Opinion
VOGEL (C. S.), P. J.
Introduction
This case involves a commercial enterprise’s liability for a murder committed at its restaurant. After the plaintiffs had completed their case-in-chief, the trial court granted nonsuit. In essence, it found no duty because the murder was unforeseeable. We agree and therefore affirm the judgment.
[1194]*1194Statement of Facts
The Operative Facts
The events occurred during the late evening of May 11, 1996, at Shakey’s Pizza Restaurant on Sunset Boulevard in Hollywood.1 Carlos Alvarez went with a group of friends to eat at the restaurant. Alvarez’s companions included three adult men, three adult women, and two young children.
After the group ordered their food, the men took the children to the restaurant’s game room. The three women remained at their table. At a nearby table, a group of three men with a video camera were seated: Mauricio Ajanel, Victor Ajanel, and Edwin Estrada (the Ajanel group). The three men were intoxicated. They made obscene remarks to the women and aimed the video camera at the women in an offensive manner. Osvaldo Baldolomar, a restaurant employee, observed the videotaping. However, the women did not complain to the restaurant’s employees; instead they told Alvarez and their other male companions (the Alvarez group).
Alvarez and his friends confronted the three men who were leaving the restaurant. Alvarez asked why they were “disrespecting” the women. A loud argument ensued between the two groups. At one point, Victor Ajanel, who had the camera, challenged Alvarez “to a fight.” Alvarez accepted the challenge. Baldolomar, a restaurant employee, approached and tried to calm everyone down. He told them he was going to call the police. Someone in the Ajanel group said: “Let’s take it outside.” Baldolomar reported the incident to his manager, Librado Zepeda. Zepeda unsuccessfully tried to calm down the two groups. Santiago Guerrero, a restaurant employee, made a 911 call because the loud argument was escalating.2 The two groups then went outside to the restaurant’s parking lot as did some of the restaurant employees.
A brief pushing and shoving match followed in the parking lot. Swings were exchanged but no one was hurt. Most of the people soon returned to the restaurant. As they entered, Mauricio Ajanel said to Carlos Alvarez: “Your bitches are not worth fighting for” and “It was not worth filming ‘those bitches.’ ” Alvarez responded by punching Ajanel in the face. Zepeda, the [1195]*1195restaurant manager, heard Ajanel state: “We’ll see you later.”3 A customer, Anjel Mejia, also may have heard Ajanel state: “I’ll be back.”
Victoria Holguin heard Ajanel say in a mad tone: “[Tjhis isn’t going to stay like this.” Holguin never told a restaurant employee about this statement. Before the Ajanel group left the restaurant, Lenin Lopez, a customer, heard Mauricio Ajanel say something to the effect that they should go back to the house, retrieve a weapon, and return. Lopez did not tell any restaurant employee what he had heard.
As the Ajanel group walked through the parking lot, Pedro Valles, a member of the Alvarez group who had remained outside, heard Victor Ajanel say, in an “angry and agitated” voice: “I’m going to warm that thing up, I want to go home and get the shotgun. And shoot these [people].” No other member of the Alvarez group nor any restaurant employee was present when this statement was made.
Meanwhile, the Alvarez group returned to their table. Alvarez said he “wanted to leave.” Soon thereafter, an unidentified restaurant employee came to the table and asked what the fight had been about. Alvarez told the employee he wanted to leave. The employee responded, “everything was going to be taken care of, that there was no problem, that everything was going to be fine.” The employee brought the group its dinner.
Valles reentered the restaurant. He did not tell any of the restaurant employees about Ajanel’s statement but did inform his friends, including Alvarez, about it. The Alvarez group was not concerned because a restaurant employee had just told them: “Everything is okay. We called the police.” Someone in the Alvarez group told Valles: “Don’t worry about it. These guys ... are not coming back.” No one in the Alvarez group told any restaurant employee about what Valles had heard.
The Alvarez group remained to eat their dinner! Los Angeles Police Officers Roussett and Bender arrived in response to the 911 call Guerrero had made. From plaintiffs’ point of view what happened next is crucial because, according to their appellate brief, the “negligence in this case was not the breach of some obscure duty to provide expensive or otherwise burdensome security measures to protect [them] from some generally unforeseeable act of a random third party criminal, but rather the breach of a [1196]*1196specific, assumed duty to act reasonably under the circumstances by properly informing the police of the risks of violence [the restaurant] knew existed in the Shakey’s that evening.”
Guerrero testified he told Officer Roussett “the fight had already dispersed,” a fact confirmed by the officer’s observations of the premises. However, there is a conflict in the record as to what else Guerrero told the police. We set forth that conflicting evidence in detail because plaintiffs place great emphasis on this conflict in contending the trial court erred in granting the nonsuit. At one point in his testimony, Guerrero testified he did not tell the police it “was okay for them to leave.” He was later confronted with an October 2000 pretrial declaration prepared by plaintiffs’ counsel which averred: “Based upon what Mr. Zepeda told me, I told the police that everything was okay and it was okay for them to leave.” Guerrero then responded “[y]eah” to the following question: “Is the reason that . . . you told the police that it was okay for them to leave [was] because no one told you that the shooter was coming back?” However, an even earlier pretrial declaration also prepared by plaintiffs’ counsel and signed by Guerrero in September 1998 stated: “He [Zepeda] told me that the men who had left had been fighting, told everyone that they would be coming back.” Guerrero testified, however, that he signed that latter declaration without having read it thoroughly and that Zepeda had never told him the Ajanel group would return. (See fn. 3, ante.)
