On Petition to Transfer from the Indiana Court of Appeals, No. 18A05-1606-CR-1258
David, Justice.
Defendant appealed his bestiality conviction arguing that the State failed to establish the
corpus delicti
of the offense, rendering evidence of his confessions inadmissible. Finding that the State presented independent evidence that provided" an inference that Defendant committed bestiality, we hold that defendant's confessions were admissible. Accordingly, we affirm the trial court.
Facts and Procedural History
In August 2015, Paul Moore and Andy Shinnock were roommates in Muncie, Indiana, Moore’s two dogs, a female pit bull named Baby Girl and a. male, Labrador Retriever mix named Cosmo, lived with them. One morning, Moore returned home from work, and neither of his dogs were waiting to, greet him at the door like they usually did. Moore called for them. Cosmo eventually came to him, but Baby Girl did not. Moore noticed the apartment was messy. That is, there was dog feces all over the floor and dog food scattered about. This was also unusual. Moore opened the door to Shinnock’s room. Baby Girl came out and ran underneath the couch.
Moore, observed Shinnock in his room, wearing his boxer shorts and with an erection. When Moore asked Shinnock why his dog was locked inside of Shinnock’s, bedroom, Shinnock admitted to Moore that he tried to have sexual contact with the dog. Moore called police. When police arrived and asked for Shinnock’s version of events, Shinnock admitted he had sex with Moore’s dog.
At a bench trial and over Shinnock’s objection, the trial court admitted evidence of Shinnock’s statements to both Moore and the police. The trial court found Shin-nock guilty (but mentally ill) of Bestiality, a Level 6 Felony. Shinnock appealed, arguing the trial court abused its discretion when it admitted evidence of his admissions of guilt, in violation-of the
corpus delicti
rule.
In a published opinion, the Court of Appeals reversed Shinnock’s conviction holding1 that the State was required to prove penetration of the dog’s sex organ by a male sex organ before it could admit Shinnock’s statement into evidence. The State seeks transfer, which we now grant, yachting the Court of Appeals opinion. Ind. App, Rule 58(A).
Standard of Review
The trial court is afforded wide discretion in ruling on the admissibility of evidence. Nicholson v. State, 963 N.E.2d 1096, 1099 (Ind. 2012). On appeal, eviden-
tiary decisions are reviewed for abuse of discretion and are reversed only when the decision is clearly against the logic and effect of the facts and circumstances. Id.
Discussion
At issue in this case is whether the trial court properly admitted Shinnock’s statements to Moore and police into evidence, Shinnock argued, and the Court of Appeals found, that doing so violated the
corpus delicti
rule.
In Indiana, a person may not be convicted of a crime based solely on a nonjudicial confession of guilt. Green v. State, 159 Ind. App. 68, 304 N.E.2d 845, 848 (1973). Rather, independent proof of the
corpus delicti
is required before the defendant may be convicted upon a nonjudicial confession. Id. Proof of the
corpus delicti
means “proof that the specific crime charged has actually been committed by someone.” Walker v. State, 249 Ind. 551, 233 N.E.2d 483, 488 (1968). Thus, admission of a confession requires some independent evidence of commission of the crime charged. Workman v. State, 716 N.E.2d 445, 447 (Ind. 1999). The independent evidence need not prove that a crime was committed beyond a reasonable doubt, but merely provide an inference that the crime charged was committed. Malinski v. State, 794 N.E.2d 1071, 1086 (Ind. 2003). This inference may be created by circumstantial evidence. Id.
The purpose of the
corpus delicti
rule is to prevent the admission of a confession to a crime which never occurred. Hurt v. State, 570 N.E.2d 16, 19 (Ind. 1991). The State is not required to prove the
corpus delicti
by independent evidénce prior to the admission of a confession, as long as the totality of independent evidence presented at trial establishes the
corpus delicti.
McManus v. State, 541 N.E.2d 538, 539-40 (Ind. 1989).
Here, Shinnock was charged with bestiality. ■ Thus, the State had to prove that he “knowingly or intentionally perform[ed] an act involving ... penetration of an animal’s sex organ by the human male sex organ. Ind. Code § 35-46-3-14(4). The Court of Appeals found that because the State did not present-evidence of the penetration element, Shinnock’s confessions were inadmissible.
