JON 0. NEWMAN, Circuit Judge.
This petition to review an order for removal entered by the Board of Immigration Appeals (“BIA”) presents a novel claim concerning an allegedly improper denial of naturalization. William Daneris Azize seeks review of an October 10, 2001, order of the BIA summarily affirming a September 8, 2000, decision of an Immigration Judge (“IJ”). The IJ’s decision denied an application for cancellation of removal and ordered Azize removed to the Dominican Republic. The removal petition was referred to this Court by the District Court for the Southern District of New York (Sidney H. Stein, District Judge) after Azize filed a petition for a writ of habeas corpus in the District Court.
Azize contends that two applications for his naturalization were improperly denied in 1987 and 1989. He seeks relief from the removal order or, alternatively, nunc pro tunc determination of his applications for naturalization. The Government has commendably informed this Court that “it does not oppose [PJetitioner’s request for a remand to the district court of the petition to the extent that it relates to Azize’s claim for equitable relief pertaining to his naturalization applications ... should the [88]*88Court deem such a remand appropriate.” Letter from F. James Loprest, Jr., to Catherine O’Hagan Wolfe (October 7, 2009). Having concluded that such a remand is appropriate under the unusual circumstances of this case, we remand to the District Court.
Background
Facts concerning Azize.1 Azize, now 44 years old, was born in the Dominican Republic in 1965. He came to the United States with his mother when he was five years old and has lived here since then. He became a legal permanent resident in 1971 and received a Resident Alien Receipt Card, known as a “green card.” He enlisted in the military in 1984 and was honorably discharged in 1990. He lives in Florida with his elderly mother, who is a United States citizen. He has three children and three brothers, all of whom are United States citizens.
Naturalization proceedings. In 1987, Azize filed an Application to File Petition for Naturalization, Form N-400, with the Immigration and Naturalization Service (“INS”). He stated, among other things, that he could write and speak English, that his last tax return was filed in 1986,2 and that he was willing to bear arms on behalf of the United States. He was administered and passed a citizenship examination and was issued a notice for a preliminary naturalization hearing, which was held on February 26, 1988. At that hearing, an INS officer requested that Azize turn in his green card, stating that he would not need it any more. Azize explained that his green card had been stolen and that he had applied for a replacement card. A not entirely legible photocopy of that application is in the joint appendix for this appeal.3 Azize told the INS officer that she could locate his application for a replacement card in the INS files and put a stop on it, and that she should “swear me in,” by which he presumably meant that the officer should attest that he had sworn to the truth of the application. The INS officer told Azize that he should wait for the replacement card to be mailed to him and come back when he received it.
Form N-400 contains two blank lines at the bottom of the form. The first follows the printed words “Non Filed,” and the second follows the printed word “Reasons.” On Azize’s 1987 application form, the line following the printed words “Non Filed” contains some undecipherable letters, which the Government believes are the INS officer’s initials, and the date “2/26/88.” The line following the printed word “Reasons” is not filled in.
On April 7, 1989, Azize submitted a second application for naturalization. On this application he gave all of the same answers as on his 1987 application, with one difference, which might be pertinent to his pending appeal. To the question asking, “When was your last federal income tax return filed?” he answered “none.” On the lines after the printed words “Non Filed” and “Date, reasons” the following appears: “Does not have PP. — never filed taxes 87-87 elected not to file” followed by what appears to be the initials of the INS officer [89]*89and the date of 7/17/89. The Government interprets “PP” to mean “passport” and contends that “elected not to file” refers to Azize’s decision not to file the second Form N-400.
Criminal convictions. Several years after his unsuccessful second attempt to become a citizen, Azize became addicted to drugs and, in the words of his counsel, “entered a dark period of his life.”
On September 17, 1997, he was sentenced to six months’ imprisonment upon his plea of guilty to attempted seventh degree criminal possession of a controlled substance in violation of New York Penal Law § 220.03 (McKinney 2008). While free on bail prior to sentencing, Azize was arrested for another narcotics offense, attempted third degree sale of a controlled substance in violation of New York Penal Law § 220.39, for which he was sentenced to one year’s imprisonment. Azize was also convicted in the District of Columbia of selling the substance known as “ecstacy” in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1), (b)(1)(C). See United States v. Azize, 88 Fed.Appx. 416 (D.C.Cir.2004).
