Easterly, Associate Judge:
In the fall of 2011, Occupy D.C. protesters began demonstrating in McPherson Square, a federal park. For weeks, they remained there with the tacit, if not express, permission of the federal authorities. Then, one morning in early December, they assembled a wooden structure in the park, the “Occubarn.” The United States Park Police told the protesters to take it down. The protesters did not. After an all-day standoff, the police cleared the area of the Occubarn and tore it down. In the course of these events, the police arrested a number of protesters for failing to obey an order to vacate a structure presumptively deemed unsafe under the Districts building regulations. These regulations do not apply to federal land, however, and the District of Columbia prosecuted these protesters under a different regulation—the Crowd and Traffic Control regulation—which makes it a crime to fail to obey a crowd and traffic clearing order. The District also prosecuted one protester, David Givens, for indecent exposure and disorderly conduct.
As a group, the protesters challenge their Crowd and Traffic Control convictions on grounds that the evidence was legally insufficient to establish that that they disobeyed a legitimate crowd and traffic clearing order. We agree. .The Crowd and.Traffic Control regulation does not authorize or require compliance with police orders to clear people from any public space at any time. Rather, the regulation only applies “[w]hen fires, accidents, wrecks, explosions, parades, or other occasions cause or may cause persons to collect” in the District’s public thoroughfares; and these “emergency occasion[s]” only empower police to issue, and demand compliance with, orders “necessary for the purpose of affording a clearing” of those thoroughfares to advance one of the listed objectives of the regulation. 24 DCMR §§ 2100.1-.2 (1983). Although these objectives broadly include the “protection of persons and property,” § 2100.1 (e), the purpose asserted by the District for the clearing order in this case, there must be a nexus between this objective and clearing crowds on the District’s public thoroughfares. Moreover, the safety concerns at issue must be substantiated.
We conclude that, although the .construction of the Occubarn constituted an “emergency occasion,” the protesters did not fail to comply with a “necessary ■ order.” The order was not “necessary for the purpose of affording a clearing” of a public thoroughfare because it cleared people from a public park. And, it was not “necessary ... for the protection of persons and property,” in the absence of evidence that the police had reason to believe the Occubarn posed a danger to anyone, in particular vis-a-vis crowds on public thoroughfares. As no reasonable factfinder could conclude that the protesters had an obligation to obey the order issued under the Crowd and Traffic Control regulation, we reverse
their convictions thereunder.
Mr.' Givens separately challenges his conviction for indecent exposure, arguing that D.C. Code § 22-1312 (2016 Supp.) is unconstitutionally overbroad. Concluding that the statute is not substantially over-broad in relation to its plainly legitimate sweep, we affirm his conviction.
I. Facts and Procedural History
In the fall of 2011, protesters across the country “occupied” public spaces “to bring awareness to the[ir] concerns about United States economic policy, wealth disparity and the political process.”
At the beginning of October, the Occupy D.C. movement, established its base of operations in McPherson Square, a federal park close to the District’s corporate lobbying corridor on K Street NW.
The record does not establish whether the protesters had a permit to occupy the park,
but it appears that federal authorities did not challenge their presence in the park until December 4, 2011, when the events leading to the convictions now on appeal took place.
Before sunrise that morning, Occupy protesters began to assemble a wooden structure in the park, Resembling a barn, and thus earning the moniker “the Occu-barn,” the approximately 16 by 24 by 30 foot structure consisted of four modular framing pieces. The Occubarn was meant to be both functional, to protect the protesters from winter weather, and symbolic, to represent the foreclosure crisis, a central concern of their movement. Although the protesters planned to add walls and a roof, the framed space was largely open.
Later that morning, the U.S. Park Police arrived in McPherson Square and informed the protesters that the Occubarn had to be taken down. Apparently aware that federal regulations allow the use of temporary structures during demonstrations,
the protesters offered to show the police that the Occubarn was not permanent and could be taken apart; but according to one protester, the police “didn’t seem interested in that at all.” The police gave the protesters one hour to discuss the removal of the structure. The protesters held a meeting within the Occubarn but could not reach a consensus about how to proceed. About midday, ten to fifteen U.S. Park Police officers, some on horses, partially surrounded the structure. The mounted officers then rode into it, causing some protesters to climb into the rafters to get out of them way. Other protesters left the area of the Occubarn.