The State argues that the Court of Appeals confused two different
corpus delicti
categories: 1) the requirement for admitting a confession into evidence; and 2) the evidence sufficient to uphold a'conviction. The State further argues that the Court of Appeals opinion holds the State to the incorrect higher burden of what is required to uphold a conviction instead of the lower threshold for admission of the evidence. It quotes another Court of Appeals opinion that explains the two categories and what is required for eách:
... the State’s case may be tested by reference to the corpus delicti in two ways. For the preliminary purpose of determining whether the confession is admissible, the State must present evidence independent of the confession establishing that the specific crime charged was committed by someone. Duling v. State (1976), 170 Ind. App. 607, 354 N.E.2d 286, 290. The degree of proof required to establish the corpus delicti for admission of a confession is that amount which would justify the reasonable inference that the specific criminal activity had occurred. Id. It is not necessary to make out a prima facie case as to each element of the offense charged, Fleener v. State (1980), 274 Ind. 473, 412 N.E.2d 778, and the corpus delicti may be shown by circumstantial evidence. Grey v. State (1980), 273 Ind. 439, 404 N.E.2d 1348.
On the other hand, in order to sustain a conviction the corpus delicti must be proved beyond a reasonable doubt. Grey, id.; Puling, supra. In determining the sufficiency of the evidence for conviction, the confession may be considered along with the independent evidence. Duling, 354 N.E.2d at 291.
Harkrader v. State,
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On Petition to Transfer from the Indiana Court of Appeals, No. 18A05-1606-CR-1258
David, Justice.
Defendant appealed his bestiality conviction arguing that the State failed to establish the
corpus delicti
of the offense, rendering evidence of his confessions inadmissible. Finding that the State presented independent evidence that provided" an inference that Defendant committed bestiality, we hold that defendant's confessions were admissible. Accordingly, we affirm the trial court.
Facts and Procedural History
In August 2015, Paul Moore and Andy Shinnock were roommates in Muncie, Indiana, Moore’s two dogs, a female pit bull named Baby Girl and a. male, Labrador Retriever mix named Cosmo, lived with them. One morning, Moore returned home from work, and neither of his dogs were waiting to, greet him at the door like they usually did. Moore called for them. Cosmo eventually came to him, but Baby Girl did not. Moore noticed the apartment was messy. That is, there was dog feces all over the floor and dog food scattered about. This was also unusual. Moore opened the door to Shinnock’s room. Baby Girl came out and ran underneath the couch.
Moore, observed Shinnock in his room, wearing his boxer shorts and with an erection. When Moore asked Shinnock why his dog was locked inside of Shinnock’s, bedroom, Shinnock admitted to Moore that he tried to have sexual contact with the dog. Moore called police. When police arrived and asked for Shinnock’s version of events, Shinnock admitted he had sex with Moore’s dog.
At a bench trial and over Shinnock’s objection, the trial court admitted evidence of Shinnock’s statements to both Moore and the police. The trial court found Shin-nock guilty (but mentally ill) of Bestiality, a Level 6 Felony. Shinnock appealed, arguing the trial court abused its discretion when it admitted evidence of his admissions of guilt, in violation-of the
corpus delicti
rule.
In a published opinion, the Court of Appeals reversed Shinnock’s conviction holding1 that the State was required to prove penetration of the dog’s sex organ by a male sex organ before it could admit Shinnock’s statement into evidence. The State seeks transfer, which we now grant, yachting the Court of Appeals opinion. Ind. App, Rule 58(A).
Standard of Review
The trial court is afforded wide discretion in ruling on the admissibility of evidence. Nicholson v. State, 963 N.E.2d 1096, 1099 (Ind. 2012). On appeal, eviden-
tiary decisions are reviewed for abuse of discretion and are reversed only when the decision is clearly against the logic and effect of the facts and circumstances. Id.
Discussion
At issue in this case is whether the trial court properly admitted Shinnock’s statements to Moore and police into evidence, Shinnock argued, and the Court of Appeals found, that doing so violated the
corpus delicti
rule.
