Ajaelo v. Estrada

• Court: District Court, S.D. California
• Decided: February 24, 2025
• Docket: 3:24-cv-02472
• Status: Unknown

Opinion

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 10 11 JIDEOFOR AJAELO, Case No.: 24-cv-2472-AJB-MMP CDCR #F-73516, 12 ORDER: Plaintiff, 13 vs. (1) GRANTING MOTION TO 14 PROCEED IN FORMA PAUPERIS; R. ESTRADA, et al., 15 AND Defendants. 16 (2) SCREENING COMPLAINT 17 PURSUANT TO 28 U.S.C. §§ 1915(e)(2) & 1915A(b) 18 19 20 Plaintiff Jideofor Ajaelo is a state inmate proceeding pro se with a civil rights 21 Complaint pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983. (Doc. No. 1.) Plaintiff has also filed a motion to 22 proceed in forma pauperis (“IFP”). (Doc. No. 2.) 23 I. Motion to Proceed IFP 24 All parties instituting any civil action, suit or proceeding in a district court of the 25 United States, except an application for writ of habeas corpus, must pay a filing fee of 26 $405, consisting of a $350 statutory fee plus an additional administrative fee of $55, 27 although the administrative fee does not apply to persons granted leave to proceed IFP. 28 See 28 U.S.C. § 1914(a) (Judicial Conference Schedule of Fees, District Court Misc. Fee 1 Schedule, § 14 (eff. Dec. 1, 2023)). The action may proceed despite a plaintiff’s failure to 2 prepay the entire fee only if he is granted leave to proceed IFP pursuant to 28 U.S.C. 3 § 1915(a). See Andrews v. Cervantes, 493 F.3d 1047, 1051 (9th Cir. 2007). A prisoner 4 seeking leave to proceed IFP must submit a “certified copy of the trust fund account 5 statement (or institutional equivalent) for . . . the 6-month period immediately preceding 6 the filing of the complaint.” 28 U.S.C. § 1915(a)(2); Andrews v. King, 398 F.3d 1113, 1119 7 (9th Cir. 2005). From the certified trust account statement, the Court assesses an initial 8 payment of 20% of (a) the average monthly deposits in the account for the past six months, 9 or (b) the average monthly balance in the account for the past six months, whichever is 10 greater, unless the prisoner has insufficient assets. See 28 U.S.C. § 1915(b)(1) & (4); Bruce 11 v. Samuels, 577 U.S. 82, 84 (2016). Prisoners who proceed IFP must pay any remaining 12 balance in “increments” or “installments,” regardless of whether their action is ultimately 13 dismissed. 28 U.S.C. § 1915(b)(1) & (2); Bruce, 577 U.S. at 84. 14 In support of his IFP motion, Plaintiff has submitted a copy of his California 15 Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation (“CDCR”) Inmate Statement Report and 16 Prison Certificate attested to by a CDCR trust account official. (Doc. No. 3 at 3.) The 17 document shows he had an average monthly balance of $25.00 and average monthly 18 deposits of $87.50, with an available balance of $0.00. Id. The Court GRANTS Plaintiff’s 19 motion to proceed IFP and assesses no initial partial filing fee. See Taylor v. Delatoore, 20 281 F.3d 844, 850 (9th Cir. 2002) (finding that 28 U.S.C. § 1915(b)(4) acts as a “safety- 21 valve” preventing dismissal of a prisoner’s IFP case based solely on a “failure to pay . . . 22 due to the lack of funds available to him when payment is ordered.”). Plaintiff is required 23 to pay the $350 balance pursuant to the installment payment provisions of 28 U.S.C. 24 § 1915(b)(1). 25 II. Screening Pursuant to 28 U.S.C. §§ 1915(e)(2) & 1915A(b) 26 A. Standard of Review 27 Because Plaintiff is a prisoner and is proceeding IFP, his Complaint requires a pre- 28 Answer screening pursuant to 28 U.S.C. §§ 1915(e)(2) & 1915A(b). The Court must sua 1 sponte dismiss a prisoner’s IFP complaint, or any portion of it, which is frivolous, 2 malicious, fails to state a claim, or seeks damages from defendants who are immune. Lopez 3 v. Smith, 203 F.3d 1122, 1126–27 (9th Cir. 2000) (en banc) (28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)); 4 Rhodes v. Robinson, 621 F.3d 1002, 1004 (9th Cir. 2010) (28 U.S.C. § 1915A(b)). 5 “The standard for determining whether a plaintiff has failed to state a claim upon 6 which relief can be granted under § 1915(e)(2)(B)(ii) is the same as the Federal Rule of 7 Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) standard for failure to state a claim.” Watison v. Carter, 668 F.3d 8 1108, 1112 (9th Cir. 2012); see also Wilhelm v. Rotman, 680 F.3d 1113, 1121 (9th Cir. 9 2012) (noting that § 1915A screening “incorporates the familiar standard applied in the 10 context of failure to state a claim under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6).”). Rule 11 12(b)(6) requires a complaint to “contain sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to ‘state 12 a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.’” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) 13 (quoting Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007)). “Determining whether 14 a complaint states a plausible claim for relief [is] . . . a context-specific task that requires 15 the reviewing court to draw on its judicial experience and common sense.” Id. 16 Title 42 U.S.C. § 1983 “creates a private right of action against individuals who, 17 acting under color of state law, violate federal constitutional or statutory rights.” Devereaux 18 v. Abbey, 263 F.3d 1070, 1074 (9th Cir. 2001). Section 1983 “is not itself a source of 19 substantive rights, but merely provides a method for vindicating federal rights elsewhere 20 conferred.” Graham v. Connor, 490 U.S. 386, 393–94 (1989) (internal quotation marks 21 omitted). “To establish § 1983 liability, a plaintiff must show both (1) deprivation of a right 22 secured by the Constitution and laws of the United States, and (2) that the deprivation was 23 committed by a person acting under color of state law.” Tsao v. Desert Palace, Inc., 698 24 F.3d 1128, 1138 (9th Cir. 2012). 25 B. Allegations in the Complaint 26 Plaintiff alleges that on January 13, 2024, while housed at Centinela State Prison in 27 Imperial, California, he was walking on the recreational yard when Defendant Sergeant 28 Estrada “ordered Plaintiff to remove his durag (or Do-rag), citing an unwritten policy 1 prohibiting its use outside.” (Doc. No. 1 at 3.) Plaintiff had worn a durag, which are 2 approved by the CDCR for sale and purchase at the prison canteen, on the yard regularly 3 for over 14 years, and he told Estrada that the rule prohibiting him from wearing it was 4 racially discriminatory because “durags are predominately worn by Black inmates to 5 protect and manage their hair.” (Id. at 3–4.) When Estrada threatened Plaintiff with a Rules 6 Violation Report (“RVR”) if he did not comply, Plaintiff complied by returning to his 7 housing unit. (Id. at 3.) 8 On January 20, 2024, Plaintiff received an RVR by Estrada charging him with 9 delaying a peace officer in the performance of duties. (Id.) A hearing on the RVR was held 10 on January 25, 2024, at which Defendant Senior Hearing Officer Alonzo, in response to 11 Plaintiff pointing out he had complied with the order and did not delay Estrada in the 12 performance of his duties and that no CDCR regulation prohibits durags on the yard, 13 unilaterally changed the charge to disobeying an order and found Plaintiff guilty. (Id.) 14 Plaintiff was sentenced to 30 days loss of credits, 10 days confinement to quarters, and 90 15 days loss of phone, yard, day room, and package privileges. (Id. at 5.) Plaintiff was 16 informed he could wear a durag in the housing unit but not on the yard, even though other 17 head coverings are allowed to be worn on the yard, including bandanas, straw hats, and 18 handkerchiefs, none of which are as effective as durags “both for practical and cultural 19 reasons, largely due to the unique texture and needs of Black hair, which often tend to be 20 more curly, coily, and prone to dryness.” (Id. at 4–5.) His inmate grievance was granted in 21 which he complained there is no CDCR regulation against wearing a “wave cap” on the 22 yard and that the enforcement of such an unofficial regulation was racially discriminatory. 23 (Doc. No. 1-4 at 2–3.) Plaintiff states he settled a civil rights action in 2022 “related to bias 24 treatment by” Centinela State Prison staff “for issuing an RVR that involved racial 25 discrimination” in which Defendant Alonzo was the senior hearing officer, which he 26 alleges “indicat[es] a retaliatory motive” here. (Id. at 4, 7–8.) 27 As to the remaining Defendants named in the Complaint, Plaintiff alleges Defendant 28 Chief Disciplinary Officer Assistant Warden Black “approved the [RVR]’s findings to be 1 sent to records.” (Id. at 2.) He alleges Defendant Warden Guzman is “in charge of policy 2 and procedures at Centinela State Prison,” and that the only other Defendants, John and 3 Jane Doe, are “whomever has the authority to rescind the [RVR].” (Id.) 4 Plaintiff claims that denying him the right to wear a durag on the yard and 5 disciplining him for doing so violated his First Amendment right to free expression (count 6 one), was a denial of equal protection under the Fourteenth Amendment (count two), and 7 amounted to retaliation under the First Amendment for filing the prior civil rights action 8 (count three). (Id. at 4–8.) He states that he suffers from an anxiety disorder and that the 9 Defendants’ actions have caused him to experience appetite loss, sleeplessness, headaches 10 and weight loss. (Id. at 5.) He seeks a declaration that his rights were violated, expungement 11 of the RVR, punitive and compensatory damages, an injunction against the enforcement of 12 the unwritten policy prohibiting wearing durags and similar head coverings by Black 13 inmates on the yard, as well as costs and fees. (Id. at 10.) 