Removal proceedings. In 1998 the INS began removal proceedings based on Azize’s September 17, 1997, conviction. He conceded removability and requested cancellation of removal pursuant to section 240A of the Immigration and Nationality Act, 8 U.S.C. § 1229b. In September 2000, an IJ denied cancellation on the ground that Azize’s second conviction was for an aggravated felony, which disqualified him from cancellation. See 8 U.S.C. § 1229b(a)(3). The IJ ordered removal to the Dominican Republic. In October 2001, the BIA summarily affirmed.
After serving time for his federal drug offense, Azize was placed in detention by INS authorities. His counsel represents that he rehabilitated himself while in detention, completed a substance abuse program, and earned the praise of detention personnel for his help to detention staff and inmates. In November 2006, he was placed on supervised release and has been living and working in Florida since then.
Habeas corpus proceedings. In December 2004, Azize, proceeding pro se, initiated a habeas corpus proceeding in the District Court for the Southern District of New York. He styled his papers “Nunc Pro Tunc Petition for Naturalization Status” and sought relief including (1) cancellation of his removal order on the ground that the INS had violated its regulations in connection with his naturalization application and (2) an order directing the Bureau of Citizenship and Immigration Services to grant his application for citizenship nunc pro tunc.
In August 2005, the District Court transferred the petition to this Court “to the extent it challenges the order to remove” Azize, stayed removal pending further order of this Court, and retained jurisdiction over Azize’s application for release on bail. Transfer of the challenge to removal was required by the REAL ID Act of 2005, Pub.L. No. 109-13, 119 Stat.
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JON 0. NEWMAN, Circuit Judge.
This petition to review an order for removal entered by the Board of Immigration Appeals (“BIA”) presents a novel claim concerning an allegedly improper denial of naturalization. William Daneris Azize seeks review of an October 10, 2001, order of the BIA summarily affirming a September 8, 2000, decision of an Immigration Judge (“IJ”). The IJ’s decision denied an application for cancellation of removal and ordered Azize removed to the Dominican Republic. The removal petition was referred to this Court by the District Court for the Southern District of New York (Sidney H. Stein, District Judge) after Azize filed a petition for a writ of habeas corpus in the District Court.
Azize contends that two applications for his naturalization were improperly denied in 1987 and 1989. He seeks relief from the removal order or, alternatively, nunc pro tunc determination of his applications for naturalization. The Government has commendably informed this Court that “it does not oppose [PJetitioner’s request for a remand to the district court of the petition to the extent that it relates to Azize’s claim for equitable relief pertaining to his naturalization applications ... should the [88]*88Court deem such a remand appropriate.” Letter from F. James Loprest, Jr., to Catherine O’Hagan Wolfe (October 7, 2009). Having concluded that such a remand is appropriate under the unusual circumstances of this case, we remand to the District Court.
Background
Facts concerning Azize.1 Azize, now 44 years old, was born in the Dominican Republic in 1965. He came to the United States with his mother when he was five years old and has lived here since then. He became a legal permanent resident in 1971 and received a Resident Alien Receipt Card, known as a “green card.” He enlisted in the military in 1984 and was honorably discharged in 1990. He lives in Florida with his elderly mother, who is a United States citizen. He has three children and three brothers, all of whom are United States citizens.
Naturalization proceedings. In 1987, Azize filed an Application to File Petition for Naturalization, Form N-400, with the Immigration and Naturalization Service (“INS”). He stated, among other things, that he could write and speak English, that his last tax return was filed in 1986,2 and that he was willing to bear arms on behalf of the United States. He was administered and passed a citizenship examination and was issued a notice for a preliminary naturalization hearing, which was held on February 26, 1988. At that hearing, an INS officer requested that Azize turn in his green card, stating that he would not need it any more. Azize explained that his green card had been stolen and that he had applied for a replacement card. A not entirely legible photocopy of that application is in the joint appendix for this appeal.3 Azize told the INS officer that she could locate his application for a replacement card in the INS files and put a stop on it, and that she should “swear me in,” by which he presumably meant that the officer should attest that he had sworn to the truth of the application. The INS officer told Azize that he should wait for the replacement card to be mailed to him and come back when he received it.
Form N-400 contains two blank lines at the bottom of the form. The first follows the printed words “Non Filed,” and the second follows the printed word “Reasons.” On Azize’s 1987 application form, the line following the printed words “Non Filed” contains some undecipherable letters, which the Government believes are the INS officer’s initials, and the date “2/26/88.” The line following the printed word “Reasons” is not filled in.
