Air Line Pilots v . Guilford Transp. CV-04-331-JD 09/17/04 P UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF NEW HAMPSHIRE
Air Line Pilots Association, International
v. Civil N o . 04-331-JD Opinion N o . 2004 DNH 139 Guilford Transportation Industries, Inc., Pan American Airways Corp., Boston-Main Airways Corp.
REPORT AND RECOMMENDATION
Before the Court for consideration is the motion filed by
Air Line Pilots Association, International (“ALPA”) for a
preliminary injunction under the Railway Labor Act (“RLA”),
codified at 45 U.S.C. § 151 et seq., to restrain defendants
Guilford Transportation Industries, Inc. (“Guilford”), Pan
American Airways Corp. (“Pan Am”) and Boston-Maine Airways Corp.
(“Boston-Maine”) (collectively “the Guilford defendants”) from
violating the statutory rights of Pan Am’s flight crewmembers
(“pilots”) and their union, ALPA, under 45 U.S.C. § 152 First,
Second, Third, Fourth, Seventh and Eighth and 45 U.S.C. § 156.
The defendants filed an objection.
This matter was referred to me to review the request for
injunctive relief, to conduct any hearing the Court might set, and to file proposed findings and recommendations. The Court
held an evidentiary hearing on September 9 and 1 0 , 2004. For the
reasons set forth below, the Court recommends that the request
for a preliminary injunction be granted.
Standard of Review
“The policy of the Railway Labor Act was to encourage use of
the nonjudicial processes of negotiation, mediation and
arbitration for the adjustment of labor disputes.” Bhd. of R.R.
Trainmen, Enter. Lodge, N o . 27 v . Toledo, P. & W . R.R., 321 U.S.
5 0 , 58 (1944). Federal district courts do not have jurisdiction
to rule on the merits of labor disputes under the RLA. Bhd. of
Locomotive Eng’rs v . Springfield Terminal Ry. (“Springfield
Terminal”), 210 F.3d 1 8 , 23 (1st Cir. 2000). The court only
decides what type of dispute resolution procedure applies based
on the category into which the dispute fits. Id. (citing Elgin,
J. & E . Ry. C o . v . Burley, 325 U.S. 7 1 1 , 722-23 (1945)).
A threshold issue that must be determined is whether a
controversy should be characterized as a “minor” or “major”
dispute. Consolid. Rail Corp. v . Ry. Labor Executives’ Ass’n
(“Conrail”), 491 U.S. 299, 302 (1989). In sum, “major disputes
seek to create contractual rights, minor disputes to enforce
2 them.” Id. (citing Elgin, 325 U.S. at 7 2 3 ) .
The RLA bars a carrier from implementing a contested change
in a major dispute until mediation efforts are exhausted.
Springfield Terminal, 210 F.3d at 24 (citing Detroit & Toledo
Shore Line R.R. C o . v . United Transp. Union (“Shore Line”), 396
U.S. 1 4 2 , 150-53 (1969)). However, if the employer claims that
the parties’ agreement gives it the right to make a contested
change, “and if the claim is arguably justified by the terms of
the parties’ agreement (i.e., the claim is neither obviously
insubstantial or frivolous, nor made in bad faith),” the employer
may make the change and the courts must defer to the jurisdiction
of arbitrators to decide the dispute. Conrail, 491 U.S. at 310;
see also, Springfield Terminal, 210 F.3d at 33 (to show that only
a minor dispute is at issue, a carrier need only show that its
contractual term defense is not “totally implausible”). In
considering whether the carrier’s actions are arguably justified
by the agreement, the court considers express and implied terms,
as well as the parties’ “practice, usage and custom.” Conrail,
491 U.S. at 311 (quoting Transp. Union v . Union Pac. R. Co., 385
U.S. 1 5 7 , 161 (1966)).
If the circumstances so warrant, a court may issue an
3 injunction ordering the parties to maintain the pre-dispute
status quo during the dispute resolution procedures mandated
under the RLA. Springfield Terminal, 210 F.3d at 33 (citing
Conrail, 491 U.S. at 303 (1989)).
Background
I. Stipulated Facts
Pan Am entered into a collective bargaining agreement
(“CBA”) with ALPA that became effective on November 1 5 , 1999,
remains in effect now, and does not become amendable until
November 1 5 , 2005. Neither party gave the other notice of a
desire to amend the CBA prior to the amendable date.