At oral argument, plaintiffs’ counsel made much of this evidentiary conflict. At first he claimed Guerrero’s statement to the police that “everything was okay” was a material misrepresentation because Guerrero knew, in fact, that Ajanel had said he would return. At another point, plaintiffs’ counsel speculated that had Guerrero told the police Ajanel said he would return, the police would have interviewed the Alvarez group and the restaurant’s patrons and would have learned about the statements heard by Lopez and Valles that the Ajanel group had said it would return with a gun. As will be explained below, both of these arguments lack merit.
In any event, Guerrero testified that he told the police the Ajanel group had left the premises and pointed out the Alvarez group to the officers. Officer Roussett did not speak with the group. It is unclear whether Officer Bender spoke with them. Three customers testified they did not see the police approach the Alvarez table and one member of the Alvarez group testified the police did not come to their table. In contrast, Officer Roussett testified he saw Officer Bender speak with a group seated in the same vicinity as the Alvarez group was located later that evening. Officer Roussett [1197]*1197did not hear the conversation.4 (Officer Bender did not testify at trial.) Valles testified he waved at the officers but did not speak with them. He conceded: “I don’t know if they did see me. I doubt they did.” Valles did nothing else to gain the officers’ attention. Valles never told either officer about the threat he had heard in the parking lot. Lastly, Lopez, the customer who had earlier heard Mauricio Ajanel threaten he would leave to obtain a weapon and return, did not tell the police about this threat. The police left.
Within 30 minutes, the Ajanel group returned. Edwin Estrada stood at the door and motioned to the Alvarez group to come outside. The Alvarez group ignored him. Carlos Alvarez joked: “Look they came back, I don’t think they have had enough. ... It seems like they want more.” Mauricio Ajanel entered the restaurant, walked within five feet of the table, said “I told you I was going to come back,” and fatally shot Alvarez in the chest. Ajanel ran out of the restaurant and escaped. He was eventually apprehended and convicted of murder.
In regard to the significance of Mauricio Ajanel’s statements heard by the restaurant employees that he would return, Captain Ronald Sanchez of the Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD) testified that the statement, “I’ll see you later,” or its equivalent made after a fight does not qualify as a threat under LAPD guidelines requiring police intervention. For the police to consider a statement a threat, it must specify imminent harm. An example would be, “I’m going to come back with a weapon, I’m going to use it on you.” If the latter type of statement were made, the police would inform the victim of the potential danger. In a similar vein, Officer Roussett testified had Guerrero told him Ajanel had stated he was going to return with a gun, the police would have advised the victim(s) to leave and would have attempted to locate the suspects.
Prior Incidents of Violence at the Restaurant
On the issue of prior acts of violence occurring at the restaurant before the May 11, 1996 murder of Alvarez, plaintiffs offered the testimony of Jorge Guerrero, a Shakey’s employee from 1990 to 1996.5 From 1993 to 1995 he worked as an assistant manager at the location at which Alvarez was murdered. Guerrero testified to three specific incidents.
The first occurred before or during 1994, as Guerrero was leaving work and walking through the parking lot. A homeless woman asked him for [1198]*1198money. He declined. She pointed a gun at him but then laughed and walked away. Guerrero assumed she was a “crazy woman.”
The second occurred in February 1994 when a customer tried to take food from the restaurant without paying. When confronted by the manager, the customer hit the manager with a tray. A fight ensued until the restaurant employees were able to handcuff the man. The police arrested the customer.6
The third occurred during the summer of 1995. Two customers became engaged in an argument. Guerrero asked them to leave the restaurant. Before they left, one of the men threatened Guerrero, stating he would return. The man, in fact, did return 40 minutes later with several companions. He walked to the cash register, displayed a gun in his waistband, and grabbed the cash register. When Guerrero resisted, the man pushed the cash register over and fled. Based upon a suggestion from the police, Guerrero transferred to another location.
The Trial Court’s Statement of Decision
The trial court issued a seven-page decision granting the nonsuit. After canvassing the evidence, it explained;
“In cases such as here presented, where plaintiffs sue a party in negligence for damages produced by the criminal conduct of a third party, the crucial factor in duty analysis is foreseeability. Sharon P. v. Arman, Ltd., 21 Cal.4th 1181, 1189 [91 Cal.Rptr.2d 35, 989 P.2d 121] (1999) (Sharon P.). Foreseeability, when examined to determine the existence or scope of a duty,, is a question of law for determination by the court. Ann M. [v. Pacific Plaza Shopping Center (1993)] 6 Cal.4th [666,] 678 [25 Cal.Rptr.2d 137, 863 P.2d 207]. The criminal acts producing the harm complained of must be ‘foreseeable criminal acts of third parties that are likely to occur . . . .’ Id., at 674. This general analysis applies to all of plaintiffs[’] duty theories.
