DAVID, Justice.
This case involves a conviction for stalking under Indiana Code section 35-45-10-5(a) (2008). A majority of the Court of Appeals held that a span of twenty-two months between contacts would not fit the definition of repeated or continuing harassment and therefore would not support a conviction for stalking. We disagree and affirm the trial court, holding that the lag in time between the harassing calls in 2006 and the subsequent single call in 2008 did not foreclose the conviction for stalking, particularly since much of the break in time between the calls was due to defendant’s incarceration. Ultimately, the record demonstrated the calls involved a course of conduct involving repeated and continuing harassment of the victims.
Facts and Procedural History
In 2006, wife and her daughters received daily phone calls over a six-month period from Rodney Nicholson. Whenever wife or her daughters would answer the phone, the calls would devolve into graphic content. Nicholson would breathe heavily into the phone and make sounds as if he were masturbating. Wife testified at trial that Nicholson said he was going to “put his penis on [her and her daughters] body and masturbate and ejact [sic] and come all over us and things of ... of that nature, and he would breathe as if he was eja ... jaculating or masturbating, as if he was doing that.” Nicholson would hang up the phone when husband would interrupt the conversation. One night in 2006, Nicholson was discovered outside the victims’ residence and was arrested. He pled guilty to voyeurism charges and was incarcerated. The phone calls did not stop until Nicholson was incarcerated. From 2006, when he was convicted of voyeurism, until November 1, 2008, Nicholson had no contact with the victims’ household.
On November 1, 2008, Nicholson phoned the victims’ residence at 1:00 a.m. Wife dialed the number that was left on the caller ID. Nicholson answered the phone. He was breathing heavily in the phone and acting like he was masturbating. Nicholson told wife he was going to masturbate all over [wife’s] body. Husband picked up the phone and could hear Nicholson talking about masturbating. When Nicholson heard husband’s voice, he hung up the phone. Wife turned to husband and said, “That’s [Nicholson’s] voice. He’s out. It’s [Nicholson].” Husband immediately called back, and the phone went to voicemail, identifying Nicholson by name.
The victims reported the incident to the police. Police were able to track the number to Nicholson. The State charged Nicholson with Class C felony stalking and three counts of Class B misdemeanor
harassment for calls to wife and two other women identified during its investigation. The State also alleged that Nicholson was a habitual offender.
A jury found Nicholson guilty of the stalking and harassment charges, and he admitted to being a habitual offender. The Court of Appeals reversed and remanded Nicholson’s stalking conviction.
Nicholson v. State,
948 N.E.2d 820, 824 (Ind.Ct.App.2011). Judge Bradford dissented.
Id.
at 824 (Bradford, J., dissenting). We granted transfer.
I. Admission of Defendant’s Prior Acts
Nicholson first claims that the trial court erred in admitting evidence of his prior conviction for voyeurism and its surrounding circumstances. Nicholson specifically claims that the trial court erred in allowing: (1) the prosecutor to mention Nicholson’s voyeurism conviction during his opening statement; (2) the prosecutor to characterize Nicholson as a “peeping torn” during his opening statement; (8) the prosecutor to refer to the circumstances surrounding Nicholson’s voyeurism conviction diming his opening statement; (4) the prosecutor to introduce testimony from the detective who worked on Nicholson’s voyeurism case; and (5) the prosecutor to introduce the husband’s testimony about how the incidents surrounding the original voyeurism conviction affected him and his family. Although these were five different instances, they all arise from the mention of Nicholson’s original voyeurism conviction and the circumstances surrounding the conviction.
Wide discretion is afforded the trial court in ruling on the admissibility and relevancy of evidence.
Smith v. State,
780 N.E.2d 705, 708 (Ind.2000). We review evidentiary decisions for abuse of discretion and reverse only when the decision is clearly against the logic and effect of the facts and circumstances.
Id.
“A claim of error in the exclusion or admission of evidence will not prevail on appeal unless the error affects the substantial rights of the moving party.”
