I.R.C. Section 6707/6708, Summonses dated October 20, 2004.”4 The letter discloses that the bank had made previous productions of documents in January, March and April of 2005. Those submissions included 123 CDs that captured approximately 1,100,000 pages of documents. The May 2005 submission included an additional 103 CDs that captured approximately 1,090,000 pages of documents. The information on Bemont and BPB was included on 21 CDs labeled “Transaction: FX Digital Options” responsive to the IRS’s summons headed “Son of Boss/Digital Options.” The letter also indicates that Deutsche Bank expected to make an additional submission of documents.
The partnerships at issue in this case are identified on three of those pages in charts attached to internal Deutsche Bank emails. One email has the subject line “September Commissions” with a one page attachment that includes a list of clients and commissions due. The list includes BPB for a transaction labeled “SWAP.” The second email has a subject line reading “Sell cad please” and has a 15 page chart attached. One page of the chart includes a reference to Beal and BM Investments LLC (the entity referred to as Bemont in this opinion), related account numbers, a reference to Australian dollars and an “FX Amount” of $4,849,660. An[346]*346other page contains a reference to BM Investments with an account number.
Regardless of whether the information on the three discrete pages meets or does not meet the requirements of Question and Answer A-17 of the regulation, we find that the disclosure as a whole does not meet the regulations requirement in A-16 that the information be provided in a form that enables the IRS to determine the information required by A-17 without undue delay or difficulty. First, the references to BPB and Bemont were on three pages buried in over 2 million pages of documents. Second, the references were in charts attached to internal Deutsche Bank emails. Neither the emails or the chart titles give any hint that the attachments contained lists of advisees engaging in tax shelter transactions. Rather BPB and Bemont were listed in emails containing calculations of commissions due and in a list of sales orders. The taxpayer does not explain and it is not apparent to us how the IRS would be expected to locate these references within the volume of documents or how the IRS could easily determine from this information that any of the listed entities participated in abusive tax shelter transactions.
Accordingly, we conclude that the 2005 disclosures by Deutsche Bank did not trigger the one year limitations period in 26 U.S.C. § 6501(c)(10) and the district court’s ruling to the contrary that the IRS’s assessment against Bemont for the 2001 tax year was untimely is reversed.
IV.
Section 6662 of the Internal Revenue Code imposes a penalty of 20% of any underpayment of tax that is attributable to a number of causes, including negligence, substantial understatement of income tax, and substantial valuation misstatement under chapter 1 (income tax). This provision increases the valuation misstatement penalty to 40% in the case of a gross valuation misstatement. 26 U.S.C. § 6662(h)(1). The taxpayer is allowed a defense to the substantial understatement penalty “if there is or was substantial authority for such treatment.” 26 U.S.C. § 6662(d)(2)(B). The code also allows the taxpayer a complete defense to both the negligence and understatement penalties in 26 U.S.C. § 6664(c)(1) if the taxpayer acted “in good faith” and with “reasonable cause.” The district court found that the negligence penalty was properly imposed and that the good faith / reasonable cause defense did not apply. However, in a ruling on the partnerships’ motion for partial summary judgment, the district court found that the 40% penalty for gross valuation misstatements did not apply. Because only one penalty can apply and because the district court had already confirmed the application of the negligence penalty, it did not consider the substantial understatement penalty or the taxpayer’s defense of substantial authority for the treatment it took on the return.
The government appeals the disallowance of the 40% gross valuation misstatement penalty. The taxpayer cross appeals the negligence penalty and also argues that the substantial understatement penalty should not apply.
A.
The government argues that the district court erred in holding that the 40% penalty for basis valuation misstatements in 26 U.S.C. § 6662 does not apply when the IRS totally disallows the taxpayer’s claimed loss or deduction. Section 6662’s graduated penalty for valuation misstatements applies if a taxpayer’s understatement is “attributable to” a “valuation misstatement”. 26 U.S.C. § 6662(b). A “valuation misstatement” exists if the [347]*347“value of any property (or the adjusted basis of any property) claimed on any return [on any income tax return] is 200 [or for gross misstatements 400] percent or more of the amount determined to be the correct amount of such valuation or adjusted basis.” 26 U.S.C. § 6662(e)(1)(A), (h). The district court held that this penalty did not apply based on several Fifth Circuit cases dealing with the meaning of “attributable to” in similar contexts.
