Arlene Nunez v. Indiana Department of Child

Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit·Decided April 5, 2016·No. 15-2800·Published

Opinion

In the

United States Court of Appeals For the Seventh Circuit

No. 15‐2800 ARLENE NUÑEZ and VERONICA L. MARTINEZ, Plaintiffs‐Appellants,

v.

INDIANA DEPARTMENT OF CHILD SERVICES, Defendant‐Appellee.

Appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of Indiana, Hammond Division. No. 2:14‐cv‐00293‐JD‐JEM — Jon E. DeGuilio, Judge.

ARGUED JANUARY 22, 2016 — DECIDED APRIL 5, 2016

Before BAUER, FLAUM, and HAMILTON, Circuit Judges. HAMILTON, Circuit Judge. The Indiana Department of Child Services (“DCS”) oversees state child protection services, child support enforcement, and the Indiana foster care sys‐ tem. For nine years, plaintiffs Arlene Nuñez and Veronica Martinez worked as investigators in the DCS Gary office. On August 20, 2014, Nuñez and Martinez sued the DCS for vio‐ lations of the overtime provisions of the federal Fair Labor Standards Act (“FLSA”), 29 U.S.C. § 207(a). They allege that 2 No. 15‐2800

DCS required them to work during lunch and to remain on call after their shifts, despite being paid for only forty hours per week. Plaintiffs seek injunctive and declaratory relief, damages, and attorney fees.

In Alden v. Maine, 527 U.S. 706 (1999), the Supreme Court held that enactment of the federal FLSA did not abrogate states’ Eleventh Amendment immunity, but the Court left open the possibility that states could consent to such suits. Id. at 754–55. Plaintiffs argue that Indiana has given consent, but the district court held that it has not.

The district court’s judgment said that the complaint was dismissed without prejudice. Dismissal of just a complaint (not the action itself), and without prejudice at that, would ordinarily pose a problem for our appellate jurisdiction. See, e.g., Luevano v. Wal‐Mart Stores, Inc., 722 F.3d 1014, 1020–21 (7th Cir. 2013). By entering a separate final judgment under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 58, however, the district court made clear that it thought it was done with the case. Also, the dismissal based on Eleventh Amendment immunity was not based on a defect that could have been cured by amending the complaint. Under these circumstances, this dismissal without prejudice was final in practical terms and amounted to an ap‐ pealable final judgment. See Hill v. Potter, 352 F.3d 1142, 1144– 45 (7th Cir. 2003); United States v. City of Milwaukee, 144 F.3d 524, 528 n.7 (7th Cir. 1998) (collecting cases).

We review the district court’s decision de novo, Defender Se‐ curity Co. v. First Mercury Insurance Co., 803 F.3d 327, 331 (7th Cir. 2015), and we affirm.

The Eleventh Amendment grants states immunity from private suits in federal court without their consent. Seminole

No. 15‐2800 3

Tribe of Florida v. Florida, 517 U.S. 44, 54 (1996); McDonough As‐ sociates, Inc. v. Grunloh, 722 F.3d 1043, 1049 (7th Cir. 2013). An agency of the state receives this same immunity. Alabama v. Pugh, 438 U.S. 781, 781–82 (1978) (per curiam); Kroll v. Board of Trustees of Univ. of Illinois, 934 F.2d 904, 907 (7th Cir. 1991).

There are three exceptions to Eleventh Amendment im‐ munity. Marie O. v. Edgar, 131 F.3d 610, 615 (7th Cir. 1997). The first—suits against state officials seeking only prospective equitable relief—was not raised here. See id., citing Ex parte Young, 209 U.S. 123, 159–60 (1908). The second—where Con‐ gress has abrogated a state’s immunity through an unequivo‐ cal exercise of valid legislative power—does not apply here. Alden, 527 U.S. at 754–55 (FLSA does not abrogate Eleventh Amendment immunity).

Plaintiffs rely on the third exception here: a state’s waiver of immunity and consent to suit in federal court. See College Savings Bank v. Florida Prepaid Postsecondary Education Expense Board, 527 U.S. 666, 675 (1999); see also Lapides v. Board of Re‐ gents of Univ. System of Georgia, 535 U.S. 613 (2002) (state’s re‐ moval of suit to federal court amounted to waiver of Eleventh Amendment immunity in that suit).