McCarthy v. State,
749 N.E.2d 528, 536 (Ind.2001).
Our evidentiary rule governing this issue provides,
Evidence of other crimes, wrongs, or acts is not admissible to prove the character of a person in order to show action in conformity therewith. It may, however, be admissible for other purposes, such as proof of motive, intent, preparation, plan, knowledge, identity, or absence of mistake or accident, provided that upon request by the accused, the prosecution in a criminal case shall provide reasonable notice in advance of trial, or during trial if the court excuses pre-trial notice on good cause shown, of the general nature of any such evidence it intends to introduce at trial.
Ind. Evidence Rule 404(b).
One of this Court’s first opinions about Rule 404(b) was in
Wickizer v. State,
626 N.E.2d 795 (Ind.1993). “The use of evidence of other crimes, acts and conduct ... to prove matters other than general character has always been problematic for the courts.”
Id.
at 797 (quoting Gregory Joseph et al.,
Evidence in America
§ 14.3 at 6 (1992)). We further recognized that “fundamental to our system of jurisprudence is the notion that the State, relying upon evidence of uncharged misconduct, may not punish a person for his character.”
Id.
(citing
Lannan v. State,
600 N.E.2d 1334, 1338 (Ind.1992)). Admission of this type of prior conduct evidence has the potential to improperly create the “ ‘forbidden inference’ — that the defendant acted badly in the past, and that the defendant’s present, charged actions conform
with those past bad acts.... ”
Hardin v. State,
611 N.E.2d 123, 129 (Ind.1993).
When a trial court assesses the admissibility of 404(b) evidence, it must “(1) determine that the evidence of other crimes, wrongs, or acts is relevant to a matter at issue other than the defendant’s propensity to commit the charged act and (2) balance the probative value of the evidence against its prejudicial effect pursuant to Rule 403.”
Ortiz v. State,
716 N.E.2d 345, 350 (Ind.1999).
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DAVID, Justice.
This case involves a conviction for stalking under Indiana Code section 35-45-10-5(a) (2008). A majority of the Court of Appeals held that a span of twenty-two months between contacts would not fit the definition of repeated or continuing harassment and therefore would not support a conviction for stalking. We disagree and affirm the trial court, holding that the lag in time between the harassing calls in 2006 and the subsequent single call in 2008 did not foreclose the conviction for stalking, particularly since much of the break in time between the calls was due to defendant’s incarceration. Ultimately, the record demonstrated the calls involved a course of conduct involving repeated and continuing harassment of the victims.
Facts and Procedural History
In 2006, wife and her daughters received daily phone calls over a six-month period from Rodney Nicholson. Whenever wife or her daughters would answer the phone, the calls would devolve into graphic content. Nicholson would breathe heavily into the phone and make sounds as if he were masturbating. Wife testified at trial that Nicholson said he was going to “put his penis on [her and her daughters] body and masturbate and ejact [sic] and come all over us and things of ... of that nature, and he would breathe as if he was eja ... jaculating or masturbating, as if he was doing that.” Nicholson would hang up the phone when husband would interrupt the conversation. One night in 2006, Nicholson was discovered outside the victims’ residence and was arrested. He pled guilty to voyeurism charges and was incarcerated. The phone calls did not stop until Nicholson was incarcerated. From 2006, when he was convicted of voyeurism, until November 1, 2008, Nicholson had no contact with the victims’ household.
On November 1, 2008, Nicholson phoned the victims’ residence at 1:00 a.m. Wife dialed the number that was left on the caller ID. Nicholson answered the phone. He was breathing heavily in the phone and acting like he was masturbating. Nicholson told wife he was going to masturbate all over [wife’s] body. Husband picked up the phone and could hear Nicholson talking about masturbating. When Nicholson heard husband’s voice, he hung up the phone. Wife turned to husband and said, “That’s [Nicholson’s] voice. He’s out. It’s [Nicholson].” Husband immediately called back, and the phone went to voicemail, identifying Nicholson by name.
The victims reported the incident to the police. Police were able to track the number to Nicholson. The State charged Nicholson with Class C felony stalking and three counts of Class B misdemeanor
harassment for calls to wife and two other women identified during its investigation. The State also alleged that Nicholson was a habitual offender.
A jury found Nicholson guilty of the stalking and harassment charges, and he admitted to being a habitual offender. The Court of Appeals reversed and remanded Nicholson’s stalking conviction.
Nicholson v. State,
948 N.E.2d 820, 824 (Ind.Ct.App.2011). Judge Bradford dissented.
Id.
at 824 (Bradford, J., dissenting). We granted transfer.
