Mr. Justice Brown
delivered the opinion of the court.
Upon the trial the court left it to the jury to say whether the defendant'was guilty of negligence in either of four particulars : (1) In failing to protect the tracks by a fence at the point where the accident occurred; (2) in failing to' provide a proper light to give warning of the approach of the train ; (3) the distance passed over by the train after it struck thé plaintiff and before it was brought to a stop, .as bearing upon the question of speed; (4) and whether the persons' in charge of the engine were keeping a proper lookout. These' questions were all left to the jury, and presumptively, at least, determined against the defendant.
1. The regulations of the Commissioners of the District, adopted in pursuance of an act of Congress, approved January 26, 1887, c. 48, 24 Stat. 368, and á joint resolution of February 26, 1892, 27 Stat. 394, require that “ whenever the grade of a steam railroad track is approximately even with the adja.cent surface, the line of the road shall be securely closed on both sides with a substantial fence,” etc. There was no fence upon either side of the track where the accident occurred. The facts were that the track, at the point where the plaintiff was attempting to cross at the time of the accident, was not over two feet two inches higher than the level of the street, and was probably considerably less than that. The argument of the defendant is that, under this state of facts, the court had no right to submit the question to the jury, whether, within the meaning
of the regulations, the grade of the track at this point was “ approximately even with the adjacent surface ” of the street. There was also some testimony tending to show that it was impracticable to build a' fence there consistently with the proper management of the road.
Had the sole design of the fence been to prevent the cross-. ing of vehicles at this point, it would be difficult to say that an elevation of two feet two inches above the surface of the street made the track approximately, even with the adjacent surface; but evidently more than this was contemplated by this regulation, which looked to the protection of pedestrians as well as vehicles. The object of the fence is to prevent all crossing of the tracks, and unless the elevation be such as to render it practically impossible to cross, it is a question’ for the jury whether the track is not approximately even with the surface of the street. An elevation of two feet would afford no serious obstacle to the crossing.of foot passengers, and apparently presented no difficulty to the plaintiff, as he had already mounted the track when he was struck by the tender. Had there been a fence upon either side of the track between Thirteenth-and-a-half and Fourteenth streets, the plaintiff would have been obliged to cross, the.track at one .of the street crossings,- in order to reach the lamp which he intended to light, and the accident would probably not have occurred. As bearing upon the practicability of a fence at this point, it is pertinent to note that, after the accident occurred, a fence - was erected along the north side of the track between these two streets, and still remains there. It was proper to leave, the question of the fence to the jury, and we have no criticism to make of the charge upon that point. .
2.- It is also insisted that there was a material variance between the declaration and the proof with respect to the light on the advancing end of the tender, and, hence that the sufficiency of such light was improperly submitted. to the jury. The regulations of the Commissioners require that “between’ sunset and sunrise of each day, a headlight, or other equivalent reflecting lantern, to give due warning to persons npar or crossing steam railroad tracks of the approach of
■
trains, locomotives or cars, shall be displayed upon the advancing end of every train of steam railroad cars, and of single steam railroad cars and locomotives not in trains, in the District of Columbia. It shall be unlawful for any person to set in motion, or run, or operate, any train of railroad cars, single railroad cars, or locomotives, without the said display of such lights or lanterns.”
The declaration averred that “ there was no light upon .the rear part of said engine to indicate its approach,” and that “bj7 reason of the reckless and grossly careless manner in which the agents of said defendant operated said engine in failing to place any light upon the rear part of said engine,” plaintiff was injured. The plaintiff showed that there was-no regular headlight on the tender, but that there was a signal lantern hanging on a hook on the rear or advancing end of the tender, and that such light was visible at a considerable distance.
The court left it to the jury to say whether the light was substantially such an one as was required by the regulations, or such as was requisite to give proper warning of the approach of the train.