Neither Guilford, nor Boston-Maine are parties to the ALPA-
Pan Am CBA, and have entered into no agreement with ALPA. The
pilots of Boston-Maine are not represented for the purposes of
collective bargaining by an exclusive bargaining agent.
Pan Am performs regular, scheduled passenger service in the
eastern United States and Puerto Rico and operates charters, with
a fleet of six Boeing 727 aircraft configured to seat 149
passengers. Since it received certification from the Department
of Transportation (“DOT”) in 1999, Pan Am has had authority to
operate up to eight 727 aircraft. Pan Am currently employs
4 approximately 30 pilots. Twenty-one Pan Am pilots are active
ALPA members.1
Boston-Maine applied to the DOT for authority to fly 727
aircraft for interstate, scheduled passenger service on August
2 7 , 2002. ALPA has been aware of Boston-Maine’s planned 727
operations since that date and has vigorously opposed DOT
certification of Boston-Maine’s planned 727 operation.
After requesting and receiving oral permission on July 1 6 ,
2004 from the DOT, and operational permission from the Federal
Aviation Administration (“FAA”), to operate 727 aircraft, Boston-
Maine began to operate 727 aircraft in August 2004 in interstate
service, despite ALPA’s vigorous opposition.
Prior to receiving authorization by the DOT to fly 727
aircraft in July 2004, Boston-Maine performed scheduled passenger
service with a fleet of ten Jetstream 3100 turboprop aircraft,
seating 19 passengers, among other aircraft, and cargo service
utilizing two CASA-212 turboprop aircraft. Boston-Maine still
1 Matthew J. Kernan, a commercial airline pilot employed as a Captain with Piedmont Airlines, and ALPA’s Resource Coordinator, testified that he has been appointed as the Custodian Representative for the Pan Am pilot group. Kernan testified that in his capacity as Custodian Representative he administers grievances under the Pan Am-ALPA CBA. Kernan also testified that ALPA has been unable to get any Pan Am crewmembers to take on ALPA leadership positions because they fear reprisals by Pan Am.
5 operates both the Jetstream and CASA aircraft. Boston-Maine is
currently hiring and training 727 pilots.
Guilford is the lessor of the six B-727 aircraft operated by
Pan Am and the single B-727 aircraft operated by Boston-Maine.
II. Additional Facts
Pan American Airlines, Inc. (“Pan Am Inc.”), not named as a
defendant in this lawsuit, is the owner of Pan Am and Boston-
Maine. Pan Am Inc. acquired the assets of Pan Am (formerly known
as Carnival Airlines) out of bankruptcy in June 1998 under a Plan
of Reorganization approved by the United States Bankruptcy Court
for the Southern District of Florida. Boston-Maine, a New
Hampshire corporation, was formed as a wholly-owned subsidiary of
Pan Am Inc. in March 1999. Neither party has produced evidence
identifying the ownership of Pan Am Inc.
John Nadolny, defendants’ principal witness, testified that
Guilford has no ownership interest in either Pan Am or Boston-
Maine.2 Nadolny further testified that Guilford does not direct
the operations of those companies.3
2 The parties stipulated that John Nadolny is the General Counsel for Guilford, Pan Am and Boston-Maine. 3 ALPA alleges that there is a close interrelationship between Pan Am, Boston-Maine and Guilford. See Mem. of Points and Authorities In Support of Pl.’s Mot. at 5 and n.1 As
6 Nadolny testified that Pan Am has lost money ever since it
resumed operating out of bankruptcy. The evidence showed that
Pan Am once ceased operating for just under 30 days. While Pan
Am formerly employed as many as 90 pilots, following a furlough
in the fall of 2002 the Pan Am pilot ranks were reduced to 3 0 .
Nadolny testified that Pan Am notified the FAA in June 2004 that
it intended to cease operations no later than October 3 1 , 2004.
Nadolny testified that the Boston-Maine operation was
started from scratch. He testified that Boston-Maine employs
personnel separate from Pan Am in the titles of Director of
Operations, Director of Maintenance, Director of Quality
Assurance, Director of Safety, and Chief Pilot. He testified
that, pursuant to law, Boston-Maine has received a certificate
for each aircraft it operates and that Boston-Maine pilots do not
fly Pan Am certified aircraft in revenue-producing airline
service. He further testified that Boston-Maine’s operating
specifications, procedures and manual are distinct from those of
support for this assertion, ALPA relied in large part upon the Declaration of Robert E . Barnes, a former Pan Am Vice President who is now employed by the FAA. Citing health problems on the morning of September 9, 2004, Barnes did not appear to testify. The Court granted ALPA leave to take Barnes’ deposition, and to submit the transcript as evidence, but ALPA declined. The Court C does not consider Barnes’ declaration as evidence supporting ALPA’s request for injunctive relief.