In the meantime, an inspector from the District’s Department of Consumer and Regulatory Affairs (DORA), received a request for assistance at McPherson Square. Arriving around 12:30 p.m., the inspector examined the Occubarn and saw no signs
of imminent danger; instead he noted that “the building appeared pretty solid.” Nevertheless, because it seemed to have been erected without a building permit, he determined, pursuant to the District’s building regulations, that it “should not be occupied.” He came to this conclusion even though (as he later acknowledged at trial) the District’s building regulations do not apply to federal property.
See
12A DCMR § 101.5 (2008) (exempting federal property from the District’s building regulations). He informed the on-site U.S; Park Police commander that the Occubarn should be “posted,” i.e., a “standard danger placard” should be affixed to the structure “indicating that it’s not safe.”
But the commander asked him to wait until the police had “done some more crowd control activities.”
Lieutenant Robert Lachance of the U.S. Park Police arrived at McPherson Square and assumed command of the scene late that afternoon. At that point, there were still about two dozen people inside the Occubarn. The lieutenant told them that “an inspector was going to come and look at the structure to see if it was safe.” -He also told them that if the remaining protesters were required to leave the Occu-barn, he would give them multiple warnings and anyone who left before he gave the final warning would not be arrested.
Approximately four hours after the inspector arrived at McPherson Square, he posted the Occubarn. At this point, the police put tape around the Occubarn, leaving the doorway on the south side open so that people could exit if they chose. Lieutenant Lachance then ordered the protesters to “vacate the area,” issuing the same warning three times: “Attention. This is Lieutenant Lachance of the United States Park Police. This structure has been deemed unsafe by DO[RA], You must vacate the area or be arrested.”
None of the protesters left the structure and the police eventually arrested them all.
One of the protesters, Mr. Givens, had climbed up into the rafters of the Occu-barn and resisted multiple attempts by the police, to remove him. While there, he developed an urgent need to urinate and relieved himself off the top of the structure in full view of the people on site. Some time later, Mr. Givens complied with the police requests, came down from the rafters, and was arrested. After the police completed the arrests, they bulldozed the Occubarn and discarded-the debris.
The District charged all twelve of the protesters involved in this appeal
with failing to- obey a crowd and traffic clearing order under the District’s Crowd and Traffic Control regulation, 24 DCMR § 2100.2. Mr. Givens was additionally charged with indecent exposure
and disorderly conduct.
The protesters moved to dismiss the Crowd and Traffic Control charges, argu
ing that 24 DCMR § 2100.2 is unconstitutionally vague and overbroad. The magistrate judge presiding over the case denied the motion, reasoning that § 2100.2 must be read, in conjunction with § 2100.1
and “applies only in very specific circumstances.” The trial court also rejected the protesters’ argument that the Crowd and Traffic Control regulation did not authorize the police to clear a public park, like McPherson Square. Defense counsel had argued that the regulation applied only to “public streets, alleys, highways, or park-ings,”
not to parks. But the magistrate judge concluded that the “explicit language” of 'the regulation did not require “the failure to obey the order ... to occur ... on those areas.” In the same pretrial motion, Mr. Givens challenged the indecent exposure statute as unconstitutionally overbroad; the magistrate judge denied that challenge as well.'
After a five-day bench trial, the magistrate judge announced her verdict. Acknowledging that there was no dispute that the protesters had failed to obey Lieutenant Lachance’s order to clear the area of the Oecubarn, she explained that the protesters’ duty to comply with the order turned on whether the order itself was lawful. Referencing 24 DCMR § 2100.1, the magistrate judge concluded that this had been “an emergency occasion” and the police had issued a “necessary order” under § 2100.2. Accordingly, the magistrate judge found the protesters guilty beyond a reasonable doubt of failing to obey a clearing order under the Crowd and Traffic Control regulation. The magistrate judge also found Mr. Givens guilty of both disorderly conduct and indecent exposure because he had made an unnecessary “display” of himself while urinating. An associate judge of the Superior Court reviewed this verdict
and affirmed the protesters’ convictions. This appeal followed.
II. Analysis
A. Failure To Obey a Crowd and Traffic Control Order
The protesters argue that their convictions for failure to obey an order under the District’s Crowd and Traffic Control regulation are unsupported by sufficient evidence and must be reversed. In bench trials and jury trials alike, we review challenges to the sufficiency of evidence de novo.
