Opinion
PER CURIAM.
Dissenting opinion filed by Circuit Judge GINSBURG.
PER CURIAM:
The facts of the case before us present a sorry tale of the efforts of officials of the United States Navy to comply with the disclosure mandates of the Privacy Act, 5 U.S.C. § 552a (1976). In 1976 B. E. Sweatt, Jr., an enlisted sailor with the United States Naval Reserve, requested through an intermediary access to certain Naval records concerning him seen in the possession of a Dr. Julian Ho. Dr. Ho was in 1976 an examining physician at the National Naval Medical Center (NNMC) in Bethesda, Maryland, and in this capacity he had treated Sweatt during the latter’s involuntary hospitalization. While treating Sweatt, Dr. Ho compiled and used a file of information that has become known as the “Ho File.” Mr. Sweatt first demanded access to this file in 1976; four years and two trips to this court later, the Navy released the Ho File to Sweatt. This delay notwithstanding, the sole question that we must resolve in the instant case is whether, for the purposes of the attorneys’ fees provision of the Privacy Act, it can be said that Sweatt “substantially prevailed” in litigation that culminated in the release of the Ho File. Although we wish in no uncertain terms to condemn the Navy for the bureaucratic runaround it has given Sweatt, we conclude that he did not “substantially prevail” for Privacy Act pur[421]*421poses, and we therefore affirm the district court on its denial of attorneys’ fees to appellant Sebastian K. D. Graber, Sweatt’s court-appointed counsel.
I.
In January of 1976 Sweatt filed a pro se complaint in the district court alleging various violations of his rights by the Navy. Headed “Complaint of Libel,” this pleading contained no claim cognizable under the Privacy Act. While the pro se action was pending, Sweatt was hospitalized during April and May of 1976 at the NNMC, where he was treated by Dr. Ho. During his confinement at NNMC, Sweatt became aware through his sister, Linda Sweatt Cleveland, of the Ho File. Acting under Sweatt’s power of attorney, Ms. Cleveland in May of 1976 wrote to the Commanding Officer of the NNMC and requested access to various records, including the Ho File.1 In early June, a Navy attorney at NNMC advised Ms. Cleveland that the “correspondence file” she had requested had been returned to the Naval Air Reserve Unit (NARU), Naval Air Facility, Andrews Air Force Base; that attorney in turn recommended that Ms. Cleveland contact NARU regarding the Ho File.2 It is undisputed that at the time the initial request for access was made by Ms. Cleveland, the Ho File was held by officials at NNMC; indeed, the cover letter returning the file to NARU noted that Sweatt and his sister had made such a request.3 Neither Ms. Cleveland nor Sweatt subsequently sought the Ho File from NARU, however, notwithstanding the suggestion contained in the June letter.
In early August of 1976, Sweatt himself filed a request with the Chief of Naval Personnel, Department of the Navy, for a copy of his personnel record, citing as his ground for the request “the terms of the Privacy Act.” 4 The Navy responded with a statement professing inability to identify the requested records and asking Sweatt to complete a standard form that specified more precisely the character of the material sought. Again, however, Sweatt declined the proffered opportunity to pursue the course suggested by the Navy, and the Ho File remained in Navy hands.
Meanwhile, back at the district court, the district judge dismissed Sweatt’s “Complaint of Libel” on September 30, 1976, for failure to state a claim on which relief could be granted.5 On direct appeal of that dismissal, this court in early 1978 reversed and remanded the case with directions that an answer be filed by the Navy.6 On March 13, 1978, Sweatt filed an amended pro se complaint that listed thirty-one “invasions” of his rights. Two of the claim headings included in the complaint were “Claim Five: Invasion of Privacy” and “Claim Nine: Violations of the Privacy Act.”7
Of the three counts of Sweatt’s Claim Five, only one is relevant here. Count Two of that Claim alleged that the Navy illegally collected information relating to Sweatt [422]*422and later wrongly refused to grant him access to that information; specifically, the Count pointed to the “refusal to allow [Sweatt] or his sister ... to examine . . . [the] file witnessed in the hands of Lt. Ho . ...”8 As for the claims advertently based on the Privacy Act, neither of the two counts under Claim Nine involved the Ho File. Count One under Claim Nine alleged a wrongful Navy refusal to release raw data from psychological testing, while Count Two charged the Navy with wrongfully secreting a document that allegedly authorized Sweatt’s discharge from the armed forces.