7 Pan Am. In addition, Boston-Maine operates its own flight
dispatching and tracking facilities, maintenance facilities,
inventory storage facilities, quality assurance programs,
training programs, record keeping, financial accounts, vendor
accounts, U.S. Customs bonds, and contractual arrangements.
Like Pan Am, Boston-Maine has never been profitable.
However, the evidence shows that Boston-Maine’s operations have
expanded while Pan Am’s have contracted. In documents that
Boston-Maine submitted to the DOT requesting amended certificates
of authority, Boston-Maine identified a number of former Pan Am
employees who now work for Boston-Maine, including some who have
assumed management positions at Boston-Maine. See Fawbush Decl.,
Exs. 4 , 10 and 1 1 .
The evidence shows that Pan Am and Boston-Maine entered into
a support services and facilities agreement in October 2001, and
that Boston-Maine uses Pan Am personnel to train its employees.
Among the Pan Am employees who have trained Boston-Maine
employees is Linda Toth, formerly employed by Pan Am as Southern
Regional Manager. Toth testified that she conducted stations training.4
4 Linda Toth’s employment was terminated in June 2004. Toth testified that she was ordered by Stacy Beck, Director of
8 Toth testified that during the course of her employment with
Pan Am she spoke with David Fink frequently.5 Toth testified
that Fink talked about ALPA all the time, and that he greatly
disliked the organization. Toth testified that in March or April
2004 Fink told her, among other things, that “it was going to be
smooth sailing with Boston-Maine” after they got rid of “the
union jackasses,” and that within six months all of the planes
would be on the Boston-Maine certificate.
ALPA introduced a memorandum on Pan Am stationary to Pan Am
flight attendants dated June 1 , 2004 encouraging them to send
their resumes to Boston-Maine. P l . Ex. 7 . That memorandum
states in relevant part:
Stations for Pan Am and Boston-Maine, to certify that certain Boston-Maine employees had received ramp training that Toth testified she was not certified to provide. Toth testified that she was subsequently terminated for falsifying documents. Stacy Beck testified that Toth was certified to provide Boston-Maine ramp training and that Toth lied about having conducted the training and falsified documents. Beck testified that she did not order Toth to falsify documents, and that she terminated Toth’s employment after conducting an audit that revealed that the training in question had not been completed. Having listened to the testimony of the witnesses, and reviewed the exhibits, the Court finds Toth’s testimony that she did not believe that she was certified to perform Boston-Maine ramp training, and that she was ordered to sign documents indicating that she had performed the training, to be credible. 5 The parties stipulated that David Fink is the President of Guilford, Pan Am and Boston-Maine.
9 If you have an interest in applying for a Flight Attendant position with Boston-Maine Airways, now is the time to get your resume tuned up . . . . If you have been doing a very good job at Pan Am then Boston- Maine Airways is interested in considering you for this new airline. It’s a different company so you will be starting over, so to speak. This is where the company (Guilford) is headed so give it serious consideration.
Id. at 2 .
Pan Am Captain Norman Schott and First Officer Kevin Black
both testified that the amount of hours that they have been
offered to fly each month has been reduced from approximately 80
hours per month to approximately 50 to 60 hours per month since
Boston-Maine started its 727 operation. Schott testified to a
specific instance when he lost scheduled passenger flying
assignments to Boston-Maine. Schott testified that he checked in
with Pan Am’s crews scheduling department for flying that he was
to do on August 5 , 2004 and was told that the last two legs of
the assignment he was supposed to have flown would be done
instead by Boston-Maine. Schott further testified that when he
telephoned the scheduling department to inquire about a revision
to the September bid package6 that reduced the amount of flying
he could perform from about 80 hours per month to between 50 and
6 The bid package is the means through which Pan Am pilots express their preference for work assignments.
10 60 hours he was told that marketing made a last minute decision
to give the Santa Domingo line to Boston-Maine. Schott further
testified that he discovered a pop-up advertisement displayed on
Pan Am’s website offering first class and coach seats for flights
between San Juan and Santo Domingo. See Pl.’s Ex. 4 . Schott
concluded that this work was going to be given to Boston-Maine
because Pan Am does not operate any 727 aircraft configured for
first class service, but Boston-Maine does.7
The evidence shows that Pan Am and Boston-Maine operate a
joint reservation system that may be accessed from either the Pan
Am or Boston-Maine websites. In addition, a route map on the
Boston-Maine website shows both Pan Am and Boston-Maine service.