“Unlike prior reported cases decided at the demurrer or summary judgment stages, the court here has the benefit of a fully developed factual record. The court gives plaintiffs full benefit of all the evidence presented for purposes of deciding defendants’ motions for nonsuit. Nally v. Grace Community Church, 47 Cal.3d 278, 291-92 [253 Cal.Rptr. 97, 763 P.2d 948] (1988).
“The injuries here complained of all flow from one of the worst forms of violence the human mind can imagine—murder. No one who testified in [1199]*1199court and who was present at the restaurant that night thought, even in passing, that a murder might occur. The legal test of foreseeability, however, is objective rather than subjective.
“Plaintiffs vigorously argue that the court must not concern itself with the fact that the injuries flow from a murder. However, the nature and quality of the act ultimately producing the injury-inflicting harm cannot be ignored. As an example. In Sharon P., plaintiff was sexually assaulted in a commercial parking structure, and sought to hold the business operator liable. There, the California Supreme Court described its foreseeability equation as follows: ‘The critical issue in this case is whether a sexual assault by a third party in the tenant garage was sufficiently foreseeable. . . .’ Sharon P., supra, at 1188 (emphasis supplied). Foreseeability can be established by the occurrence of similar non-identical events, but the nature of the ultimate injury-producing conduct is not thereby rendered irrelevant for foreseeability analysis purposes.
“By all accounts, the level of violence occurring in the parking lot, and with Mr. Alvarez’s punching the man in the nose, is a quantum legal leap from a cold-blooded murder committed point blank with a .357 caliber pistol. Plaintiff argues that a punch in the nose is in the same foreseeability class as premeditated murder. The court disagrees as a matter of law. The law on point is well-stated by the Restatement of Torts 2d:
“ ‘The actor’s conduct may be held not to be a legal cause of harm to another where after the event and looking back from the harm to the actor’s negligent conduct, it appears to the court highly extraordinary that it should have brought about that harm.’ Rest. 2d Torts, § 435.
“The court finds that the events occurring at the restaurant on the night of the incident do not individually or collectively rise to the -level of foreseeability that would place the injury-producing harm within the scope [of] a duty owed by defendants to plaintiffs. The court finds it highly extraordinary that the injury-producing harm could have been brought about by any act or omission by Shak[e]y’s that could be considered negligent.
“The fact that the Shak[e]y’s employee who called 911 may have known of a statement to the effect ‘I’ll be back’ and did not inform police of the statement does not alter the result, even if his omission played a role in the ultimate result. ‘I’ll be back,’ or a similar statement, does not, in these circumstances, bridge the breathtaking gulf in legal nexus between pushing, shoving and a bloody nose on the one hand and cold-blooded murder on the other.
[1200]*1200“Neither is the legal void filled by evidence of prior events on the Shak[e]y’s premises. The prior events of most significance here were an attempted cash register robbery involving a handgun and an incident in which an unidentified woman pointed a handgun at a Shak[e]y’s employee in the parking lot. The most recent of these events occurred nearly one year prior to the Alvarez murder.
“Without minimizing the nature of these prior incidents, and other lesser events cited by plaintiffs, the court finds that they do not create a legal duty on the part of Shak[e]y’s with respect to the Alvarez murder. The gun-related incidents are remote in time. More importantly, they do not alone, or together with other events, increase the legal foreseeability that a patron might return with a gun to commit murder. A prior event has significance in connection with the scope of legal duty if the prior event materially alters the probability of harm in a reasonably foreseeable manner. See Sharon P., supra; Ann M., supra; Nicole M. v. Sears, Roebuck & Co., 76 Cal.App.4th 1238 [90 Cal.Rptr.2d 922] (1999). The prior events in evidence here did not, as a matter of law, sufficiently alter the risk of harm beyond that which would otherwise have existed so as to provide the necessary foreseeability to bring the harm complained of within the scope of a legal duty owed by defendants to plaintiffs.
“Defendants’ motions for nonsuit are granted, and judgment is hereby rendered in favor of defendants on all causes of action.”
Discussion
A. The Trial Court’s Grant of Nonsuit Was Based upon Grounds Raised
by Defendants
A trial court may grant nonsuit only on the ground(s) raised in the defense moving papers. (Marvin v. Adams (1990) 224 Cal.App.3d 956, 960 [274 Cal.Rptr. 308].) Plaintiffs7 contend that principle was violated because defendants’ “nonsuit motion was granted on grounds not specifically stated by [defendants] in their moving papers, but instead, were granted on grounds stated by the trial court (sua sponte).” A close reading of the record indicates this contention lacks merit.
Factual Background
1. Plaintiffs’ Complaint
At the time of trial, the operative pleading was plaintiffs’ third amended complaint. Insofar as is relevant to this contention, it alleged causes of action [1201]*1201for premises liability; negligence; and negligent hiring, training, supervision and/or retention.
The premises liability cause of action alleged defendants “[flailed and refused to provide a reasonably safe premises.” Plaintiffs alleged a series of “numerous similar violent crimes” gave defendants “notice of a foreseeable risk of harm from third party criminals,” thereby creating a duty to protect and warn plaintiffs.