The “test for determining whether a State has waived its immunity from federal‐court jurisdiction is a stringent one.” Atascadero State Hospital v. Scanlon, 473 U.S. 234, 241 (1985). Waiver must be “stated by the most express language or by such overwhelming implications from the text” as to leave no doubt. Edelman v. Jordan, 415 U.S. 651, 673 (1974) (internal quo‐ tation mark omitted); see also Mueller v. Thompson, 133 F.3d 1063, 1064 (7th Cir. 1998) (waiver requires that “the state has made its intention to waive its rights under the amendment 4 No. 15‐2800

clear”). Constructive consent will not overcome the presump‐ tion of Eleventh Amendment immunity. Edelman, 415 U.S. at 673–74. Despite the language in Edelman allowing a finding of implied waiver, at least if it is based on “overwhelming impli‐ cations” from statutory text, we have said more broadly that “implicit waivers won’t do; the court must be highly confident that the state really did intend to allow itself to be sued in fed‐ eral court.” Mueller, 133 F.3d at 1064. As shown below, we need not resolve this tension between these opinions because the statutory text provides no “overwhelming implications” of waiver.

Nuñez and Martinez argue first that we can find an ex‐ press waiver in the text of the Indiana Code. They rely on lan‐ guage in the Indiana statute providing a statute of limitations for contract claims against the state. The statute provides: “Any person having a claim against the state arising out of an express or implied contract may bring suit within ten (10) years after accrual of the claim.” Ind. Code § 34‐13‐1‐1(a). The express language of this provision does not waive Eleventh Amendment immunity for any general category of claims or for FLSA claims in particular.

The Supreme Court has rejected a finding of waiver of Eleventh Amendment immunity based on such a general statement allowing suit against the state, even when the state‐ ment was coupled with an express agreement to obey a spe‐ cific federal law. Florida Dep’t of Health and Rehabilitative Ser‐ vices v. Florida Nursing Home Ass’n, 450 U.S. 147, 149–50 (1981) (per curiam) (statute allowing a state to “be sued” and prom‐ ising to “abide by … the Title XIX Medicaid Program” did not waive the state’s immunity for suit alleging insufficient Med‐

No. 15‐2800 5

icaid reimbursements). Nor are there “overwhelming impli‐ cations” from the statutory text or related provisions showing that this statute of limitations was also meant to waive im‐ munity from FLSA suits. Instead, § 34‐13‐1‐1(a) functions pri‐ marily as a statute of limitations for contract disputes with the state. See Januchowski v. Northern Indiana Commuter Transp. Dist., 905 N.E.2d 1041, 1048–49 (Ind. App. 2009).

The plaintiffs also compare § 34‐13‐1‐1(a) to § 34‐13‐3‐5(f), which states that the Indiana Tort Claims Act “shall not be construed as … a waiver of the eleventh amendment.” Since the state took the trouble to withhold consent explicitly for tort claims, plaintiffs argue, its failure to do the same for con‐ tract claims signals consent to federal court jurisdiction over them. This statutory interpretation argument might have some force in other contexts, but it runs contrary to the strong presumption against waiver of Eleventh Amendment im‐ munity. Under plaintiff’s logic, one express disclaimer of waiver for one category of cases would be transformed by canons of statutory interpretation into a sweeping implied waiver of immunity for every other category of cases. Under the strong presumption against waiver, however, Indiana’s extra caution shown by an express disclaimer of a waiver for tort and civil rights suits cannot undermine the presumption against waiver for every other sort of claim against the state. Any Eleventh Amendment waiver must be clear, not faintly implied from silence using canons of statutory construction.

Free access — add to your briefcase to read the full text and ask questions with AI

Arlene Nunez v. Indiana Department of Child, (7th Cir. 2016).

Arlene Nunez v. Indiana Department of Child (Arlene Nunez v. Indiana Department of Child) — published by Counsel Stack Legal Research, free access to 12M+ legal documents.

Related

Ex Parte Young
209 U.S. 123 (Supreme Court, 1908)
Maryland v. Wirtz
392 U.S. 183 (Supreme Court, 1968)
Edelman v. Jordan
415 U.S. 651 (Supreme Court, 1974)
National League of Cities v. Usery
426 U.S. 833 (Supreme Court, 1976)
Alabama v. Pugh
438 U.S. 781 (Supreme Court, 1978)
Atascadero State Hospital v. Scanlon
473 U.S. 234 (Supreme Court, 1985)
Seminole Tribe of Florida v. Florida
517 U.S. 44 (Supreme Court, 1996)
Alden v. Maine
527 U.S. 706 (Supreme Court, 1999)
Lapides v. Board of Regents of Univ. System of Ga.
535 U.S. 613 (Supreme Court, 2002)
Robert E. Hill v. Jack E. Potter, Postmaster General
352 F.3d 1142 (Seventh Circuit, 2003)
Januchowski v. Northern Indiana Commuter Transportation District
905 N.E.2d 1041 (Indiana Court of Appeals, 2009)
Tara Luevano v. Walmart Stores, Incorporated
722 F.3d 1014 (Seventh Circuit, 2013)
McDonough Associates, Incorpor v. Ann Schneider
722 F.3d 1043 (Seventh Circuit, 2013)
Marie O. v. Edgar
131 F.3d 610 (Seventh Circuit, 1997)
Mueller v. Thompson
133 F.3d 1063 (Seventh Circuit, 1998)