The Navy moved to dismiss the amended complaint in late 1978, and in January of the following year the district judge granted the motion, citing Sweatt’s failure to respond to the Navy’s papers. Sweatt again appealed the dismissal, and this court once again reversed and remanded, ordering that counsel be appointed to assist Sweatt in his action.9 Sebastian K. D. Graber, appellant in the instant case, entered his initial appearance on behalf of Sweatt on October 22, 1979.
After the district judge vacated the order of dismissal, counsel for Sweatt was permitted to file a response to the Navy’s motion to dismiss of the prior year. On November 19, 1979, appellant filed on Sweatt’s behalf a Memorandum of Points and Authorities in Opposition to Defendant’s Motion to Dismiss in which the grounds for relief arguably contained within the four corners of Sweatt’s amended complaint were parsed. In his Memorandum Sweatt contended that the Navy had wrongfully refused to release to him “medical documents and other information pertaining to plaintiff”;10 although the vast majority of pages and observations were devoted to other than Privacy Act matters, the Memorandum did conclude with the request that the district court “retain jurisdiction of the Privacy Act claims ....”11 The Memorandum did not, however, specify the precise nature of the Privacy Act claims asserted, and it noted that it might later be necessary to alter the amended complaint to encompass the contentions contained in the Memorandum.12
Such an alteration indeed proved necessary, and on February 12, 1980, the district judge granted Sweatt leave to amend further his complaint. Three days later, however, the Navy finally decided to release to Sweatt, through his appointed counsel, a copy of the now-celebrated Ho File. Sweatt continued to prosecute his claims, however, and on March 3, 1980, he filed a second amended complaint that included several Privacy Act claims. Under a Notice of Filing submitted on June 12, 1980, the Navy filed with the district court copies of Sweatt’s service and medical records and a copy of the Ho File, noting that all three sets of documents had previously been supplied to Sweatt.
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Opinion
PER CURIAM.
Dissenting opinion filed by Circuit Judge GINSBURG.
PER CURIAM:
The facts of the case before us present a sorry tale of the efforts of officials of the United States Navy to comply with the disclosure mandates of the Privacy Act, 5 U.S.C. § 552a (1976). In 1976 B. E. Sweatt, Jr., an enlisted sailor with the United States Naval Reserve, requested through an intermediary access to certain Naval records concerning him seen in the possession of a Dr. Julian Ho. Dr. Ho was in 1976 an examining physician at the National Naval Medical Center (NNMC) in Bethesda, Maryland, and in this capacity he had treated Sweatt during the latter’s involuntary hospitalization. While treating Sweatt, Dr. Ho compiled and used a file of information that has become known as the “Ho File.” Mr. Sweatt first demanded access to this file in 1976; four years and two trips to this court later, the Navy released the Ho File to Sweatt. This delay notwithstanding, the sole question that we must resolve in the instant case is whether, for the purposes of the attorneys’ fees provision of the Privacy Act, it can be said that Sweatt “substantially prevailed” in litigation that culminated in the release of the Ho File. Although we wish in no uncertain terms to condemn the Navy for the bureaucratic runaround it has given Sweatt, we conclude that he did not “substantially prevail” for Privacy Act pur[421]*421poses, and we therefore affirm the district court on its denial of attorneys’ fees to appellant Sebastian K. D. Graber, Sweatt’s court-appointed counsel.
I.
In January of 1976 Sweatt filed a pro se complaint in the district court alleging various violations of his rights by the Navy. Headed “Complaint of Libel,” this pleading contained no claim cognizable under the Privacy Act. While the pro se action was pending, Sweatt was hospitalized during April and May of 1976 at the NNMC, where he was treated by Dr. Ho. During his confinement at NNMC, Sweatt became aware through his sister, Linda Sweatt Cleveland, of the Ho File. Acting under Sweatt’s power of attorney, Ms. Cleveland in May of 1976 wrote to the Commanding Officer of the NNMC and requested access to various records, including the Ho File.1 In early June, a Navy attorney at NNMC advised Ms. Cleveland that the “correspondence file” she had requested had been returned to the Naval Air Reserve Unit (NARU), Naval Air Facility, Andrews Air Force Base; that attorney in turn recommended that Ms. Cleveland contact NARU regarding the Ho File.2 It is undisputed that at the time the initial request for access was made by Ms. Cleveland, the Ho File was held by officials at NNMC; indeed, the cover letter returning the file to NARU noted that Sweatt and his sister had made such a request.3 Neither Ms. Cleveland nor Sweatt subsequently sought the Ho File from NARU, however, notwithstanding the suggestion contained in the June letter.