The negligence cause of action alleged that defendants’ employees “by calling the police and informing the police officers of’ what had happened at the restaurant, had “undertak[en] to assist plaintiffs [and Alvarez], and [therefore] assumed a duty to do so with reasonable care.” Plaintiffs further alleged they relied upon the employees to provide assistance and therefore took no action such as speaking with the police or leaving the restaurant. Plaintiffs alleged defendants breached this duty by “failing] to inform the police officers that the third-party assailants indic[a]ted their intent to return to the restaurant for the purpose of committing grave bodily injury” on Alvarez and his companions.
The cause of action for negligent hiring, training, supervision, and/or retention alleged: (1) failure to perform adequate background checks on defendants’ employees to determine if they were suited to provide a reasonably safe premises; (2) failure to provide adequate training as to how to respond to criminal activities on the premises; (3) failure to provide proper supervision of employees which had it been provided would have prevented the killing; and (4) negligent retention of employees after “at least thirty-two (32) prior documented incidents of assaults, batteries, and other violent crimes upon persons had occurred at [the restaurant].” (Italics omitted.)
2. Defendants’Motion for Nonsuit
After plaintiffs presented their case-in-chief, defendants moved for non-suit. The motion did not distinguish between the three individual theories of negligence found in plaintiffs’ third amended complaint. The motion urged: “These defendants had no duty of care to the plaintiffs, unless plaintiffs establish that there was a high degree of foreseeability in regard to the subject incident. Foreseeability, when analyzed to determine the existence or scope of a duty, is a question of law to be decided by the court. [*0 The evidence produced by the plaintiffs in this case, as interpreted under existing case law, must result in the conclusion that the subject incident was not reasonably foreseeable by the defendants, and therefore defendants owed no duty of care to the plaintiffs and the case must be dismissed.” Defendants [1202]*1202cited recent decisional law to argue the evidence was insufficient as a matter of law to establish a duty to prevent Alvarez’s murder.
Plaintiffs’ opposition, in addition to arguing the merits, claimed the nonsuit motion addressed only the premises liability theory, not the claims for negligence and negligent hiring.
3. The Hearing on the Nonsuit Motion
At the beginning of the hearing, the court raised the scope of the nonsuit motion. It stated it had interpreted the motion as addressing the entire complaint. Defense counsel responded that was correct. He stated the issue of the existence of a duty of care embraced all of the causes of action and that “[p]laintiff[s’] efforts to confine [the] motion to the premises liability cause of action [is] inappropriate.” Plaintiffs’ counsel, on the other hand, argued that a different analysis of duty applied to the theories of negligence and negligent hiring. The parties addressed this difference in approach throughout the 30-minute hearing on the motion.
The court stated the foundational question of whether a duty existed was one of law for it to determine, a point with which plaintiffs’ counsel expressly agreed. The court held that regardless of the particular rubric of the plaintiffs’ claim (premises liability, negligent training, or simple negligence), the foundational issue in each was whether a duty existed and that would be determined by analyzing the foreseeability of the specific harm suffered—the murder. At the close of the hearing, the court stated: “[T]here is no theory that has been asserted in this case, in this complaint, or supported by any of the evidence that is presented to this court, that would allow this case to go forward to this jury.”
The above chronology demonstrates the trial court’s grant of nonsuit was based upon grounds raised in the defendants’ motion. Defendants’ motion urged plaintiffs had failed to establish defendants owed a duty of care because of the unforeseeability of the violent response engendered by the initial confrontation. At the beginning of the hearing, the court confirmed its belief that defendants’ motion addressed all of the negligence causes of action. Plaintiffs disagreed but not because of the content of defendants’ motion. Instead, their disagreement was a legal one; they simply did not agree that the same foreseeability analysis applied whether the theory was negligence, premises liability, or negligent training and supervision. As we shall discuss below, plaintiffs are wrong on that point. It is therefore [1203]*1203apparent the trial court granted the nonsuit motion on the grounds urged by defendants and opposed by plaintiffs.
B. Exclusion of Hearsay Evidence
Plaintiffs contend the trial court misapplied the hearsay rule in finding inadmissible evidence they sought to present that allegedly established prior similar occurrences at the restaurant. We conclude the court did not abuse its discretion in finding the evidence to be inadmissible multiple hearsay.
Plaintiffs sought to introduce the LAPD’s computer dispatch logs for 911 calls made from the restaurant for the 18 months preceding Alvarez’s murder. A dispatch log is a computer-generated report of a 911 call. The recorded information includes the phone number from which the call was placed, the time of the call, and the nature of the emergency.
Two of the documents indicated all the calls were placed from (213) 663-2145. Plaintiffs’ counsel made an offer of proof the phone number was that of the restaurant’s private office, not a public pay phone. Defense counsel did not dispute this. The court accepted the offer of proof. Plaintiffs called Kim Hunter, LAPD custodian of records, to qualify the records as official records pursuant to Evidence Code section 1280. Hunter explained how the records were prepared and testified the records accurately reflected that the 911 phone calls were made from the restaurant to the police.
Plaintiffs also offered 10 other documents which set forth the contents of the 911 calls placed by third parties from the restaurant. Hunter testified this data was input into the computer by public employees at the same time the calls are placed. Through these documents, plaintiffs sought to establish prior similar acts had occurred at the restaurant because in each phone call, the caller apparently reported a specific crime or act of violence then taking place. With that evidence, plaintiffs sought to argue Alvarez’s murder was foreseeable so that the restaurant had a duty to prevent its occurrence.