I. Admission of Defendant’s Prior Acts
Nicholson first claims that the trial court erred in admitting evidence of his prior conviction for voyeurism and its surrounding circumstances. Nicholson specifically claims that the trial court erred in allowing: (1) the prosecutor to mention Nicholson’s voyeurism conviction during his opening statement; (2) the prosecutor to characterize Nicholson as a “peeping torn” during his opening statement; (8) the prosecutor to refer to the circumstances surrounding Nicholson’s voyeurism conviction diming his opening statement; (4) the prosecutor to introduce testimony from the detective who worked on Nicholson’s voyeurism case; and (5) the prosecutor to introduce the husband’s testimony about how the incidents surrounding the original voyeurism conviction affected him and his family. Although these were five different instances, they all arise from the mention of Nicholson’s original voyeurism conviction and the circumstances surrounding the conviction.
Wide discretion is afforded the trial court in ruling on the admissibility and relevancy of evidence.
Smith v. State,
780 N.E.2d 705, 708 (Ind.2000). We review evidentiary decisions for abuse of discretion and reverse only when the decision is clearly against the logic and effect of the facts and circumstances.
Id.
“A claim of error in the exclusion or admission of evidence will not prevail on appeal unless the error affects the substantial rights of the moving party.”
McCarthy v. State,
749 N.E.2d 528, 536 (Ind.2001).
Our evidentiary rule governing this issue provides,
Evidence of other crimes, wrongs, or acts is not admissible to prove the character of a person in order to show action in conformity therewith. It may, however, be admissible for other purposes, such as proof of motive, intent, preparation, plan, knowledge, identity, or absence of mistake or accident, provided that upon request by the accused, the prosecution in a criminal case shall provide reasonable notice in advance of trial, or during trial if the court excuses pre-trial notice on good cause shown, of the general nature of any such evidence it intends to introduce at trial.
Ind. Evidence Rule 404(b).
One of this Court’s first opinions about Rule 404(b) was in
Wickizer v. State,
626 N.E.2d 795 (Ind.1993). “The use of evidence of other crimes, acts and conduct ... to prove matters other than general character has always been problematic for the courts.”
Id.
at 797 (quoting Gregory Joseph et al.,
Evidence in America
§ 14.3 at 6 (1992)). We further recognized that “fundamental to our system of jurisprudence is the notion that the State, relying upon evidence of uncharged misconduct, may not punish a person for his character.”
Id.
(citing
Lannan v. State,
600 N.E.2d 1334, 1338 (Ind.1992)). Admission of this type of prior conduct evidence has the potential to improperly create the “ ‘forbidden inference’ — that the defendant acted badly in the past, and that the defendant’s present, charged actions conform
with those past bad acts.... ”
Hardin v. State,
611 N.E.2d 123, 129 (Ind.1993).
When a trial court assesses the admissibility of 404(b) evidence, it must “(1) determine that the evidence of other crimes, wrongs, or acts is relevant to a matter at issue other than the defendant’s propensity to commit the charged act and (2) balance the probative value of the evidence against its prejudicial effect pursuant to Rule 403.”
Ortiz v. State,
716 N.E.2d 345, 350 (Ind.1999). Particularly relevant in this case is the exception that evidence about other crimes may be admissible for purposes such as proof of identity.
Allen v. State,
720 N.E.2d 707, 711 (Ind.1999). This identity exception was carved out primarily for crimes “so nearly identical that the modus operandi is virtually a ‘signature.’ ”
Id.
(citing
Thompson v. State,
690 N.E.2d 224, 234 (Ind.1997)). This Court has previously said that the crimes must be so strikingly similar that we can say with reasonable certainty that the same person committed them.
Penley v. State,
506 N.E.2d 806, 810 (Ind.1987).
We hold that in this instance, the crimes were so strikingly similar and the evidence so inextricably linked as to be necessary and relevant to the matter. The evidence went to the very nature of the charged crime of stalking. As Judge Bradford pointed out in his dissent, “Far from being evidence of ‘other’ acts, it is evidence of the very acts that establish that Nicholson repeatedly harassed the [victims].”