On April 7, 1989, Azize submitted a second application for naturalization. On this application he gave all of the same answers as on his 1987 application, with one difference, which might be pertinent to his pending appeal. To the question asking, “When was your last federal income tax return filed?” he answered “none.” On the lines after the printed words “Non Filed” and “Date, reasons” the following appears: “Does not have PP. — never filed taxes 87-87 elected not to file” followed by what appears to be the initials of the INS officer [89]*89and the date of 7/17/89. The Government interprets “PP” to mean “passport” and contends that “elected not to file” refers to Azize’s decision not to file the second Form N-400.
Criminal convictions. Several years after his unsuccessful second attempt to become a citizen, Azize became addicted to drugs and, in the words of his counsel, “entered a dark period of his life.”
On September 17, 1997, he was sentenced to six months’ imprisonment upon his plea of guilty to attempted seventh degree criminal possession of a controlled substance in violation of New York Penal Law § 220.03 (McKinney 2008). While free on bail prior to sentencing, Azize was arrested for another narcotics offense, attempted third degree sale of a controlled substance in violation of New York Penal Law § 220.39, for which he was sentenced to one year’s imprisonment. Azize was also convicted in the District of Columbia of selling the substance known as “ecstacy” in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1), (b)(1)(C). See United States v. Azize, 88 Fed.Appx. 416 (D.C.Cir.2004).
Removal proceedings. In 1998 the INS began removal proceedings based on Azize’s September 17, 1997, conviction. He conceded removability and requested cancellation of removal pursuant to section 240A of the Immigration and Nationality Act, 8 U.S.C. § 1229b. In September 2000, an IJ denied cancellation on the ground that Azize’s second conviction was for an aggravated felony, which disqualified him from cancellation. See 8 U.S.C. § 1229b(a)(3). The IJ ordered removal to the Dominican Republic. In October 2001, the BIA summarily affirmed.
After serving time for his federal drug offense, Azize was placed in detention by INS authorities. His counsel represents that he rehabilitated himself while in detention, completed a substance abuse program, and earned the praise of detention personnel for his help to detention staff and inmates. In November 2006, he was placed on supervised release and has been living and working in Florida since then.
Habeas corpus proceedings. In December 2004, Azize, proceeding pro se, initiated a habeas corpus proceeding in the District Court for the Southern District of New York. He styled his papers “Nunc Pro Tunc Petition for Naturalization Status” and sought relief including (1) cancellation of his removal order on the ground that the INS had violated its regulations in connection with his naturalization application and (2) an order directing the Bureau of Citizenship and Immigration Services to grant his application for citizenship nunc pro tunc.
In August 2005, the District Court transferred the petition to this Court “to the extent it challenges the order to remove” Azize, stayed removal pending further order of this Court, and retained jurisdiction over Azize’s application for release on bail. Transfer of the challenge to removal was required by the REAL ID Act of 2005, Pub.L. No. 109-13, 119 Stat. 231 (May 11, 2005). The District Court subsequently appointed counsel for Azize. The application for release apparently became moot when the United States Immigration and Customs Enforcement voluntarily released Azize in November 2006. This Court appointed as pro bono counsel Hagit M. Elul, Esq., who has very ably represented Azize.
Discussion
Azize primarily contends that his initial application for citizenship was improperly denied, that but for this allegedly improper denial he would have become a naturalized citizen, and that, as a citizen, he would not have been subject to removal proceedings. [90]*90He frames his legal position as asserting both (1) a denial of the constitutional right to have the Government follow its own procedures, see Morton v. Ruiz, 415 U.S. 199, 235, 94 S.Ct. 1055, 39 L.Ed.2d 270 (1974), which he contends applies in the immigration context, see Montilla v. INS, 926 F.2d 162, 164 (2d Cir.1991), and (2) an estoppel against the Government, see Thom v. Ashcroft, 369 F.3d 158, 165 n. 13 (2d Cir.2004).