Plaintiffs moved to admit the documents into evidence “pursuant to [the] business records exception of the hearsay rule.” Plaintiff’s counsel urged the “documents are circumstantial evidence of notice on behalf of the restaurant of the incidents.”
Defense counsel objected: “The business record exception has not been met, in the first instance; number two, even if it was met[,] it’s plane [sic] [1204]*1204hearsay under the Evidence Code, and multiple hearsay and should be ruled inadmissible by the court.”
The following exchange occurred:
“[Plaintiffs counsel]: What we would like these records to demonstrate is . . . circumstantial evidence of the ultimate facts that these incidents did take place. They are direct evidence that police units were dispatched to that unit for the specific reasons indicated in the log. With regard to the business records exception, they—the code states that in order to satisfy the requirements of that exception, that the records must be made in the usual course of business, contemporaneously with the event by a public employee, that has been—the foundation for that has been laid. With regard to the second layer of hearsay to the extent that it exists on any of the given documents, the calls were made by employees of Shakey’s, that’s indicated on the log, the— there’s been testimony by Mr. Schuttelhofer [the general manager of the restaurant] that employees were authorized to make these 911 calls,[8] as such they are an authorized admission under the code. F0 . . . FQ
“[Defense counsel]: The argument by counsel doesn’t change the conclusion that this is a classic multiple hearsay disallowed by just about every court that I think has examined this particular issue. In addition to which the witness testified that she could not provide any information with regards to the reliability or accuracy of any of the information contained on the documents.
“The Court: All right. The court finds based on the evidence that has been presented to it, and in its role as a finder of preliminary fact for the purpose of admission of evidence, that there is not adequate evidence on this record to satisfy any of the hearsay exceptions as required in the specific instances of this particular case, and for the purposes for which it would be offered.”
The analytical flaw in plaintiffs’ contention that the trial court erred in disallowing the records is its failure to recognize and address the fact that the records were multiple hearsay. That is, the records were offered to prove two points. The first is that the 911 calls were placed to the LAPD. The second [1205]*1205is that a particular action or crime was taking place at the restaurant as reflected in the statements made to the 911 operator by the individual(s) who placed the phone calls. When multiple hearsay is offered, an exception for each level of hearsay must be found in order for the evidence to be admissible. (Evid. Code, § 1201.)
In this case, Hunter’s testimony that the public employees who took and recorded the calls were obligated to record the information in an accurate manner laid the foundation for the admission of the records as official records to establish that the 911 calls were placed to the LAPD.9 However, that testimony did not and could not lay a sufficient foundation to permit the records to be offered for the truth of the matter asserted in the calls by the individuals who telephoned the LAPD because those individuals were not under a duty to accurately report information. (See, e.g., People v. Hernandez (1997) 55 Cal.App.4th 225, 240 [63 Cal.Rptr.2d 769] [business records exception inapplicable to police reports based upon observations of victims or witnesses who have no official duty to observe and report the relevant facts].)10
People v. Baeske (1976) 58 Cal.App.3d 775 [130 Cal.Rptr. 35] illustrates this point. There, the defendant committed a robbery. The victim reported the defendant fled in a vehicle with a license plate No. 468 ABC. (Id. at p. 779.) Defendant was later arrested in a car with that license plate. At trial, the defendant sought to admit a police report which set forth the contents of a telephone call received by the police from a civilian-witness that the license plate number of the robber’s car was not 468 ABC but instead was [1206]*1206either 416 or 614. (Id. at p. 780.) The trial court ruled the report was inadmissible hearsay. The appellate court upheld that finding. It reasoned: “ ‘Thus, a public employee’s writing, which is based upon information obtained from persons who are not public employees, is generally excluded because the “sources of information” are not “such as to indicate its trustworthiness” . . . .’ [Citations.] In the instant case, [the civilian witness], the source of the information [about the license plate], was not a public employee with any duty either to observe facts correctly or to report her observations accurately to the police department. The trial court was correct, therefore, in ruling that the proffered police report was inadmissible hearsay.” (Id. at pp. 780-781.)
In this case, it is undisputed the individuals who placed the 911 calls had no duty to correctly observe and report facts. Consequently, the required indicia of trustworthiness is lacking, rendering the documents inadmissible hearsay.11
Alternatively, plaintiffs argue the documents “constituted highly relevant circumstantial evidence that there were prior similar occurrences of violence” at the restaurant. (Italics added.) This argument misses the mark. The documents, if relevant, were direct evidence prior crimes had occurred at the restaurant and were therefore being offered for the truth of the matter asserted. That is, the documents were relevant only if the individual placing the call from the restaurant was truthfully and accurately reporting a crime was being committed. But, as explained above, if offered for that purpose, the documents were inadmissible multiple hearsay.