High v. United States,
128 A.3d 1017, 1020 (D.C. 2015). We examine the evidence in the light most favorable to the government, “with due regard for the right of the ... trier of fact[ ] to weigh the
evidence, to determine the credibility of witnesses, and to draw reasonable inferences.”
Nero v. United States,
73 A.3d 153, 157 (D.C. 2013). But if the evidence so viewed “is such that a reasonable [factfin-der]
must
have a reasonable doubt as to the existence of any of the essential elements of the crime,” it is insufficient and we must reverse.
Rivas v. United States,
783 A.2d 125, 134 (D.C. 2001) (en banc).
The protesters were convicted under 24 DCMR § 2100;2, which states that any “person present at the scene of an emergency occasion shall comply with any necessary order or instruction of any police officer.” Restated, there are three elements to this offense: (1) the defendant must be present at the scene of an emergency occasion; (2) the police must issue a necessary order; and (3) the defendant must fail to comply. In this casé, the third element—the protesters’ noncompliance with the U.S. Park Police order to vacate the Occubarn—is undisputed.
The viability of the protesters’ convictions thus turns on whether the District presented sufficient evidence regarding the first two elements: that the protesters were present at the scene of an emergency occasion and that the crowd and traffic clearing order was necessary to address it.
Cf. Streit v. District of Columbia,
26 A.3d 315, 319 (D.C. 2011) (reversing appellants’ convictions for failure to obey a “lawful order” under 18 DCMR § 2000.2 because the government did not present sufficient evidence that the police order was lawful).
This court has not previously considered what constitutes “an emergency occasion” or a “necessary order” under § 2100.2, neither of which is expressly defined in the Crowd and Traffic Control regulation. As the parties have acknowledged throughout this litigation, however, the regulation must be read as a whole.
Wash. Mobilization Comm. v. Cullinane,
566 F.2d 107, 118 (D.C. Cir. 1977) (noting that interpretation of the Crowd and Traffic Control regulation “must be based upon reading the entire regulation rather than ⅛ part or word thereof ”) (quoting
Siegman v. District of Columbia,
48 A.2d 764, 766 (D.C. 1946)).
Doing so conforms to basic principles of statutory and regulatory construction.
See Washington v. District of Columbia,
137 A.3d 170, 174 (D.C, 2016) (acknowledging that this court must “look to the provisions of the whole law”). Reading this particular regulation as, a whole is all the more appropriate because what is now a regulation with subparts, 24 DCMR § 2100.1-.4, was an undivided paragraph in its original version, D.C. Police Reg., art. 6, § 5a (1963).
We first examine the requirement under § 2100.2 that the defendant be “present at the scene of an emergency
occasion.” We find guidance as to the meaning of “emergency occasion” from the original version of the regulation, which indicated at the outset (as it still does in § 2100.1) that it applied “[w]hen fires, accidents, wrecks, explosions, parades, or other occasions cause or may cause persons to collect on the public streets, alleys, highways, or parkings.”
D.C. Police Reg., art. 6,. § 5 (a). It then demanded compliance with clearing orders from “every person
at such an occasion,” id.
(emphasis added), clearly referring back to that opening clause.
When the regulation was divided into its current subparts—§ 2100.1 (addressing the authority of the police to clear public thoroughfares in certain circumstances) and § 2100,2 (addressing the obligation to obey clearing orders)—the opening clause of § 2100.2 was amended to refer to “[e]ach person at the scene of
an emergency occasion.” Compare
D.C. Police Reg., art. 6, § 2 (a) (1981) (amending prior version),
with 24
DCMR § 2100 (1983) (emphasis added). We have no indication that this alteration was intended to change the meaning of the regulation; instead it appears -that the intent was to provide a Clear referent for the “occasions” in § 2100.1 that define the regulation’s scope. Moreover, reading “emergency occasion” this way makes practical sense: to be effective, the situational authority of the police to “afford[] a clearing” of thoroughfares under § 2100.1 must be coextensive with police power under § 2100.2 to demand compliance with orders issued to effect such clearings.
Thus, we conclude that “an emergency occasion” in § 2100.2 refers to “fires, accidents, wrecks, explosions, parades, or other occasions [that] cause or may cause persons to collect” in
specified public areas, under § 2100.1.