As the light was clearly not an ordinary headlight, or other equivalent reflecting lantern, shedding a dazzling light which could scarcely fail to be noticed by a person crossing in froht of an engine, but an ordinary lantern which might readily be mistaken for a lantern carried by a foot passenger, or,even.a street lamp or other smaller light, it is impossible to say that there was error in submitting the question of the sufficiency of the light to the jury. The averment of the declaration, that there was
no
light, is satisfied by proof that there was no such light .as was required by law. An insufficient light is, from a legal point of view, no light at all. The distinction between a powerful headlight, such as is ordinarily carried upon locomotives, and an ordinary lantern, is by no means a fanciful or immaterial one; and it would unquestionably have been error to refuse to submit to the jury the question whether the light in question was such as gave sufficient warning to persons of the approach of trains. Although the regulations
of the Commissioners are satisfied not only by a locomotive headlight, but by an equivalent reflecting lantern of sufficient power to give warning that a train'of steam cars is approaching, it was at least a question for the jury whether an ordinary lantern which railway employés carry in their hands answered the requirement. It is very clear that the variance between the declaration and the proof was not of a character to mislead the defendant.at the trial.
Nash
v. Towne, 5 Wall. 689, 700;
Robbins
v. Chicago, 4 Wall. 657;
Grayson
v. Lynch, 163 U. S. 468, 476.
3. The case turned mainly, however, upon the question of contributory negligence, and upon the refusal of the;court to direct a verdict for the defendant upon that ground. The defence of contributory negligence is one which admits, or at least presupposes, negligence on the part of the defendant, and the party in fault thereby seeks to cast upon the plaintiff the consequence of his own failure to observe the precautions which the circumstances of the case demanded.
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Mr. Justice Brown
delivered the opinion of the court.
Upon the trial the court left it to the jury to say whether the defendant'was guilty of negligence in either of four particulars : (1) In failing to protect the tracks by a fence at the point where the accident occurred; (2) in failing to' provide a proper light to give warning of the approach of the train ; (3) the distance passed over by the train after it struck thé plaintiff and before it was brought to a stop, .as bearing upon the question of speed; (4) and whether the persons' in charge of the engine were keeping a proper lookout. These' questions were all left to the jury, and presumptively, at least, determined against the defendant.
1. The regulations of the Commissioners of the District, adopted in pursuance of an act of Congress, approved January 26, 1887, c. 48, 24 Stat. 368, and á joint resolution of February 26, 1892, 27 Stat. 394, require that “ whenever the grade of a steam railroad track is approximately even with the adja.cent surface, the line of the road shall be securely closed on both sides with a substantial fence,” etc. There was no fence upon either side of the track where the accident occurred. The facts were that the track, at the point where the plaintiff was attempting to cross at the time of the accident, was not over two feet two inches higher than the level of the street, and was probably considerably less than that. The argument of the defendant is that, under this state of facts, the court had no right to submit the question to the jury, whether, within the meaning
of the regulations, the grade of the track at this point was “ approximately even with the adjacent surface ” of the street. There was also some testimony tending to show that it was impracticable to build a' fence there consistently with the proper management of the road.
Had the sole design of the fence been to prevent the cross-. ing of vehicles at this point, it would be difficult to say that an elevation of two feet two inches above the surface of the street made the track approximately, even with the adjacent surface; but evidently more than this was contemplated by this regulation, which looked to the protection of pedestrians as well as vehicles. The object of the fence is to prevent all crossing of the tracks, and unless the elevation be such as to render it practically impossible to cross, it is a question’ for the jury whether the track is not approximately even with the surface of the street. An elevation of two feet would afford no serious obstacle to the crossing.of foot passengers, and apparently presented no difficulty to the plaintiff, as he had already mounted the track when he was struck by the tender. Had there been a fence upon either side of the track between Thirteenth-and-a-half and Fourteenth streets, the plaintiff would have been obliged to cross, the.track at one .of the street crossings,- in order to reach the lamp which he intended to light, and the accident would probably not have occurred. As bearing upon the practicability of a fence at this point, it is pertinent to note that, after the accident occurred, a fence - was erected along the north side of the track between these two streets, and still remains there. It was proper to leave, the question of the fence to the jury, and we have no criticism to make of the charge upon that point. .