People v. Baeske, supra, 58 Cal.App.3d 775, considered and rejected an argument similar to that being made by plaintiffs that the evidence was being offered for a nonhearsay purpose. There, the defense argued the evidence was not being offered for the truth of the matter asserted (to show the license plate of the getaway car was not 468 ABC) but was offered merely to [1207]*1207establish a report of another license plate had been made. The appellate court found that argument to be fallacious. It reasoned: “If offered for the non-hearsay purpose indicated, the evidence was inadmissible on the ground of irrelevancy. The evidence was obviously being offered by the defense to prove that the victim . . . was mistaken in his testimony as to the license number of the get-away car and that the license number of that car was one of the numbers contained in the police report as emanating from [the civilian witness]. The document was thus being proffered in evidence to prove the truth of the matter stated therein. Thus, the statement [the civilian witness] made to the police was hearsay and inadmissible unless it qualified under one of the exceptions to the hearsay rule.” (People v. Baeske, supra, 58 Cal.App.3d at p. 780.)
By a parity of reasoning, the documents offered by plaintiffs were only relevant if offered for the truth of the matter asserted: to prove violent acts were being committed at the restaurant. For that purpose, they were inadmissible multiple hearsay.
C. The Trial Court Properly Granted Nonsuit on the Merits Governing Legal Principles
In two recent cases, the California Supreme Court addressed the question of a landowner’s liability for criminal acts. We begin with a review of those precedents.
In Ann M. v. Pacific Plaza Shopping Center, supra, 6 Cal.4th 666 (Ann M), the plaintiff worked in a store located in a shopping center. One early morning, a man entered the store and raped her. In the preceding two years, bank robberies, assaults, and purse snatchings had been committed in the shopping center. (Id. at p. 671.) Additionally, there was a history of transients loitering in the center. (Id. at pp. 671-672.) The plaintiff sued the shopping center for negligent failure “to provide adequate security to protect her from an unreasonable risk of harm.” (Id. at p. 672.) The trial court granted summary judgment to the shopping center finding it owed no duty because the rape was unforeseeable.
Our Supreme Court began its review of the case by noting that “[t]he existence of a duty is a question of law for the court” (Ann M., supra, 6 Cal.4th at p. 674), a principle with which plaintiffs on this appeal do not quarrel. The court explained that “a duty to take affirmative action to control the wrongful acts of a third party will be imposed only where such conduct can be reasonably anticipated. [Citations.]” (Id. at p. 676.) Foreseeability is [1208]*1208the crucial factor in determining the existence of this duty (id. at pp. 676-677) and “[fjoreseeability, when analyzed to determine the existence or scope of a duty, is a question of law to be decided by the court. [Citations.]” (Id. at p. 678.) The court concluded that “the requisite degree of foreseeability rarely, if ever, can be proven in the absence of prior similar incidents of violent crime on the landowner’s premises.” (Id. at p. 679, fn. omitted.) In reaching that conclusion, the court expressly disavowed its earlier opinion in Isaacs v. Huntington Memorial Hospital (1985) 38 Cal.3d 112 [211 Cal.Rptr. 356, 695 P.2d 653] which, by focusing on the totality of the circumstances, had held foreseeability could be established despite the absence of prior similar incidents on the premises. (Ann M., at pp. 677-679.)
Based upon that analytical framework, the court concluded “that violent criminal assaults were not sufficiently foreseeable to impose a duty upon [the shopping center] to provide security guards in the common areas.” (Ann M., supra, 6 Cal.4th at p. 679.) Assuming the shopping center had notice of the prior assaults and robberies on its premises, the court held those crimes were not sufficiently similar in nature to the rape to make the rape foreseeable and thus impose a duty upon the center to prevent it. (Id. at pp. 679-680.)
In Sharon P. v. Arman, Ltd., supra, 21 Cal.4th 1181 (Sharon P.), the plaintiff was sexually assaulted at gunpoint at 11:00 a.m. in an underground parking garage as she was leaving her car. The plaintiff worked in the office building and the garage was reserved for tenants of the building. She sued the owner of the premises and the company which provided the parking services alleging that their failure to provide adequate security resulted in the attack. She pointed out various ways the garage was dangerous including darkened areas and an inoperative security camera. She also established that the two years prior to her rape, there had been seven robberies in the bank which occupied the ground floor of the building. (Id. at pp. 1186-1187.) Notwithstanding that showing, the trial court granted summary judgment to defendants, concluding the rape was unforeseeable and thus defendants had no duty to prevent it.
The Supreme Court affirmed the grant of summary judgment, applying the standard set forth earlier in Ann M. It reasoned: “Significantly, the prior robberies, which all specifically targeted a bank elsewhere on the premises and did not involve violent attacks against anyone, were not sufficiently similar to the sexual assault inflicted upon plaintiff to establish a high degree of foreseeability that would justify the imposition of such an obligation.” (Sharon P., supra, 21 Cal.4th at p. 1191.) In a similar vein, the court rejected plaintiff’s argument that defendants were obligated to adopt various security [1209]*1209measures which might have diminished the risk of the attack because of the absence of “any prior similar incidents or other indications of a reasonably foreseeable risk of violent criminal assaults in that location.” (Id. at p. 1199.)
In Nicole M. v. Sears, Roebuck & Co., supra, 76 Cal.App.4th 1238 (Nicole M.), the Court of Appeal applied Ann M., supra, 6 Cal.4th 666,12 to a situation in which the plaintiff was the victim of an attempted rape as she traversed the defendant’s parking lot at night. She claimed the defendant could have prevented the sexual assault by providing better lighting and landscaping. There had been no prior sexual assaults at the location. The trial court granted the defendant’s motion for summary judgment.