14 C. Discussion 15 Plaintiff first alleges the enforcement of an unofficial regulation prohibiting him 16 from wearing a durag on the yard violates his right to free expression under the First 17 Amendment. Prisoners retain limited First Amendment rights to free expression and 18 association. See Thornburgh v. Abbott, 490 U.S. 401, 407 (1989); Shaw v. Murphy, 532 19 U.S. 223, 229 (2001) (“[T]he constitutional rights that prisoners possess are more limited 20 in scope than the constitutional rights held by individuals in society at large. In the First 21 Amendment context, for instance, some rights are simply inconsistent with the status of a 22 prisoner or ‘with the legitimate penological objectives of the corrections system.’”) 23 (quoting Pell v. Procunier, 417 U.S. 817, 822 (1974)). A prison regulation can impinge on 24 inmate expression in violation of the First Amendment if: (1) the “the logical connection 25 between the regulation and the asserted goal is [] so remote as to render the policy arbitrary 26 or irrational,” (2) it deprives the inmate of all means of expression and other avenues of 27 expression are unavailable, and (3) the impact “on guards and other inmates and on the 28 allocation of prison resources generally” is minimal; and (4) the rule at issue is an 1 “exaggerated response to prison concerns.” Turner v. Safley, 482 U.S. 78, 89–90 (1987). 2 Plaintiff has overcome the “low threshold” on screening of plausibly alleging 3 Defendants Estrada and Alonzo violated his First Amendment right to free expression 4 when they enforced an unofficial regulation prohibiting Plaintiff from wearing a durag on 5 the yard. He has arguably adequately alleged the lack of a legitimate penological interest 6 in enforcement of that regulation because he has pled that other similar head coverings are 7 approved for use on the yard, and that the prohibition at issue is not rationally related to a 8 legitimate and neutral government objective because it prohibits the only head covering 9 acceptable for Black inmates, which he has been wearing for 14 years without incident, 10 there are no alternative avenues to exercise his First Amendment right, and that allowing 11 alternative head coverings similar to a durag but lacking its racially-expressive nature 12 alleges that enforcement of the regulation is an exaggerated response by prison officials. 13 Thus, the allegations in the Complaint are sufficient to survive the “low threshold” of the 14 screening required by 28 U.S.C. §§ 1915(e)(2) & 1915A(b) with respect to a First 15 Amendment free expression claim against Defendants Estrada and Alonzo. Watison, 668 16 F.3d at 1112; Wilhelm, 680 F.3d at 1123; Turner, 482 U.S. 78, 89–90. 17 Plaintiff also claims Defendants Estrada and Alonzo denied him equal protection 18 under the Fourteenth Amendment by subjecting him to racial discrimination by prohibiting 19 him from wearing a durag on the yard and subjecting him to disciplinary proceedings 20 despite his compliance with the order not to wear it on the yard. The Equal Protection 21 Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment requires persons who are similarly situated to be 22 treated alike. City of Cleburne v. Cleburne Living Ctr., Inc., 473 U.S. 432, 439 (1985). A 23 plaintiff can state an equal protection claim by setting forth facts which plausibly allege 24 intentional discrimination based on membership in a protected class. Hartmann v. Cal. 25 Dep’t of Corr. & Rehab., 707 F.3d 1114, 1123 (9th Cir. 2013); Maynard v. City of San 26 Jose, 37 F.3d 1396, 1404 (9th Cir. 1994) (“Intentional discrimination means that a 27 defendant acted at least in part because of a plaintiff’s protected status.”); Fields v. Legacy 28 Health Sys., 413 F.3d 943, 955 (9th Cir. 2005) (identifying “race, alienage, national origin” 1 as examples of characteristics protected by the Equal Protection Clause). 2 The allegations in the Complaint that Defendants Estrada and Alonzo prevented 3 Plaintiff from, and disciplined him for, wearing a CDCR-approved head covering on the 4 yard, which he and other Black inmates have worn for practical and cultural reasons for 5 years without incident, based on an unofficial non-CDCR regulation against wearing those 6 head coverings on the yard, while allowing non-Black inmates to wear similar head 7 coverings, survive the “low threshold” to survive screening as to a Fourteenth Amendment 8 equal protection claim. Watison, 668 F.3d at 1112; Wilhelm, 680 F.3d at 1123; Hartmann, 9 707 F.3d at 1123; Maynard, 37 F.3d at 1404. 