In early August of 1976, Sweatt himself filed a request with the Chief of Naval Personnel, Department of the Navy, for a copy of his personnel record, citing as his ground for the request “the terms of the Privacy Act.” 4 The Navy responded with a statement professing inability to identify the requested records and asking Sweatt to complete a standard form that specified more precisely the character of the material sought. Again, however, Sweatt declined the proffered opportunity to pursue the course suggested by the Navy, and the Ho File remained in Navy hands.
Meanwhile, back at the district court, the district judge dismissed Sweatt’s “Complaint of Libel” on September 30, 1976, for failure to state a claim on which relief could be granted.5 On direct appeal of that dismissal, this court in early 1978 reversed and remanded the case with directions that an answer be filed by the Navy.6 On March 13, 1978, Sweatt filed an amended pro se complaint that listed thirty-one “invasions” of his rights. Two of the claim headings included in the complaint were “Claim Five: Invasion of Privacy” and “Claim Nine: Violations of the Privacy Act.”7
Of the three counts of Sweatt’s Claim Five, only one is relevant here. Count Two of that Claim alleged that the Navy illegally collected information relating to Sweatt [422]*422and later wrongly refused to grant him access to that information; specifically, the Count pointed to the “refusal to allow [Sweatt] or his sister ... to examine . . . [the] file witnessed in the hands of Lt. Ho . ...”8 As for the claims advertently based on the Privacy Act, neither of the two counts under Claim Nine involved the Ho File. Count One under Claim Nine alleged a wrongful Navy refusal to release raw data from psychological testing, while Count Two charged the Navy with wrongfully secreting a document that allegedly authorized Sweatt’s discharge from the armed forces.
The Navy moved to dismiss the amended complaint in late 1978, and in January of the following year the district judge granted the motion, citing Sweatt’s failure to respond to the Navy’s papers. Sweatt again appealed the dismissal, and this court once again reversed and remanded, ordering that counsel be appointed to assist Sweatt in his action.9 Sebastian K. D. Graber, appellant in the instant case, entered his initial appearance on behalf of Sweatt on October 22, 1979.
After the district judge vacated the order of dismissal, counsel for Sweatt was permitted to file a response to the Navy’s motion to dismiss of the prior year. On November 19, 1979, appellant filed on Sweatt’s behalf a Memorandum of Points and Authorities in Opposition to Defendant’s Motion to Dismiss in which the grounds for relief arguably contained within the four corners of Sweatt’s amended complaint were parsed. In his Memorandum Sweatt contended that the Navy had wrongfully refused to release to him “medical documents and other information pertaining to plaintiff”;10 although the vast majority of pages and observations were devoted to other than Privacy Act matters, the Memorandum did conclude with the request that the district court “retain jurisdiction of the Privacy Act claims ....”11 The Memorandum did not, however, specify the precise nature of the Privacy Act claims asserted, and it noted that it might later be necessary to alter the amended complaint to encompass the contentions contained in the Memorandum.12
Such an alteration indeed proved necessary, and on February 12, 1980, the district judge granted Sweatt leave to amend further his complaint. Three days later, however, the Navy finally decided to release to Sweatt, through his appointed counsel, a copy of the now-celebrated Ho File. Sweatt continued to prosecute his claims, however, and on March 3, 1980, he filed a second amended complaint that included several Privacy Act claims. Under a Notice of Filing submitted on June 12, 1980, the Navy filed with the district court copies of Sweatt’s service and medical records and a copy of the Ho File, noting that all three sets of documents had previously been supplied to Sweatt.
Pursuant to a motion for summary judgment filed by the Navy in October of 1980, the district court at long last disposed of Sweatt’s claims on the merits on November 20, 1980. On that date, the trial judge granted the Navy’s motion for summary judgment; in the Memorandum Opinion accompanying the summary judgment order, the district judge declined the opportunity to make any ruling on whether the Navy had violated the Privacy Act with its delayed release of the Ho File.13 Rather, as the only remedy for nondisclosure under that Act is an injunction ordering disclosure and as all non-exempt documents had already been released, the district judge correctly found it unnecessary to express a [423]*423view on the interplay of the Ho File and the Privacy Act. Thus, there is no judicial finding that Sweatt has prevailed on any Privacy Act claims.