On appeal, the plaintiff attempted to avoid the force of Ann M. by arguing a showing of prior similar incidents was necessary only if the negligence claim was based upon the failure to provide security guards but that a showing of prior similar incidents was not necessary when, as in her case, she simply sought lesser security measures such as more lighting and the trimming of bushes. The Court of Appeal rejected that argument. It reiterated that “the predicate of any duty to prevent criminal conduct is its foreseeability. Property owners have no duty to prevent unexpected and random crimes.” (Nicole M., supra, 76 Cal.App.4th at p. 1247.) It concluded “that the low lighting and overgrown bushes alone did not make the property inherently dangerous and further that these circumstances were not cause for the property owner to reasonably anticipate crime in the absence of prior similar incidents.” (Id. at p. 1248.)
The Standard of Review
“In determining whether a nonsuit was properly granted the reviewing court must resolve every conflict in testimony in favor of the plaintiff and at the same time indulge in every presumption and inference which could reasonably support the plaintiff’s case. [Citation.] The rules governing the granting of a nonsuit, however, do not relieve the plaintiff of the burden of establishing the elements of his case. The plaintiff must therefore produce evidence which supports a logical inference in his favor and which does more than merely permit speculation or conjecture. [Citation.] If a plaintiff produces no substantial evidence of liability or proximate cause then the granting of a nonsuit is proper. [Citation.]” (Jones v. Ortho Pharmaceutical Corp. (1985) 163 Cal.App.3d 396, 402 [209 Cal.Rptr. 456].)
The evidence, viewed in the light most favorable to plaintiffs, established the following pertinent facts.
[1210]*1210The Ajanel group was intoxicated. They verbally harassed the women in the Alvarez group and aimed the video camera at them in an offensive manner. A restaurant employee observed the harassment. The women told the men in the Alvarez group about these events. The Alvarez group confronted the Ajanel group inside of the restaurant. A loud argument ensued. Victor Ajanel challenged Alvarez to a fight; Alvarez accepted. After a restaurant employee’s efforts to defuse the situation met with no success, the restaurant placed a 911 call. The two groups went outside to the parking lot as did some restaurant employees.
In the parking lot, the two groups engaged in a brief pushing and shoving match. No one was hurt. As the two groups returned to the restaurant, Mauricio Ajanel made provocative remarks to Alvarez. Alvarez responded by hitting Ajanel in the face. Ajanel said, “We’ll see you later,” a remark also heard by a restaurant employee. The Ajanel group then left.
The Alvarez group returned to their table. When Alvarez indicated he wanted to leave, a restaurant employee assured him there would be no further problem because the police had been called.
Two police officers arrived shortly thereafter. A restaurant employee told Officer Roussett the fight was over and pointed out the Alvarez group. The employee may or may not have told the police they could leave. Officer Roussett’s partner, Officer Bender, may have spoken with the Alvarez group. The police left.
Within a half-hour, the Ajanel group returned and motioned the Alvarez group to step outside. Alvarez joked about this; he and his companions ignored the Ajanel group. Mauricio Ajanel then entered the restaurant, approached the Alvarez group, and fatally shot Alvarez.
In regard to any threat by Ajanel to return to the restaurant with a weapon, plaintiffs’ counsel conceded at oral argument that it is undisputed that neither the restaurant nor the police were apprised of that threat. Valles, a member of the Alvarez group, heard such a threat in the parking lot when the Ajanel group first left the restaurant. Although Valles told the Alvarez group about the threat, he never informed the police (whom he saw) or the restaurant employees. In addition, no member of the Alvarez group, after learning of the threat, told the restaurant employees. Lopez, a customer, also heard Mauricio Ajanel make a similar threat when his group first left the restaurant. However, Lopez did not mention it to the restaurant employees nor did he inform the police when they arrived shortly thereafter.
Given all of the above facts, we conclude the trial court properly granted nonsuit on the basis the restaurant had no duty to do anything in [1211]*1211addition to calling the police because the subsequent violent assault was unforeseeable.13 At most, the restaurant knew the Ajanel group was intoxicated; the Ajanel group made offensive comments and gestures towards the women in the Alvarez group; the Ajanel group challenged the Alvarez group to a fight; the Alvarez group accepted the challenge; the two groups engaged in a pushing and shoving match in the parking lot in which no one was hurt; Alvarez punched Mauricio Ajanel after the latter made offensive remarks; and the Ajanel group left, after stating it would return but made no threat of violence. To the extent any duty was owed, it was met when the restaurant called the police after it was unable to defuse the escalating verbal argument. As a matter of law these facts, taken together, did not make Ajanel’s subsequent return with deadly force and cold-blooded shooting of Alvarez foreseeable. This conclusion is not altered even were we to assume the restaurant employees did not tell the police about Ajanel’s statement he would return. Captain Sanchez testified that statement would not qualify as a threat requiring police intervention. Absent a threat of specific imminent harm, the police would neither warn the victim(s) or seek out the perpetrators. It therefore follows that even had Guerrero told the police Ajanel had said he would be back, the police, consistent with their stated policy, would neither have remained on the premises nor advised the Alvarez group to leave. In other words, it does not make any difference whether or not Guerrero (or any other restaurant employee) told the police it was “okay” to leave or, in the alternative, told the police the Ajanel group would return. Consequently, plaintiffs’ reliance on the evidentiary conflict as to what Guerrero did or did not tell the police after having called 911 is immaterial in evaluating in the dispositive issue in this particular fact pattern; Was Ajanel’s use of deadly force sufficiently foreseeable so that the restaurant had a duty to protect against it?