Nicholson v. State,
948 N.E.2d 820, 824 n. 3 (2011) (Bradford, J., dissenting). In the 2006 phone calls and in the 2008 call, Nicholson targeted the household late at night and breathed heavily into the phone. In both 2006 and 2008, Nicholson made sounds as if he were masturbating and told the wife and daughters he was going to masturbate and ejaculate on them. When husband picked up the phone, Nicholson always hung up.
Furthermore, Nicholson’s voyeurism conviction and the incidents surrounding that conviction are inextricably linked to the stalking charge and conviction. Those 2006 incidents relating to the voyeurism conviction are necessary facts to prove the current stalking case. Finally, the voyeurism case can be used to show absence of mistake in this matter, to show that defendant knew the exact home he was targeting, and to show that he was not dialing a random number but the same phone number he dialed in 2006.
We hold the trial court properly admitted the evidence under Rule 404(b).
II. Repeated or Continuing Harassment
The General Assembly has codified stalking as “[a] person who stalks another person.” Ind.Code § 35-45-10-5(a) (2008). To stalk has been defined as “a knowing or an intentional course of conduct involving repeated or continuing harassment of another person that would cause a reasonable person to feel terrorized, frightened, intimidated, or threatened.”
Id.
§ 35-45-10-1.
The State is required to prove that Nicholson (1) knowingly or intentionally, (2) engaged in a course of conduct involving repeated or continuing harassment of the victims, (3) that would cause a reasonable person to feel terrorized, frightened, intimidated, or threatened, and (4) that actually caused the victims to feel terrorized, frightened, intimidated, or threatened.
Johnson v. State,
721 N.E.2d 327, 331 (Ind.Ct.App.1999). As previously stated, a majority of the Court of Appeals held that the 2006 conduct, coupled with a single phone call on November 1, 2008, was insufficient to support the stalking conviction.
Nicholson,
948 N.E.2d at 824.
We hold to the contrary: the facts here suffice.
A unanimous panel of the Court of Appeals in
Johnson
previously dealt with this issue:
The harassment prohibited by Indiana’s anti-stalking law must be either “repeated” or “continuing.” “Repeat” is defined in WEBSTER’S NINTH NEW COLLEGIATE DICTIONARY (1985) as “to make, do, or perform again.”
Id.
at 998. In considering the meaning of the term “repeatedly” in Alabama’s stalking statute, the Alabama Court of Criminal Appeals held that the term means “more than once.”
State v. Randall,
669 So.2d 228, 227 (Ala.Crim.App.1995);
accord People v. Heilman,
25 Cal.App.4th 391, 400, 30 Cal.Rptr.2d 422 (1994) (repeatedly means “more than one time”). Likewise, we conclude that the term “repeated” in Indiana’s anti-stalking law means “more than once.”
Johnson,
721 N.E.2d at 332-33. In
Johnson,
the stalking occurred on three different occasions during the same night.
Id.
at 333. The Court of Appeals wrote, “[i]t makes no difference that the behavior occurred over a short period of time. If the legislature had wanted to place parameters on the period of time over which such behavior could occur, it could have done so.”
Id.
at 333.
Different states have varying lengths of time in which incidents can become the crime of stalking. Arkansas, for example, has the most narrow time frame, which says a pattern of conduct must be composed of two or more acts separated by at least thirty-six hours but must occur within a year. Ark.Code Ann. § 5-71-229(d)(1)(A) (2011). Minnesota law imposes a pattern of conduct of “two or more acts within a five-year period.” Minn.Stat. § 609.749 (sub. div. 5)(b) (2009). Wisconsin uses language signifying a “continuity of purpose” over which period of time the acts occur. Wis. Stat. § 940.32(( )(a) (2011).
Ohio requires the acts and pattern of conduct be “closely related in time.” Ohio Rev.Code Ann. § 2903.211(D)(1) (2011). In fact, in
Middletown v. Jones,
a three-year gap existed between harassing incidents. 167 Ohio App.3d 679, 856 N.E.2d 1003, 1006 (2006). The Ohio court, in affirming the conviction, held that because “closely related in time” was not defined, the trier of fact should make that determination, “considering the evidence in the context of all the circumstances of the case.”
Id.
at 1007.