In July of 1981, appellant Graber moved the district court for an award of attorneys’ fees and costs pursuant to 5 U.S.C. § 552a(g)(3)(B) (1976). The Navy resisted the motion, contending essentially that Sweatt could not be said to have “substantially prevailed” in litigation in light of the Navy’s voluntary, albeit tardy, release of the Ho File. The district judge agreed with the Navy and ruled, without explanation, that Sweatt had not “substantially prevailed.” 14 This appeal ensued.
II.
The respective positions of the parties are relatively simply stated. Appellant argues that Sweatt must be held to have “substantially prevailed” in Privacy Act litigation given the post hoc, ergo propter hoc nature of the course of events; as Sweatt had filed in 1978 a complaint that included claims premised on the Privacy Act and as the Navy subsequently released certain of the requested documents, Sweatt “prevailed” for the purposes of the Act. Appellant contends that he is entitled to fees, notwithstanding his comparatively late entry into the fray, on the basis of the quick success he generated for Sweatt; although Sweatt had sought the Ho File for three years, appellant contends, it was only upon the entry of counsel and the accordant focusing of attention on the Privacy Act claims that Sweatt achieved any satisfaction from the Navy.
The Navy, by contrast, contends that Sweatt cannot be said to have “substantially prevailed” since at the time the Ho File was released there was pending no Privacy Act claim that related to that file. Rather, the Navy submits that the complaint pending at the time of the surrender of the Ho File stated only a claim for damages and was not an action under the Privacy Act for access to records. Therefore, appellee argues, the causal nexus between the litigation and the release of the Ho File required for an award of attorneys’ fees is nonexistent. Although we are hesitant to place anything resembling a judicial imprimatur on the obdurate conduct of the Navy in its dealings with Mr. Sweatt, we cannot agree that Sweatt “substantially prevailed” for the purposes of the attorneys’ fees provision of the Privacy Act.
Cases construing the identical attorneys’ fees provision in the Freedom of Information Act (FOIA), which we agree are apposite as well in the Privacy Act context, have established the doctrines that control the disposition of this case. Even a cursory examination of Sweatt’s circuitous path through the district court reveals that he was singularly unsuccessful in the prosecution of his claims. As appellant correctly notes, however, a judicial order directing the release of documents is not a prerequisite to an award of attorneys’ fees under either the FOIA or the Privacy Act; rather, we have read the “substantially prevailed” standard as not precluding the recovery of attorneys’ fees “where the government, after commencement of the litigation, [has] acted to moot the action by supplying the material sought.” Cuneo v. Rumsfeld, 553 F.2d 1360, 1365 (D.C.Cir.1977) (FOIA context). Accord, Nationwide Building Maintenance, Inc. v. Sampson, 559 F.2d 704, 708-10 (D.C.Cir.1977). Thus, appellant is not barred from the award of a fee simply because the Ho File was not produced as a result of a judicial order.
On the other hand, we have made it clear that “an allegedly prevailing complainant must assert something more than post hoc, ergo propter hoc ...” to ground the award of attorneys’ fees. Cox v. United States Department of Justice, 601 F.2d 1, 6 (D.C.Cir.1979) (per curiam). Instead, in the FOIA context we have stated that the party seeking fees in the absence of a court order “must show that prosecution of the [424]*424action could reasonably be regarded as necessary to obtain the information ... and that a causal nexus exists between that action and the agency’s surrender of the information ... . ” Id. (citation omitted). See Vermont Low Income Advocacy Council, Inc. v. Usery, 546 F.2d 509, 513 (2d Cir. 1976). The burden falls on the party seeking the fee award to persuade the court that both elements of this standard are satisfied where no court judgment ordering release exists. Id. The critical question is whether the court suit “actually provoked” the release of the documents. Cox, 601 F.2d at 7 (emphasis deleted). Finally, we note, as does the dissent, that the question whether the party seeking fees has demonstrated that the plaintiff “substantially prevailed” is an issue of fact that is subject to reversal only if clearly erroneous. Dissenting opinion at 421 n.3; Cox, 601 F.2d at 6-7; see Fed.R.Civ.P. 52(a).
