Al Hamilton Contracting Co. v. Cowder

644 A.2d 188, 434 Pa. Super. 491, 1994 Pa. Super. LEXIS 1873
CourtSuperior Court of Pennsylvania
DecidedJune 20, 1994
Docket840
StatusPublished
Cited by74 cases

This text of 644 A.2d 188 (Al Hamilton Contracting Co. v. Cowder) is published on Counsel Stack Legal Research, covering Superior Court of Pennsylvania primary law. Counsel Stack provides free access to over 12 million legal documents including statutes, case law, regulations, and constitutions.

Bluebook
Al Hamilton Contracting Co. v. Cowder, 644 A.2d 188, 434 Pa. Super. 491, 1994 Pa. Super. LEXIS 1873 (Pa. Ct. App. 1994).

Opinions

WIEAND, Judge:

Are private citizens who request state agencies and elected officials to investigate potential violations of the state’s environmental laws subject to tort liability in an action filed by a suspected violator? The trial court answered this question in the negative and sustained preliminary objections in the nature of a demurrer to a complaint filed by A1 Hamilton Contracting Company against Seth Cowder and Evelyn Cowder. After careful review of the complaint, we have determined that the plaintiff failed to state a cause of action upon which relief can be granted. Therefore, we affirm the order of the trial court.

Preliminary objections should be sustained “only where it appears, with certainty, that the law permits no recovery under the allegations pleaded.” Gallagher v. City of Philadelphia, 142 Pa.Commw. 487, 491, 597 A.2d 747, 748 (1991). When reviewing an order sustaining preliminary objections in the nature of a demurrer, we accept as true the well pleaded facts contained in the complaint together with every reasonable inference which may be drawn therefrom. Preiser v. Rosenzweig, 418 Pa.Super. 341, 346, 614 A.2d 303, 305 (1992), allocatur granted, 535 Pa. 637, 631 A.2d 1009 (1993); Wojciechowski v. Murray, 345 Pa.Super. 138, 140, 497 A.2d 1342, 1343 (1985). We then determine whether those facts can possibly state a cause of action permitting recovery. Van Mastrigt v. Delta Tau Delta, 393 Pa.Super. 142, 147-148, 573 A.2d 1128, 1130 (1990).

Evelyn Cowder and her son, Seth Cowder, own adjacent tracts of real estate in Bradford Township, Clearfield County. In 1985, the Cowders began to experience problems with acid mine drainage which contaminated their well water and damaged their respective properties. In 1991, they registered complaints with the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Resources (DER) and also complained to their state representative, Camille George. Allegedly, there were several potential sources for the drainage; however, the DER focused [496]*496its investigation on A1 Hamilton Contracting Co., an enterprise which in 1991 was conducting strip mining activities not far from the Cowders’ properties. Although Hamilton was not cited for any specific violations, the DER issued a “Ground Water Study Order” which required Hamilton, inter alia, to conduct monitoring activities relating to acid mine drainage. Hamilton appealed the order to' the Environmental Hearing Board, where the matter is still pending.

Instead of achieving a resolution to their problems, the Cowders found themselves defendants in a lawsuit filed by Hamilton alleging tortious interference with business relations and malicious abuse of process. Seth Cowder, who held a position as a Bradford County Supervisor, was also charged -with abuse of office. On January 15, 1993, the Cowders filed preliminary objections in the nature of a demurrer. After briefing and argument, the trial court held that the Cowders’ petitions to government officials were not actionable and dismissed the complaint. This appeal followed.1

The order of a trial court may be affirmed on appeal if it is correct on any legal ground or theory, regardless of the reason or theory adopted by the trial court. See: In Re Benson, 419 Pa.Super. 582, 589-590, 615 A.2d 792, 795-796 (1992); Elder v. Nationwide Ins. Co., 410 Pa.Super. 290, 296, 599 A.2d 996, 999 (1991). Where a trial court has reached the correct result, its order will be sustained if it can be sustained for any reason. Turnway Corp. v. Soffer, 461 Pa. 447, 462, 336 A.2d 871, 878 (1975).

After careful review, we agree with the trial court that appellant has failed to state a valid cause of action. Appellees were authorized by regulations promulgated by the Department of Environmental Resources to “request an inspection of a coal mining activity by submitting to the Department a signed, written statement ... giving the Department reason to believe that a violation of the acts or regulations promulgated thereunder exists.” 25 Pa.Code § 86.215(a). When such a [497]*497request is made, it then becomes the duty of the Department to conduct an inspection. 52 Pa.S. § 1396.18c(b) (renumbered from 52 Pa.S. § 1396.21 in 1993). Orders thereafter issued are a consequence of investigations conducted and decisions made by the Department. Such orders are not the acts of the complaining citizen. For orders issued by the Department, there is no liability on the part of the complaining citizen.

Moreover and in any event, appellant’s complaint fails to aver facts which constitute a cause of action for intentional interference with business relations or for malicious abuse of process. To sustain a cause of action for intentional interference with business relations, it must be alleged that: (1) there is an existing contractual relationship between the plaintiff and a third party; (2) the defendant interfered with the performance of that contract by inducing a breach or otherwise causing the third party not to perform; (3) the defendant was not privileged to act in this manner; and (4) the plaintiff suffered pecuniary loss as a result of the breach of contract. See: Triffin v. Janssen, 426 Pa.Super. 57, 63, 626 A.2d 571, 574 (1993). See also: Neish v. Beaver Newspapers, Inc., 398 Pa.Super. 588, 599, 581 A.2d 619, 625 (1990), allocatur denied, 527 Pa. 648, 593 A.2d 421 (1991); Restatement (Second) Torts § 766A. A critical element of the tort is a current contractual relationship between the plaintiff and another. B.T.Z., Inc. v. Grove, 803 F.Supp. 1019, 1024 (M.D.Pa.1992). Therefore, a cause of action will not stand unless there has been some act by the defendant which served to deprive the plaintiff of some benefit to which he was entitled by contract. Keifer v. Cramer, 356 Pa. 96, 99, 51 A.2d 694, 695 (1947). “[T]he gravamen of this tort is the lost pecuniary benefits following from the [lost] contract....” Pelagatti v. Cohen, 370 Pa.Super. 422, 436, 536 A.2d 1337, 1343 (1987), allocatur denied, 519 Pa. 667, 548 A.2d 256 (1988).

Appellant has not alleged that any third parties to which it was contractually related have refused to perform, or were precluded from partially or completely performing, contractual duties because of appellees’ actions. Appellant also [498]*498has not alleged that it was prevented from meeting its contractual responsibilities to others. In the absence thereof, appellant is unable to state a cause of action.

Appellant argues that the defendant-appellees are at least liable under the facts alleged in its complaint on a theory of abuse of process.

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Bluebook (online)
644 A.2d 188, 434 Pa. Super. 491, 1994 Pa. Super. LEXIS 1873, Counsel Stack Legal Research, https://law.counselstack.com/opinion/al-hamilton-contracting-co-v-cowder-pasuperct-1994.