First, in Todd v. Comm’r, 862 F.2d 540 (5th Cir.1988), this court construed 26 U.S.C. § 6659(a), which calls for an addition to the tax if the taxpayer had an underpayment of income tax “which is attributable to a valuation overstatement.” The Tax Court had denied the taxpayer’s depreciation deductions for the tax years in question because the asset with the arguably inflated valuation had not been placed in service during those years (which is a requirement for taking a depreciation deduction). Id. at 541. Applying a formula found in an explanation of the underlying statute in the General Explanation of the Economic Recovery Tax Act of 1981 or “blue book” prepared by the staff of the Joint Committee on Taxation, the Tax Court compared (1) the actual tax liability after adjusting for the failure to place the assets in question into service in the applicable tax years and (2) the actual tax liability adjusted for the valuation overstatements. Id. at 542-43. Because there was no difference between the two amounts, the Tax Court determined that no part of the underpayment of tax was attributable to the valuation overstatement. Id. at 543.
In other words, where the deductions and credits for these [assets] were inappropriate altogether, the Todds’ valuation of the property supposedly generating the tax benefits had no impact whatsoever on the amount of tax actually owed.
Id This court was persuaded that the Tax Court’s approach was proper.
In Headley v. Comm’r, 902 F.2d 380 (5th Cir.1990), this court addressed again a valuation overstatement penalty in 26 U.S.C. § 6659(a). As in Todd, the IRS completely disallowed a deduction claimed for $10,000 in advance rental payments and a $20,000 investment tax credit that related to the taxpayer’s investment in equipment for an energy conservation program. Id. at 382. The Heasleys had overvalued each of two units by $95,000. Id. However, applying the same rationale as in Todd, this court stated
Whenever the I.R.S. totally disallows a deduction or credit, the I.R.S. may not penalize the taxpayer for a valuation overstatement included in that deduction or credit---- In this case, the Heasleys’ actual tax liability does not differ one cent from their tax liability without the valuation overstatement included. In other words, the Heasleys’ valuation overstatement does not change the amount of tax actually owed.
Id. at 383. Consistent with Todd, we found that the valuation overstatement penalty did not apply.
In this case, the IRS gave a number of reasons to disallow the losses reported by the partnerships. As described by the district court, the deductions were not disallowed because of a substantial valuation misstatement. Rather the IRS determined that the transactions which generated the purported losses were created for no business purpose other than tax avoidance, lacked economic substance and were an economic sham. Accordingly, the IRS disregarded the transactions in full. Because the IRS treated the transactions as a sham, and disallowed all tax attributes flowing from the transactions in full, any valuation misstatement was irrelevant to [348]*348the calculation of the tax and, under the precedent cited above, the 40% penalty cannot apply.5
The district court properly disallowed the 40% penalty for basis valuation misstatements.
B.
In its cross-appeal, the partnerships argue that the district court erred in imposing the 20% negligence penalty and also argue that the 20% substantial understatement penalty should not apply. As outlined above, 26 U.S.C. § 6662(b)(2) imposes a 20% penalty on “the portion of any underpayment which is attributable to ... (1) Negligence or disregard of rules or regulations, [and] (2) Any substantial understatement of income tax.” The substantial understatement penalty does not apply “if there is or was substantial authority” for the treatment proposed by the taxpayer. 26 U.S.C. § 6662(d)(2)(B). Both penalties are also excused if the taxpayer acted “in good faith” and with “reasonable cause.” 26 U.S.C. § 6664(c)(1). Resolution of this issue narrows to whether either defense applies.
Section 6662 defines the conduct that justifies the imposition of the 20% negligence or disregard penalty as follows: “ ‘[n]egligence’ includes any failure to make a reasonable attempt to comply with the provisions of this title, and the term ‘disregard’ includes any careless, reckless, or intentional disregard.” 26 U.S.C. § 6662(c). Negligence is strongly indicated if a taxpayer fails to make a reasonable attempt to ascertain the correctness of a deduction or credit which would seem “too good to be true” to a reasonable and prudent person. Treas. Reg. § 1.6662 — 8(b)(1); 26 C.F.R. § 1.6662-3(b)(l). A taxpayer can avoid this penalty if he can show a “reasonable basis” for his position.6 Id. In addition, the reasonable cause and good faith defense may also provide relief from the negligence penalty, even if a return does not meet the reasonable basis standard.
The partnerships argue that the district court erred by ignoring their al[349]*349leged defense of reasonable cause and good faith to the negligence penalty. The taxpayer bears the burden of proof on these defenses. Klamath Strategic Investment Fund v. United States, 568 F.3d 537, 548 (5th Cir.2009).
The most important factor is the extent of the taxpayer’s effort to assess his proper liability in light of all the circumstances. Treas. Reg. § 1.6664-4(b). Reliance on the advice of a professional tax adviser does not necessarily demonstrate reasonable cause and good faith; rather, the validity of this reliance turns on “the quality and objectivity of the professional advice which they obtained.” Swayze v. United States, 785 F.2d 715, 719 (9th Cir.1986).