2.- It is also insisted that there was a material variance between the declaration and the proof with respect to the light on the advancing end of the tender, and, hence that the sufficiency of such light was improperly submitted. to the jury. The regulations of the Commissioners require that “between’ sunset and sunrise of each day, a headlight, or other equivalent reflecting lantern, to give due warning to persons npar or crossing steam railroad tracks of the approach of
■
trains, locomotives or cars, shall be displayed upon the advancing end of every train of steam railroad cars, and of single steam railroad cars and locomotives not in trains, in the District of Columbia. It shall be unlawful for any person to set in motion, or run, or operate, any train of railroad cars, single railroad cars, or locomotives, without the said display of such lights or lanterns.”
The declaration averred that “ there was no light upon .the rear part of said engine to indicate its approach,” and that “bj7 reason of the reckless and grossly careless manner in which the agents of said defendant operated said engine in failing to place any light upon the rear part of said engine,” plaintiff was injured. The plaintiff showed that there was-no regular headlight on the tender, but that there was a signal lantern hanging on a hook on the rear or advancing end of the tender, and that such light was visible at a considerable distance.
The court left it to the jury to say whether the light was substantially such an one as was required by the regulations, or such as was requisite to give proper warning of the approach of the train.
As the light was clearly not an ordinary headlight, or other equivalent reflecting lantern, shedding a dazzling light which could scarcely fail to be noticed by a person crossing in froht of an engine, but an ordinary lantern which might readily be mistaken for a lantern carried by a foot passenger, or,even.a street lamp or other smaller light, it is impossible to say that there was error in submitting the question of the sufficiency of the light to the jury. The averment of the declaration, that there was
no
light, is satisfied by proof that there was no such light .as was required by law. An insufficient light is, from a legal point of view, no light at all. The distinction between a powerful headlight, such as is ordinarily carried upon locomotives, and an ordinary lantern, is by no means a fanciful or immaterial one; and it would unquestionably have been error to refuse to submit to the jury the question whether the light in question was such as gave sufficient warning to persons of the approach of trains. Although the regulations
of the Commissioners are satisfied not only by a locomotive headlight, but by an equivalent reflecting lantern of sufficient power to give warning that a train'of steam cars is approaching, it was at least a question for the jury whether an ordinary lantern which railway employés carry in their hands answered the requirement. It is very clear that the variance between the declaration and the proof was not of a character to mislead the defendant.at the trial.
Nash
v. Towne, 5 Wall. 689, 700;
Robbins
v. Chicago, 4 Wall. 657;
Grayson
v. Lynch, 163 U. S. 468, 476.
3. The case turned mainly, however, upon the question of contributory negligence, and upon the refusal of the;court to direct a verdict for the defendant upon that ground. The defence of contributory negligence is one which admits, or at least presupposes, negligence on the part of the defendant, and the party in fault thereby seeks to cast upon the plaintiff the consequence of his own failure to observe the precautions which the circumstances of the case demanded. In determining the existence of such negligence, we are not to hold the plaintiff liable -for faults which arise from inherent physical or mental defects, or want of capacity to appreciate what is and what is not negligence, but only to hold him to the exercise of such faculties and capacities as he is endowed with by nature for the avoidance of danger. The defendant is primarily liable for his own negligence, and can only escape liability for a non-observance of such precautions as his observation or the experience of others teaches him to be necessary, by proving that the accident would not have occurred if the plaintiff had taken such precautions as his own observation and experience had taught him to be necessary. Ilence the plaintiff is liable only for the proper use of his own faculties, and what may be justly held to be .contributory negligence in one is not necessarily such in another. There is no hard and fast rule applicable to every one under like circumstances. To an adult, in full possession of his mental 'and physical powers, one standard may be applied; to a boy, particularly if he be of limited intelligence, another standard; and to an infant, not.
sui juris
and totally ignorant of danger, still
another.
Railroad Co.
v. Gladmon, 15 Wall. 401;
Railroad Co.
v.
Stout,
17 Wall. 657;
Union Pacific Railway
v.
McDonald,
152 U. S. 262, 281. Indeed in the last case the only contributory negligence' with which he is chargeable is that of his parent or custodian who permits him to stroll into a place of danger.