10 Finally, Plaintiff claims Defendant Estrada filed a false RVR and Defendant Alonzo 11 unfairly adjudicated it in retaliation for filing a prior civil rights action. “[A] viable claim 12 of First Amendment retaliation entails five basic elements: (1) An assertion that a state 13 actor took some adverse action against an inmate (2) because of (3) that prisoner’s 14 protected conduct, and that such action (4) chilled the inmate’s exercise of his First 15 Amendment rights, and (5) the action did not reasonably advance a legitimate correctional 16 goal.” Rhodes v. Robinson, 408 F.3d 559, 567–68 (9th Cir. 2005). 17 Plaintiff has plausibly alleged an adverse action was taken against him for his 18 protected activity of filing a civil rights action by the filing of an allegedly false disciplinary 19 charge and that it created a chilling effect. Watison, 668 F.3d at 1114–15. He has also 20 plausibly alleged the Defendants’ actions did not reasonably advance a legitimate 21 correctional goal because he alleges there are no established CDCR regulations against 22 wearing a CDCR-approved durag on the yard, which are similar to other head coverings 23 allowed on the yard, and therefore Defendants’ actions were arbitrary. Plaintiff has met the 24 “low threshold” to survive screening as to a First Amendment retaliation claim against 25 Defendants Estrada and Alonzo. Watison, 668 F.3d at 1112, 1114–15; Wilhelm, 680 F.3d 26 at 1123; Rhodes, 408 F.3d at 567–68. 27 Accordingly, Plaintiff is entitled to have the U.S. Marshal effect service of the 28 summons and Complaint against Defendants Estrada and Alonzo with respect to the First 1 Amendment free expression claim, the Fourteenth Amendment equal protection claim, and 2 the First Amendment retaliation claim in the Complaint. See 28 U.S.C. § 1915(d) (“The 3 officers of the court shall issue and serve all process, and perform all duties in [IFP] 4 cases.”); Fed. R. Civ. P. 4(c)(3) (“[T]he court may order that service be made by a United 5 States marshal or deputy marshal . . . if the plaintiff is authorized to proceed in forma 6 pauperis under 28 U.S.C. § 1915.”). The Court cautions Plaintiff that the sua sponte 7 screening process is “cumulative of, not a substitute for, any subsequent [motion to 8 dismiss] that the defendant[s] may choose to bring.” Teahan v. Wilhelm, 481 F. Supp. 2d 9 1115, 1119 (S.D. Cal. 2007). 10 However, Plaintiff has not plausibly stated a claim against any of the remaining 11 Defendants. He merely alleges Defendant Chief Disciplinary Officer Assistant Warden 12 Black “approved the [RVR]’s findings to be sent to records,” that Defendant Warden 13 Guzman is “in charge of policy and procedures at Centinela State Prison,” and that 14 Defendants John and Jane Doe are “whomever has the authority to rescind the [RVR].” 15 (Doc. No. 1 at 2.) “A supervisory official may be held liable under § 1983 only if ‘there 16 exists either (1) his or her personal involvement in the constitutional violation, or (2) a 17 sufficient causal connection between the supervisor’s wrongful conduct and the 18 constitutional violation.’” Keates v. Koile, 883 F.3d 1228, 1242–43 (9th Cir. 2018) 19 (quoting Starr v. Baca, 652 F.3d 1202, 1207 (9th Cir. 2011)). “In a section 1983 claim, a 20 supervisor is liable for the acts of his subordinates if the supervisor participated in or 21 directed the violations, or knew of the violations of subordinates and failed to act to prevent 22 them.” Corales v. Bennett, 567 F.3d 554, 570 (9th Cir. 2009) (internal quotation marks 23 omitted). 24 The Complaint as drafted contains conclusory allegations against Defendants Black, 25 Guzman and the Does regarding their participation in the alleged constitutional violations, 26 as there are no factual allegations any of these Defendants were aware of or participated in 27 or directed the actions taken by Defendants Estrada and Alonzo, merely that they should 28 have or could have done so in their supervisory capacities. If Plaintiff wishes to bring a 1 claim against these Defendants, he must set forth factual allegations identifying individual 2 acts or omissions by each person related to the application of the unofficial regulation 3 prohibiting him wearing a durag on the yard or their knowledge of or involvement in the 4 RVR which resulted in a constitutional violation. See Leer v. Murphy, 844 F.2d 628, 633 5 (9th Cir. 1988) (“The inquiry into causation must be individualized and focus on the duties 6 and responsibilities of each individual defendant whose acts or omissions are alleged to 7 have caused a constitutional deprivation.”). Plaintiff may not rely on conclusory allegations 8 of participation in the violation of his civil rights such as are contained in the Complaint, 9 lacking as they do any facts showing these Defendants were aware of and participated in 10 the alleged constitutional violations. Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678 (noting that a complaint is 11 subject to dismissal for failure to state a claim if it does not “contain sufficient factual 12 matter, accepted as true, to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face,” and the “mere 13 possibility of misconduct” falls short of meeting this plausibility standard). 14 Accordingly, the claims in the Complaint against Defendants Black, Guzman and 15 John and Jane Doe are dismissed without prejudice pursuant to 28 U.S.C. §§ 1915(e)(2) & 16 1915A(b) for failure to state a claim. Watison, 668 F.3d at 1112; Wilhelm, 680 F.3d at 17 1121; Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678. 18 D. Plaintiff’s Options 19 Because the Court has determined that Plaintiff’s claims against Defendants Estrada 20 and Alonzo survive the sua sponte screening process but his remaining claims against the 21 remaining Defendants do not, Plaintiff is given the opportunity to (1) notify the Court of 22 his intent to proceed only with the First and Fourteenth Amendment claims in the 23 Complaint against Defendants Estrada and Alonzo; or (2) file a First Amended Complaint 24 that attempts to correct any or all of the deficiencies of pleading identified in this Order. 25 Plaintiff must choose one of those options within forty-five (45) days from the date 26 this Order is filed. If Plaintiff notifies the Court he wishes to proceed only with his claims 27 against Defendants Estrada and Alonzo, the Court will issue an Order directing the Clerk 28 to issue the summons as to those Defendants and direct the U.S. Marshal to effect service 1 of the summons and Complaint on Defendants Estrada and Alonzo, and all remaining 2 claims and Defendants will remain dismissed from this action. 3 III. Conclusion and Orders 4 Accordingly, good cause appearing, the Court: 5 1) GRANTS Plaintiff’s Motion to Proceed IFP (Doc. No. 2). 6 2) DIRECTS the Secretary of the CDCR, or his designee, to collect from 7 Plaintiff’s prison trust account the $350 filing fee owed in this case by collecting monthly 8 payments from the account in an amount equal to twenty percent (20%) of the preceding 9 month’s income and forward payments to the Clerk of the Court each time the amount in 10 the account exceeds $10 in accordance with 28 U.S.C. § 1915(b)(2). 11 3) DIRECTS the Clerk of the Court to serve a copy of this Order by U.S. Mail 12 on Jeff Macomber, Secretary, California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation, 13 P.O. Box 942883, Sacramento, California, 94283-0001. 14 4) DISMISSES all claims against all Defendants in the Complaint for failure to 15 state a claim pursuant to 28 U.S.C. §§ 1915(e)(2) & 1915A(b) with the exception of the 16 First and Fourteenth Amendment claims against Defendants Estrada and Alonzo. 17 5) GRANTS Plaintiff forty-five (45) days leave from the date of this Order in 18 which to (1) notify the Court of his intent to proceed only with his claims in the Complaint 19 against Defendants Estrada and Alonzo; or (2) file a First Amended Complaint that 20 attempts to correct any or all of the deficiencies of pleading identified in this Order. Any 21 amended complaint must be complete by itself without reference to any prior version of 22 the complaint. Defendants not named and any claims not re-alleged in an amended 23 complaint will be considered waived. See S.D. Cal. CivLR 15.1; Hal Roach Studios, Inc. 24 v. Richard Feiner & Co., Inc., 896 F.2d 1542, 1546 (9th Cir. 1989) (“[A]n amended 25 pleading supersedes the original.”); Lacey v. Maricopa Cnty., 693 F.3d 896, 928 (9th Cir. 26 2012) (noting that claims dismissed with leave to amend which are not re-alleged in an 27 amended pleading may be “considered waived if not repled”). 28 /// 1 |} /// 2 3 Failure to respond to this Order will result in dismissal of this action for failure to 4 prosecute. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 41(b) (providing for involuntary dismissal for failure to 5 || prosecute or comply with the federal rules or court order). 6 7 IT IS SO ORDERED. 8 9 Dated: February 24, 2025 © 10 Hon, Anthony J.Battaglia 11 United States District Judge 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 11