The fact that plaintiffs established three violent incidents had occurred at the restaurant in the two and a half years prior to Alvarez’s murder does not change our conclusion given their patent lack of dissimilarity to the murder. As our Supreme Court made abundantly clear in Ann M., supra, 6 Cal.4th 666, and Sharon P., supra, 21 Cal.4th 1181, the plaintiff is essentially required to establish prior similar incidents of violent crime occurred on the premises. In Ann M., the court held that the prior commission of assaults and robberies did not make a rape foreseeable, and in Sharon P., the court held seven bank robberies in the prior two years did not make a sexual assault foreseeable. In this matter, plaintiffs merely established that a homeless and mentally deranged individual had pointed a gun at a restaurant employee in the parking lot; that a physical struggle ensued when restaurant employees [1212]*1212stopped a customer who was stealing food; and that a customer who was ejected for improper behavior threatened an employee and stated he would be back and then returned with a gun and tried to steal from the cash register. None of these incidents involved the operative facts to this case: a verbal and physical confrontation between two groups of customers; a simple statement by one group, unaccompanied by any threat of violence, that it would be back; and the return of that group with a weapon and an execution-style murder. In sum, neither singularly nor collectively do the three prior incidents render Ajanel’s deadly attack on Alvarez foreseeable.
To a large extent, plaintiffs attempt to avoid the force of this conclusion by claiming that because they advanced negligence theories in addition to premises liability, a different foreseeability analysis applies. In particular, they rely upon their theory a duty was created when the restaurant voluntarily undertook to aid plaintiffs by calling the police and that the restaurant breached that duty by failing to give the police complete information about the antecedent dispute. We disagree for two reasons.
The first, and most important, reason is that it is at odds with our Supreme Court’s recent decisions about the liability of a landowner for injuries caused by third party criminal acts. In Kentucky Fried Chicken of Cal., Inc. v. Superior Court (1997) 14 Cal.4th 814 [59 Cal.Rptr.2d 756, 927 P.2d 1260], the issue was whether the landowner owed a duty to cooperate with a robber to avoid increasing the risk of harm to its customers. The court reiterated that the traditional body of law governing premises liability, such as that set forth in Ann M, governed the case. (Id. at pp. 819-820 and 822-824.) It explicitly rejected the dissent’s suggestion that the relevant standard was what a reasonably prudent person would do because “in particular situations a more specific standard may be established by judicial decision, statute or ordinance.” (Id. at p. 824.) In other words, plaintiffs cannot attempt to circumvent governing decisional law about a commercial enterprise’s liability for criminal acts by recasting their claim in some other subtheory of negligence. The dispositive issue remains the foreseeability of the criminal act. Absent foreseeability of the particular criminal conduct, there is no duty to protect the plaintiff from that particular type of harm.
The second and related reason we reject plaintiffs’ argument is that none of the cases they cite involves premises liability. Instead, as set forth below in footnote 14, they are merely applications of the general principle that there generally is no liability for nonfeasance but the voluntary assumption [1213]*1213of an undertaking creates a duty to exercise due care.14 The circumstance that these cases are based on inapposite fact patterns only reinforces our conclusion that plaintiffs cannot make an end run around the California Supreme Court’s pronouncements about premises liability by recharacterizing their claim as based upon some other theory of duty.
The analysis advanced by the dissent is not persuasive given its public policy implications. In a nutshell, the dissent would fasten liability upon a restaurant for a murder carried out by a third party because one restaurant employee did not provide information to the police which may have been pertinent to their deciding how to handle the situation. Guerrero (or any employee) cannot be faulted for failing to realize the significance the police would place on particular statements (i.e., the postulate we “would be coming back”) or for not knowing what information the police need to determine the appropriate course of action. Guerrero made himself available to the police and spoke with them. There is no showing he intentionally withheld any information from the police or did not answer their questions.
When the police arrived at the scene, it was their responsibility to conduct an investigation adequate to address the situation. The record certainly discloses there were numerous individuals, including the Alvarez group, who had pertinent information had the police contacted them. It was not the responsibility of the restaurant or its employees to ensure all relevant information was conveyed to the police. Indeed, they cannot be presumed to know what constitutes all relevant information. To impose that responsibility would require a commercial enterprise to understand the subtleties or nuances of police procedure, an obligation supported neither by policy nor common sense.
Law enforcement is trained to investigate and prevent crime. This includes a proper investigation at the scene of an altercation such as that found in this case. To shift that burden to a pizza parlor is simply not good policy. In sum, to the extent the restaurant had any duty, it performed that duty when it called 911. To conclude otherwise impermissibly shifts the burden of effective law enforcement from the police to those who witness a problem and call for police intervention. Citizens would dial 911 at their peril.
[1214]*1214Disposition
The judgment is affirmed.
Hastings, J., concurred.