Id. In Klamath, the district court found that the taxpayers had
sought legal advice from qualified accountants and tax attorneys concerning the legal implications of their investments and the resulting tax deductions. They hired attorneys to write a detailed tax opinion, providing the attorneys with access to all relevant transactional documents. This tax opinion concluded that the tax treatment at issue complied with reasonable interpretations of the tax laws. At trial, the Partnerships’ tax expert concluded that the opinion complied with standards established by Treasury Circular 230, which addresses conduct of practitioners who provide tax opinions. Overall, the district court found that the Partnerships proved by a preponderance of the evidence that they relied in good faith on the advice of qualified accountants and tax lawyers.
Id. In contrast, in this case, the district court concluded that the taxpayers’ professional advisor Coscia “was no more than a ‘puppet’ ” for them and “rendered no real independent or objective advice. Coscia said what he was paid to say.” Accordingly the district court found that “the reasonable cause defense and defense to negligence” were not available to the taxpayers. Based on our review of the record, these fact findings are not clearly erroneous and support the district court’s conclusion that the 20% negligence penalty was properly assessed.
The IRS also imposed a 20% penalty for a substantial understatement of income tax. This penalty may be avoided if the taxpayer can show that he had “substantial authority” for the tax treatment of an item. 26 C.F.R. § 1.6662-4(d)(2). The standard for the substantial authority defense is more stringent than that for the reasonable basis defense that precludes imposition of the negligence or disregard penalty.7 Relying on Streber v. Comm’r, 138 F.3d 216 (5th Cir.1998), the partnerships argue that the substantial authority defense should apply and that because the standard for the substantial authority defense is more stringent than the reasonable basis standard, neither penalty is proper. Presumably because the district court found that the negligence penalty should be upheld, it did not address the [350]*350substantial underpayment penalty because only one penalty may be imposed.
The taxpayer’s reliance on Streber is misplaced. In Streber, two sisters in their twenties received over a million dollars each and hired an attorney to advise them on their potential tax liability. Id. at 217. The IRS charged them with negligence and substantial understatement penalties (under statutes that are very similar to the ones applicable to this case) for treating the funds as a gift. Id. at 218. As in this case, the taxpayers appealed only the penalties. Id. at 218-19.
Addressing the substantial authority defense, this court stated that substantial authority could rest on factual matters.
In a recent decision, the Eleventh Circuit explained that where the substantial authority issue turns on evidence going both ways, “there is substantial authority from a factual standpoint for the taxpayer’s position. Only if there was a record upon which the Government could obtain a reversal under the clearly erroneous standard could it be argued that from an evidentiary standpoint, there was not substantial authority....” Osteen v. Commissioner, 62 F.3d 356, 359 (11th Cir.1995). Apart from trying to confine Osteen to its facts, an untenable position, I.R.S. does not demonstrate how its principle is inapt here. The government makes no effort to assert that the only rational tax treatment of the transaction was as a gift made before 1985.
Id. at 223 (emphasis added). The taxpayers argue that their factual defenses (that the swaps had profit potential and the takeover bid for Solution 6 was not abandoned prior to the swaps) were supported by credible evidence. Thus the taxpayers in this case assert that the district court’s fact findings against them do not preclude their reliance on the rejected factual assertions for purposes of the substantial authority defense. They argue that this is true even though the district court rejected their factual assertions.
We conclude that Streber is inapplicable to this case for several reasons. First, in Streber, the facts “were complex, largely undisputed, and not materially affected by the Tax Court’s assessment of the sisters’ lack of credibility.” Id. The facts in this case were greatly disputed, particularly on the critical issue of whether the underlying transaction was a sham. Second, in Streber, neither the IRS or the Tax Court argued “that ‘substantial authority’ means only legal, not factual authority.” Id. n. 14. In this case, the government points to Treas. Reg. § 1.6662 — 4(d)(3)(iii), which clearly limits the relevant substantial authority to legal authorities.8
[351]*351Streber is factually and legally distinguishable from the facts of this case and we decline to apply it..
V.
For the above reasons, we reverse the judgment of the district court that the FPAA as to the 2001 tax year was untimely; we affirm the judgment of the district court in all other respects including disallowing the 40% valuation misstatement penalty and upholding the 20% negligence penalty for both 2001 and 2002. We remand this case to the district court for entry of judgment consistent with this opinion.
REVERSED in part; AFFIRMED in part; REMANDED.