Having clarified that “emergency occasion” refers to the opening clause of § 2100.1, we examine that language. It contains a subject, which consists of a list of situations (“fires, accidents, wrecks, explosions, parades”) and a catchall (“other occasions”). It also includes a modifying verb phrase that identifies the consequential impact of the subject occasions: that they “cause or may cause persons to collect on the public streets, alleys, highways, or parkings.” All of the occasions specifically enumerated in § 2100.1, “fires, accidents, wrecks, explosions, [and] parades,” will presumptively have that impact; we assume that is why they are enumerated. The question then is what are the “other occasions” that “cause or máy cause” people "to collect in the public thoroughfares? The canon of
ejusdem generis
counsels that the meaning of a catchall term is informed by the list of words preceding it.
Accordingly, the catchall term “other occasions” incorporates the commonality of “fires, accidents, wrecks, explosions, [and] parades.” Particularly when interpreted with the modifying verb phrase, these terms reference nonroutine incidents with elements of unpredictability and potential disturbance vis-á-vis transportation and public safety.
See supra
note 22.
Turning to the facts of this case, we must consider whether the police were confronted with “an emergency occasion,” and because the construction of a barn-like structure is not one of the enumerated occasions in § 2100.1, we examine whether it falls within the “other occasions” catchall. The assembly of the Occubarn, a. 16 by 24 by 30 foot structure, in McPherson Square was clearly a nonroutine event with unpredictable consequences. Whether this spectacle created a potential disturbance such that it may have caused people to collect in public thoroughfares is a closer question. The government argues that the presence of the Occubarn was a spectacle that drew a “very noisy and kind of chaotic” crowd and that, “absent police activity, an even larger crowd may have gathered and spilled into the streets.” The protesters argue that it is unreasonable to think that a crowd of “a couple hundred people would have spilled over into the streets,” particularly given that McPherson Square is so large that special events do not require a permit unless attendance exceeds five hundred people.
The flaw in
the protesters’ analysis, however, is that the regulation does not require the police to have predictive powers and assess with any particular probability that an event will cause people to collect in the public thoroughfares. Assuming other aspects of the regulation are complied with, it allows police to act prophylactically and broadly defines an emergency occasion as certain events that
may
cause people to collect in the public thoroughfares. With this construction, we conclude that the police were confronted with an emergency occasion.
We next consider whether the order to clear the area of the Occubarn was “necessary” under the Crowd and Traffic Control regulation. Like “emergency occasion,” “necessary order” in § 2100.2 references specific language in § 2100.1.
Cullinane,
566 F.2d at 118 (holding that “[t]he word ‘necessary* in this sentence of the regulation,” now § 2100.2, “has the same meaning that it does in the preceding sentence,” now § 2100.1). Section 2100.1 gives the police a particular tool to use in emergency occasions: “an officer ... may establish an area or zone that he or she considers necessary for the purpose of affording a clearing for” the regulation’s listed objectives. For two reasons, we conclude that the order to vacate the Occubarn was not a “necessary order” under § 2100.2.
To begin with, an order can only be “necessary for the purpose of affording a clearing” if it clears the areas that actually need clearing: the specifically identified areas in which people may “collect,” i.e., “public streets, alleys, highways or park-ings.” The
expressio unius
canon “informs us that when a list is enumerated it may be presumed to be exhaustive unless otherwise provided,” as, for example, through clear evidence of legislative intent.
District of Columbia v. Brookstowne Cmty. Dev. Co.,
987 A.2d 442, 447-48 (D.C. 2010). We lack any evidence suggesting that the list is not exhaustive or that the Crowd and Traffic Control regulation was meant to apply to public parks.
Indeed, although iterations of this regulation have been in place for decades, we are aware of no court decision examining, much less upholding, the application of this regulation to parks.
Our disinclination to read this regulation to extend to parks is further buttressed by the fact that parks are traditional fora for the exercise of First Amendment activity.
See, e.g., Hague v. Comm. for Indus. Org.,
307 U.S. 496, 515, 59 S.Ct. 954, 83 L.Ed. 1423 (1939) (noting that parks, as well as
streets, “have immemorially been held in trust for the use of the public and, time out of mind, have been'used for purposes of assembly, communicating thoughts between citizens, and discussing public, questions”). Such activity is protected both by the First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution and by local statute.
Given this protected status, we aré confident that if the Crowd and Traffic Control regulation were intended to authorize the police to clear public parks, it would say so explicitly, as it does with public streets.