Azize bases his claim of improper denial of his application for citizenship on what he alleges was the INS’s termination of the processing of his first application upon his failure to surrender his green card, which he had informed the INS officer had been stolen and for which an application for a replacement card was pending. This action, Azize contends, violated the INS regulation concerning surrender of a green card, 8 CFR § 338.14 (1987). That regulation states:
No certificate of naturalization shall be delivered by the clerk of the court in any case in which the representative of the Service in attendance at the final naturalization hearing notifies the clerk of court that the naturalized person has not surrendered his alien registration receipt card. Upon subsequent receipt of notice from the district director that he has waived the surrender of the card or that the card has been surrendered, the certificate shall be delivered by the clerk of court.
Id.
This regulation, Azize contends, makes it clear that failure to surrender a green card is not a basis to terminate a naturalization proceeding, much less to deny the applicant the opportunity to take the oath of citizenship and thereby become a citizen, but is at most only a bar to receiving from a court clerk the formal certificate of naturalization. And even this bar, Azize further alleges, is not absolute, since the District Director may waive the surrender requirement. Thus, Azize contends, the INS officer should not have terminated the naturalization proceeding for failure to surrender the green card, but should have completed all the steps in the process, except for notifying the court clerk after naturalization had occurred that the card had been surrendered. These steps include: the applicant swears to or affirms the application, see 8 CFR § 332.11 (1987), the INS officer signs the application, see id., the applicant files a petition for naturalization (Form N-405) with a district court, see id. § 334.13, an INS employee recommends for or against granting the petition, see id. § 335.12, and notifies the applicant of the date and place of the final hearing, see id. § 335.13. Upon the court’s granting of the petition, the applicant takes an oath of allegiance to the United States in open court. See id. § 337.1. See Borromeo Escaler v. United States Citizenship and Immigration Services, 582 F.3d 288, 289-90(2d Cir.2009).
If it is established that the INS officer terminated Azize’s first naturalization proceeding because he did not surrender his green card, termination on that basis would have been improper. It does not follow, however, that Azize would have successfully completed the naturalization process and become a citizen. Apart from any factual circumstances that the Government might yet be able to develop that would have precluded naturalization in 1988, there is on the current record the notation on Azize’s second application that as of April 7, 1989, when he signed that application, he had not filed any income tax returns. If he had not filed any required returns, he might not have been eligible for citizenship. See 8 CFR 316.10(b)(3)(iii) (applicant lacks required good moral character if the applicant has [91]*91“[(Committed unlawful acts that adversely reflect upon the applicant’s moral character.”) However, the circumstances concerning his tax return record are placed in some doubt by his response on his first application that he had filed his last (1986) return, and by the notation of the INS officer on his second application of the curious entry “87-87” after the words “never filed taxes.”
With such an important matter as citizenship potentially at stake, we think the facts should be ascertained. We will therefore remand to the District Court to make the factual determinations necessary for an adjudication of Azize’s claims and, if those facts are found in favor of Azize, to proceed to the legal issues on which his claims for relief depend. Without attempting to circumscribe the District Court’s inquiry, we think those factual issues include: the circumstances of Azize’s tax return filings, whether his first naturalization proceeding was terminated for failure to surrender his green card,4 and if a premature termination occurred, whether Azize would have proceeded to the point in the process where he would have become eligible to take the oath of allegiance. The legal issues include the nature of the relief to which Azize might now be entitled, both with respect to his quest for naturalization and his effort to resist removal.5 Since only this Court has jurisdiction to consider the merits of the challenge to the removal order, we will request the District Court to conduct appropriate fact-finding, resolve whatever legal issues appear to be within its jurisdiction, and, if it believes any relief from removal is warranted, recommend, in the capacity of a special master, such relief to this Court.
We appreciate that the Government has presented substantial procedural and substantive arguments against any relief for Azize. Nevertheless, we accept the Government’s invitation to determine whether a remand is “appropriate,” a characterization we believe we may make without adjudicating at this point any of the Government’s legal arguments. The equities that Azize has asserted persuade us to exercise the broad authority set forth in 28 U.S.C. § 2106,6 and, in light of the Government’s decision not to oppose a remand, to determine that such a remand is “appropriate” under the circumstances of this case.
Accordingly, the case is remanded to the District Court for further proceedings not [92]*92inconsistent with this opinion. From any final order of the District Court, either party may restore our jurisdiction by prompt notice to the Clerk of this Court, in which event the case will be returned to this panel. See United States v. Jacobson, 15 F.3d 19 (2d Cir.1994). The stay of removal will be continued unless and until terminated by order of this Court.
Chief Judge JACOBS dissents with a separate opinion.