Applying this generous standard of review, we cannot find that the district judge acted in a clearly erroneous fashion in declining to award appellant fees for his efforts. Although in light of the Navy’s reluctance to surrender the Ho File the question facing the trial judge was likely a close one, it is apparent that the district judge was not grossly off base in finding that the litigation pending on February 15, 1980, did not “actually provoke” the release of the file.
As appellees note, the pleadings filed by Sweatt in the district court by February of 1980 did not contain a claim demanding release of the Ho File pursuant to the Privacy Act. Although we are mindful that pro se complaints should be liberally construed, see Haines v. Kerner, 404 U.S. 519, 520, 92 S.Ct. 594, 595, 30 L.Ed.2d 652 (1972), an admonition not too stringently to construe pro se pleadings is not a direction to construe them teleologically. Sweatt’s initial amended complaint was fundamentally a prayer for damages; release of the Ho File, to the extent “demanded” by Sweatt, was a matter auxiliary to this primary purpose of the litigation. Thus, although Sweatt did seek the Ho File in civil discovery conducted pursuant to his amended complaint, neither counsel for Sweatt nor this court is free to transmogrify a prayer for damages based only loosely, if at all, on the Privacy Act into a claim founded on that Act for access to the Ho File.
The dispositive question, then, is whether a causal nexus existed between Sweatt’s lawsuit as of February 15, 1980, and the release of the Ho File. We cannot agree with the dissent’s suggestion that Sweatt “substantially prevailed” on the Privacy Act claims he purportedly attempted to state in his March 1978 amended complaint. Even upon the closest scrutiny of the 1978 pleading, only the best of hindsight permits the reader to discern a Privacy Act claim praying for release of the Ho File. As we stated above, it is true that the “Invasion of Privacy” claim contained an allegation concerning the denial of access to the Ho File, but the remedy requested was again damages for wrongful withholding. Indeed, even considering the Memorandum authored by counsel that valiantly attempted to spell out in detail the allegations made by Sweatt, the Privacy Act claims were laid out only in the barest of forms; moreover, it is not even clear that those claims relate to the Ho File. The Memorandum mentions “Privacy Act claims” without specifying to which of the three counts under Sweatt’s “Invasion of Privacy” heading or the two counts styled Privacy Act violations he was referring. Again, liberal construction is not synonymous with wishful thinking.
In sum, unlike our dissenting colleague, we are unable to say that the district judge made a clear, reversible error in ruling that the complaint and papers pending in February of 1980 provoked release of the Ho File. Although we do not dismiss as mere coincidence appellant’s representation of Sweatt and the release of the Ho File, analysis of the relevant trial materials prompts us to conclude that the district judge acted within a permissible zone of discretion in discerning an inadequate causal connection between the lawsuit and the surrender of the Ho File. We accordingly affirm the finding of the trial judge that Sweatt did not sub[425]*425stantially prevail for the purposes of the Privacy Act attorneys’ fees provision.
III.
Lest our decision be read as condoning the Navy’s recalcitrance in releasing the Ho File, we wish to express in no uncertain terms our disapproval of the conduct of appellee prior to the surrender of the file. Even a cursory examination of the record reveals the appallingly cavalier tone adopted by the Navy in its dealings with Sweatt. Sweatt asked the Navy to supply the Ho File to him on two occasions in 1976; he requested the file again in connection with his 1978 amended pro se complaint. As the dissent rightly notes, the Navy had plain notice of the information sought by Sweatt, yet four years passed before the Ho File was released.
This sort of behavior is, quite simply, unacceptable. Mr. Sweatt’s sister made the initial request for the Ho File on May 24, 1976; on June 4, 1976, she was informed by the Navy that the file “has been returned” to NARU. Yet the file was returned to NARU only on that same day. It is thus apparent that Navy officials had in their possession both Ms. Cleveland’s request and the Ho File. As we have chronicled above, the file was not released for four more years.
We could further express our disapproval of the Navy’s demonstration of the finest in bureaucratic mazes.15 We conclude with the observation that the FOIA and the Privacy Act do not exist so that government officials can construct new procedural hurdles and issue new regulations to complicate the process of information provision. Agencies, including the Navy, have a duty under the two statutes to release promptly nonexempt materials. The Navy’s “hide the file” game played so effectively in the instant case is manifestly at odds with that duty.
Affirmed.