Had the plaintiff in this case been a man of mature age and average intelligence, it would be difficult to escape the conclusion that he was guilty of negligence in crossing this track without taking more careful observations of incoming and outgoing trains. But he was not. He was a boy of twelve years, apparently dull for his age, as he had attended school four or five years without having learned to read or write. There was testimony tending to show that he ha,d only the capacity of a child of six or seven. Certain answers given by him upon his examination indicated that his powers of observation were limited or his memory defective. He was employed by his father, who was a city lamplighter, to light about thirty lamps upon or near Maryland avenue;.,had started shortly before five o’clock on the evening in question, which was dark and misty, to make his accustomed rounds, and had just lighted a lamp on the south side of the avenue, when he started across to light a lamp on the north side, almost immediately opposite the one he had just lighted. He says he looked both ways, up and down Maiyland avenue, for trains, waited for the passing ef an outgoing passenger train, but failed to notice an incoming train which was being drawn by a locomotive running backward. The light on the tender was obviously.not powerful enough to illuminate the tracks in front of the locomotive, since the engineer and fireman, who were looking at him as he stepped on the track in front of the locomotive, could not tell whether he was a man, woman, boy or girl, and could not see the ladder he carried. It is probable that he wTas somewhat confused by the noise of the outgoing train, by the ringing of the engine bell, a.nd by a number of vehicles which had just come over the bridge from the Yirginia side, and were rumbling and rattling over the cobblestone pavement. It may be that these noises prevented
his hearing the shouting of the engineer and fireman,, and of . two men at a switch lower down the track, toward the bridge, who were calling to him to keep away. It is by no means improbable that, if there had been a strong reflecting light on the tender, as the regulations required, it" would have compelled his attention, when an ordinary signal lantern might easily pass unnoticed. Indeed, a witness who was standing on the corner of Thirteenth-and-a-half street and Maryland avenue, and saw the plaintiff going from the lamp toward the railroad track, saw no train coming up from the bridge, although hé was looking in that direction.
We do not think that under these circumstances plaintiff could be considered a trespasser in crossing the tracks. This term is doubtless applicable to those who unnecessarily loiter upon, or walk along, a railway track as a convenient path. But to say that the plaintiff, who was lighting lamps on both sides of Maryland avenue, was bound every time he crossed the track to do so at a street crossing, is to apply too stringent a rule. The lamp which he had lighted and the one which he had started to light were upon opposite sides of the street, at a distance of from 100 to 150 feet, from the crossing of Thirteenth-and-a-half street. The rule contended for would require the plaintiff, ■ after having lighted the lamp on the south side, tosreturn to Thirteenth-and-a-half street, cross the avenue at that point, and then go about half a block to a point opposite the other, nearly double the distance required to cross the tracks directly. This method would have to be repeated every jsime he had occasion to cross the avenue. Of course, if a fence had been built this would have been necessary, but in the absence of such fence we do not think that the mere crossing of the track in the convenient performance of his duties made him a trespasser
per se.
We have examined the many cases cited by the plaintiff in error upon this point, and find that nearly all of them either turned upon the question whether loitering upon, playing upon or walking along a railroad track made a person a trespasser, or, whether in crossing a track, sufficient care was used to avoid approaching trains. We are not prepared to give our adherence to the
doctrine announced in á very few cases, that a man who steps his foot upon a railroad traók, except at a crossing, does so at his peril, though such doctrine when applied to the'facts of the particular .case may not have been an unjust one. "We are rather disposed to say that, where tracks are laid through the streets of a city, upon or substantially upon the level of the streét, a person is not limited in crossing such -tracks to the regular street crossings, but may cross them, at any point between such streets in the convenient performance of his dáily duties. We cannot say that there was such danger to an active boy crossing the track at this point as to authorize the case to be taken from the jury upon the ground that he was
ipso facto
a trespasser.
We have no desire to limit or qualify anything said by us in
Railroad Company
v.
Houston,
95 U. S. 697, or in
Northern Pacific Railroad
v.
Freeman,
174 U. S. 379, both of which involved the question of care at a regular highway crossing, and we have no doubt that in the case under consideration such care should have been used as the nature of the case required, and the intellectual capacity of the plaintiff admitted. But these were all questions for the jury, and were conclusively answered by the verdict. We cannot say that the court should have taken the case from the jury, or that it erred in any material particular. We cannot even say that we should have come to a different conclusion upon the facts.
The judgment of the Court of Appeals was right, and it is therefore
,
Ajfirmed.
Mr. Justice White and Mr. Justice McKenna dissented.