Cf. Alvarez v. United States,
576 A.2d 713, 715-16 (D.C. 1990) (explaining that the Council meant to prohibit the possession of open containers of alcohol in all public spaces where the statute prohibited such possession on “any street, alley,
park
or parking”) (emphasis added). As the police had no authority under § 2100.1 to clear an area inside McPherson Square, they did not issue a “necessary order” under § -2100.2.
In addition to being limited to clearing thoroughfares, a “necessary order” under § 2100.2 must be issued to advance one of the enumerated objectives of § 2100.1: “(a) [t]he operation of firemen or policemen; (b) [t]he passage of a parade; (c) [t]he movement of traffic; (d) [t]he exclusion of the public from the vicinity of a riot, disorderly gathering, accident, wreck, explosion or other emergency; [or] (e) [t]he protection of persons and property.” § 2100.1 (a)-(e). On appeal, as at trial, the District argues that the police were acting to protect persons and property. But while the police are authorized to issue clearing orders'they “consider necessary” for the enumerated, purposes, those purposes may not be entirely hypothetical or conjectural. The police may not clear an area they consider necessary for the “passage of a parade” when there is no parade, or for the “exclusion of the public from the vicinity of a riot” when there is no riot.
See
§§ 2100.1(b), (d). And the police may not clear an area they consider necessary for the “protection of persons and property” without demonstrating that persons or property are in possible danger and thus in need of special protection.
The District does not dispute this; it argués, however, that it proved that -the police had reason to believe persons and property were in actual danger because there was evidence that that the unpermit-ted Occubarn might collapse and hurt both the protesters and any bystanders.
Preliminarily, regardless of whether the police had reasonable grounds to believe that the Occubarn was unsafe, this safety
concern was unrelated to clearing the adjoining thoroughfares. The regulation designed to clear, the thoroughfares does not give the police carte blanche to address any perceived public safety concern unrelated to that fundamental purpose. However much other statutes or regulations, present or future, may bear upon police power to act in such a situation, it would warp the language of the particular regulation to uphold appellants’ convictions thereunder.
But even as to the safety concerns asserted by the District, the record’fails to support the conclusion that the police reasonably believed that the Occubarn was a safety hazard. The magistrate judge found that when Lieutenant Lachance issued his order to vacate the Occubarn on the evening of December 4, 2011, “he had no idea about its [stability,” but he “did not think” it presented an “immediate danger.” Moreover, by the time Lieutenant Lachance issued his order, the structure had been in place all day and the police had had full access to it. The District presented no evidence that anyone discerned any strucr tural defect in the Occubarn during this time. The DORA building inspector who was summoned to inspect the structure testified that the structure showed. no signs of instability. And he only determined that the structure should be posted as unsafe because it appeared to be unper-mitted, in violation of District of Columbia building regulations that have no application on federal land. This fact prompted the magistrate judge to conclude that the danger signs he affixed had little “force” under the circumstances. As a further indication that the protesters were not in any actual danger, the police asked the inspector to delay posting the structure- for hours, until they conducted more “crowd control activities.” Indeed, the District effectively conceded this issue at trial by arguing in closing: “This is not a case about the structural integrity of [the Oecu-barn].”
In sum, while the 'District established that the police were confronted by an emergency occasion, it failed to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the protesters disobeyed a “necessary order.” The District failed to present sufficient evidence both that the order was necessary to “afford[ ] a clearing” in the areas the police were authorized to clear and that the order was necessary to achieve one of the objectives of the Crowd and Traffic Control regulation, namely the -protection of persons and .property. This is not to say that the police had no power to address what appears to have been their goal—not crowd or traffic control, but getting rid of the Occubarn. It is only to say that they could not do so under the auspices of 24 DCMR § 2100.2. Accordingly, we conclude that the protesters’ convictions for failing to obey an order issued under § 2100.2 must be reversed.
B. Mr. Givens’s Indecent Exposure Conviction
The only remaining issue to address is Mr. Givens’s overbreadth challenge to the indecent exposure statute, which in relevant part makes it “unlawful for a person, in public, to make an obscene or indecent exposure of his or her genitalia or anus.”
D.C. Code § 22-1312. Mr. Givens argues that this provision is unconstitutionally overbroad because it facially prohibits “indecent”—not just “obscene”— exposure and thus covers some theatrical and artistic displays of nudity that are
protected by the First Amendment.