In construing Indiana Code section 35-45-10-1, we hold that absent an explicit time frame established by the General Assembly during which stalking can occur, the trier of fact should determine if the “course of conduct involved] repeated or continuing harassment.” I.C. § 35-45-10-1. This statutory construction would place Indiana squarely in the middle of the majority of the states. In the instant case, the stalking took place over the course of two years, with Nicholson’s incarceration serving as a break. The telephone calls from 2006 and 2008 were virtually identical, with Nicholson mimicking masturbation and describing masturbating on the wife and daughters. These calls were interrupted only by Nicholson’s conviction for voyeurism related to his six-month-long harassment of the victims and his subse
quent incarceration for a period of time thereafter. We find there was sufficient evidence for the trier of fact to determine Nicholson engaged in a “course of conduct involving repeated or continuing harassment.”
Id.
Furthermore, we find that there was sufficient evidence of the remaining prongs of the stalking statute to convict Nicholson. The State must also prove a reasonable person would feel terrorized, frightened, intimidated, or threatened, and the victim actually felt so. We find a reasonable person would have felt terrorized. Wife testified that she was scared and feared for her safety upon realizing Nicholson called the house again. Wife testified,
Q: After all this happened, did that affect your employment when you were working?
A: It did. There was days I didn’t go to work. I ha ... Jim and I have a good rel ... I’ve worked with him off and on since I was a kid and there was days I didn’t want to go to work and there was days that I wanted to be off from work and be home early because I didn’t want it to get nighttime. The ... the ... the time he got out of jail and after this, [husband] would have to be home before it got dark with me because I didn’t want to stay in the house by myself and he ... I would meet him at the Burger King and then we would come home.
[[Image here]]
Q: Did [the home] used to be a place of comfort or ... or safety for you?
A: Yeah. Yeah. We ... we moved from town to there. It was home. It was home. And he took away everything as far as, you know, I don’t even have a phone there anymore. Do I want to live there? If I ... no, I don’t want to stay there.
[[Image here]]
Q: Specifically, without going into any of that, why ... why don’t you want to live there anymore?
A: Because I’m not comfortable with him knowing where I live.
Q: Okay. Did that phone call on November 1st, did that make you fearful again when you (inaudible)?
A: Yeah, that’s when we got the gun permits and learned and got the shotgun and, yeah.
We hold that Nicholson’s 2006 voyeurism conviction and his 2008 call to the victims’ residence are inextricably linked together. Nicholson was incarcerated for the hundreds of sexually depraved, vagrant phone calls he made to the victims’ residence in 2006. He called to the same victims again in 2008. In between these phone calls, Nicholson was incarcerated for the 2006 calls.
The victims thought their nightmare was over. However, the nightmare was only paused when Nicholson was found guilty in 2006 and sent to jail. The nightmare resumed with one phone call in 2008. With these facts, the circumstances surrounding the 2006 voyeurism conviction was relevant and not prejudicial. All the 2006 phone calls are inextricably linked to the 2008 phone call and stalking charge.
Had Nicholson not been incarcerated between 2006 and 2008, our analysis may have been different. However, it appears the main reason the stalking of the victims took a break was Nicholson’s incarceration. Because of this, we hold Nicholson engaged in a knowing course of conduct
involving repeated or continuing harassment of the wife. That knowing conduct, resumed upon his release from incarceration, would have caused a reasonable person to feel terrorized, frightened, intimidated, and threatened, and did cause those feelings in wife.
Conclusion
There is no statutorily determinate timeframe required for a stalking conviction. Stalking could occur over a matter of minutes or years. The key is for the trier of fact to determine what the course of conduct was and if it involved repeated or continuing harassment. In this case, there was sufficient evidence for the trier of fact to determine Nicholson engaged in stalking when he made hundreds of degrading phone calls in 2006 and again made a degrading phone call in 2008. Furthermore, Nicholson’s original voyeurism conviction, inextricably linked to the current matter, was relevant to the trier of fact and not prejudicial. It is within the province of the General Assembly if it wishes to enact specific timeframe parameters to the stalking statute.
SHEPARD, C.J., and DICKSON and RUCKER, JJ., concur.
SULLIVAN, J., dissents, believing the opinion of the Court of Appeals in this case, 948 N.E.2d 820, to have been correct.