In Indiana, a person may not be convicted of a crime based solely on a nonjudicial confession of guilt. Green v. State, 159 Ind. App. 68, 304 N.E.2d 845, 848 (1973). Rather, independent proof of the
corpus delicti
is required before the defendant may be convicted upon a nonjudicial confession. Id. Proof of the
corpus delicti
means “proof that the specific crime charged has actually been committed by someone.” Walker v. State, 249 Ind. 551, 233 N.E.2d 483, 488 (1968). Thus, admission of a confession requires some independent evidence of commission of the crime charged. Workman v. State, 716 N.E.2d 445, 447 (Ind. 1999). The independent evidence need not prove that a crime was committed beyond a reasonable doubt, but merely provide an inference that the crime charged was committed. Malinski v. State, 794 N.E.2d 1071, 1086 (Ind. 2003). This inference may be created by circumstantial evidence. Id.
The purpose of the
corpus delicti
rule is to prevent the admission of a confession to a crime which never occurred. Hurt v. State, 570 N.E.2d 16, 19 (Ind. 1991). The State is not required to prove the
corpus delicti
by independent evidénce prior to the admission of a confession, as long as the totality of independent evidence presented at trial establishes the
corpus delicti.
McManus v. State, 541 N.E.2d 538, 539-40 (Ind. 1989).
Here, Shinnock was charged with bestiality. ■ Thus, the State had to prove that he “knowingly or intentionally perform[ed] an act involving ... penetration of an animal’s sex organ by the human male sex organ. Ind. Code § 35-46-3-14(4). The Court of Appeals found that because the State did not present-evidence of the penetration element, Shinnock’s confessions were inadmissible.
The State argues that the Court of Appeals confused two different
corpus delicti
categories: 1) the requirement for admitting a confession into evidence; and 2) the evidence sufficient to uphold a'conviction. The State further argues that the Court of Appeals opinion holds the State to the incorrect higher burden of what is required to uphold a conviction instead of the lower threshold for admission of the evidence. It quotes another Court of Appeals opinion that explains the two categories and what is required for eách:
... the State’s case may be tested by reference to the corpus delicti in two ways. For the preliminary purpose of determining whether the confession is admissible, the State must present evidence independent of the confession establishing that the specific crime charged was committed by someone. Duling v. State (1976), 170 Ind. App. 607, 354 N.E.2d 286, 290. The degree of proof required to establish the corpus delicti for admission of a confession is that amount which would justify the reasonable inference that the specific criminal activity had occurred. Id. It is not necessary to make out a prima facie case as to each element of the offense charged, Fleener v. State (1980), 274 Ind. 473, 412 N.E.2d 778, and the corpus delicti may be shown by circumstantial evidence. Grey v. State (1980), 273 Ind. 439, 404 N.E.2d 1348.
On the other hand, in order to sustain a conviction the corpus delicti must be proved beyond a reasonable doubt. Grey, id.; Puling, supra. In determining the sufficiency of the evidence for conviction, the confession may be considered along with the independent evidence. Duling, 354 N.E.2d at 291.
Harkrader v. State, 553 N.E.2d 1231, 1232-33 (Ind. Ct. App. 1990).
We agree with the State. The
corpus delicti
evidence required to have a confession admitted is not the same as the
corpus delicti
evidence required to sustain a conviction. Here, in order make Shin-nock’s confessions admissible, all the State had to present was independent evidence that provided an inference that the crime charged was committed. Malinski, 794 N.E.2d at 1086. Such evidence may be circumstantial. Id. Further, there is no requirement that all of the elements of thé crime be proven prior to introduction of the confessions. See Jones v. State, 253 Ind. 235, 249, 252 N.E.2d 572, 580 (1969) (“it is not necessary to make out a prima facie case as to each element of the crime charged nor is it necessary to prove each element of the crime charged beyond a reasonable doubt before a confession is admissible.”)
Pue to the nature and circumstances of this matter, there is no direct evidence of what happened to Baby Girl. However, there is ample circumstantial evidence that provides an inference that Shinnock committed bestiality. That is, Baby Girl was not there to greet Moore when he arrived home like she usually did. Instead, she was found trapped in Shinnock’s bedroom with him. He was in his underwear and had an erection. The floor was covered in dog feces, which was unusual. When Moore opened the door to Shinnock’s room, Baby Girl ran to hide under the couch. All the facts taken together suffice to demonstrate both that the dog was a victim and that Shinnock committed the crime. Accordingly, the trial court properly found that the
corpus delicti
rule was satisfied and admitted the confessions into evidence.
Conclusion
We hold that because the State introduced evidence that provided an inference that the crime of bestiality was committed, the confessions were admissible and we affirm the trial court.
Rush, C.J., Massa and Slaughter, J.J., concur.