'
See Reno v. ACLU,
521 U.S. 844, 874, 117 S.Ct. 2329, 138 L.Ed.2d 874 (1997) (“In evaluating the free speech rights of adults, we have made it perfectly clear that ‘[s]ex-ual expression which is indecent but-not obscene is protected by the First Amendment.’ ” (quoting
Sable Commc’ns of Cal., Inc. v. FCC,
492 U.S. 115, 126, 109 S.Ct. 2829, 106 L.Ed.2d 93 (1989))). “Facial over-breadth claims have ... been entertained where statutes, by their terms, purport to regulate ... expressive or communicative conduct.”
Broadrick v.
Oklahoma, 413 U.S. 601, 612-13, 93 S.Ct. 2908, 37 L.Ed.2d 830 (1973). Although we agree that the challenged provision of § 22-1312 could be interpreted to cover some forms of expressive conduct and thus implicates the -First Amendment, this fact is not dispositive of the constitutional inquiry. Rather, “the overbreadth of [the] statute must not only be real, but substantial as well, judged in relation to the statute’s plainly legitimate sweep.”
Broadrick,
413 U.S. at 615, 93 S.Ct. 2908.
Examining the reach of the challenged provision, we observe that it applies to a wide range of nonexpressive conduct, which is not protected by the First Amendment.
See, e.g., City of Erie v. Pap’s A.M.,
529 U.S. 277, 289, 120 S.Ct. 1382, 146 L.Ed.2d 265 (2000) (noting that “[b]eing in a state of nudity is not an inherently expressive condition”). At the same time, certain kinds of expressive conduct that fall within the facial reach of the statute are affirmatively authorized elsewhere in-the District’s Code.
See
D.C. Code § 25-372 (2013 Repl.) (permitting expressive nudity in certain establishments licensed to sell alcohol).
Even as to expressive nudity, the provision’s imposition on First Amendment rights is limited. It applies only “in public,” a phrase that the legislative history defines as “in open view; before the people at large,” D.C. Council; Report on Bill 18-425 at 7 (Nov. 19, 2010). Thus, the challenged provision does not encompass a number of the settings cited by Mr. Givens, for example, an in-studio display of nudity for a painting class or an indoor theatrical performance that requires the purchase of a ticket. Instead, the revised statute confines this provision’s reach to settings wherein expressive nudity can be constitutionally regulated because minors might be present or nonconsenting adults are not easily shielded from displays of nudity.
Cf. Par-
nigoni v. District of Columbia,
933 A.2d 823 (D.C. 2007) (upholding, under an earlier form of § 22-1312 that lacked an express “in public” element, a conviction for conduct that occurred in a private home). Moreover, the challenged provision does not prohibit all nudity in public. It prohibits the exposure only of one’s genitals or anus, thereby directing the prohibition at certain kinds of nudity that tend to be sexually evocative even if not “obscene.”
See Miller v. California,
413 U.S. 15, 24, 27, 93 S.Ct. 2607, 37 L.Ed.2d 419 (1973) (defining obscene materials as “works which depict or describe [hard core] sexual conduct, ... appeal to the prurient interest,” and lack “serious literary, artistic, political, or scientific value”). ■
On the whole, the reach of the indecent exposure provision into constitutionally protected territory is limited and thus not “substantial ... in relation to the statute’s plainly legitimate sweep.”
Broadrick,
413 U.S. at 615, 93 S.Ct. 2908. Accordingly, we conclude that the indecent exposure statute is not substantially overbroad. To the extent that constitutionally protected conduct is prosecuted under § 22-1312, plaintiffs can follow the “traditional rules of practice,”
Broadrick,
413 U.S. at 615, 93 S.Ct. 2908, by bringing as-applied chai-' lenges that seek to invalidate applications of the statute to their particular expressive conduct. Mr. Givens does not challenge the indecent exposure statute as applied, nor does he challenge the sufficiency of the evidence used to convict him. Thus we affirm his conviction for indecent exposure.
III. Conclusion
For the. reasons set forth above, we reverse the protesters’ convictions under the Crowd and Traffic Control regulation, and affirm Mr. Givens’s conviction for indecent exposure.
So ordered.
Steadman, Senior Judge, concurring in the judgment:
I agree with the majority that the evidence does not establish the necessary nexus between the cordoning off of the Occubarn for safety reasons and crowd control on the public thoroughfares. To my mind; this alone is sufficient to dispose of the appeal in favor of the appellants charged under § 2100.2. I go no further in that analysis.