Nadolny testified that Boston-Maine intends to operate the same
service that is currently being offered by Pan Am after Pan Am’s
operations are discontinued.
Discussion
ALPA argues that injunctive relief is warranted because the
defendants are engaged in an alter-ego work diversion scheme that
will result in the complete and final shutdown of Pan Am and the
7 The Court does not find credible Nadolny’s testimony that the pop-up ad reflected in Plaintiff’s Exhibit 4 was just an experiment by the IT department that only appeared on Pan Am’s website one day.
11 discard of ALPA. ALPA argues that the defendants intend to
permanently replace Pan Am’s operations, which are unionized,
with the non-union Boston-Maine operation controlled by the
defendants.
Defendants dispute ALPA’s claim that Pan Am has been engaged
in unlawful work diversion. Defendants argue that Pan Am has on
occasion subcontracted work to other airlines, including Boston-
Maine, in accordance with the CBA, but that this was only in
instances where there have been maintenance or crew shortage
problems that arose on a particular day. Defendants contend that
the issues presented in this action pertain to a “minor” dispute
within the meaning of the RLA because it involves an
interpretation of the scope of work provisions of the CBA.
Therefore, defendants argue, this dispute is subject to
arbitration under the RLA, and the federal courts lack
jurisdiction to hear the parties’ dispute.
I. Whether the Controversy at Issue is a Major Dispute
A. Status Quo Provisions of the RLA
The RLA provides that:
It shall be the duty of all carriers, their officers, agents, and employees to exert every reasonable effort to make and maintain agreements concerning rates of pay, rules and working conditions, and to settle all
12 disputes, whether arising out of the application of such agreements or otherwise, in order to avoid any interruption to commerce or to the operation of any carrier growing out of any dispute between the carrier and the employees thereof.
45 U.S.C. § 152 First. The RLA further provides that:
No carrier, its officers or agents shall change the rates of pay, rules, or working conditions of its employees, as a class as embodied in agreements except in the manner prescribed in such agreements or in section 156 of this title.
45 U.S.C. § 152 Seventh. Section 6 of the RLA requires that
employers and employee representatives “shall give at least
thirty days’ written notice of an intended change in agreements
affecting rates of pay, rules or working conditions . . . .” 45
U.S.C. § 156. RLA Section 2 , First and Seventh, and Section 6,
the so-called “status quo” provisions, prohibit unilateral
changes in wages or working conditions where there is a
preexisting collective bargaining agreement. Atlas Air, Inc. v .
Air Line Pilots Ass’n, 232 F.3d 2 1 8 , 223 (D.C. Cir. 2000).
B. Work Diversion Claim
Federal courts, including the First Circuit, have held that
“[t]he RLA is defeated if a carrier uses a related corporation to
alter the status quo.” Springfield Terminal, 210 F.3d at 2 8 .
Indeed, the First Circuit found that “[t]he mere ‘prospect of
13 having work shifted to a replacement subsidiary would constitute
a change in the working conditions and practices’ sufficient to
trigger a major dispute.” Id. at 33 (quoting Air Line Pilots
Ass’n, Int’l v . Transamerica Airlines, Inc. (“Transamerica
Airlines”), 817 F.2d 5 1 0 , 516 (9th Cir. 1987)). See also
Burlington N . R.R. C o . v . United Transp. Union, 862 F.2d 1266,
1275 (7th Cir. 1988) (a carrier cannot evade its duties under a
collective bargaining agreement or the RLA by directing business
to an entity within the same corporate family and not obligated
by the existing collective bargaining agreement); Transamerica
Airlines, 817 F.2d at 515 (federal courts have jurisdiction to
hear a dispute in which an employer is alleged to have
established a non-union replacement subsidiary in order to
transfer to that non-union subsidiary work being performed by an
existing subsidiary that is bound by a collective bargaining
agreement).
In determining whether a carrier is using a related
corporation to alter the status quo, a court must look beyond
corporate formalities if the nominally independent corporation is
serving as the alter ego of the carrier. Springfield Terminal,
210 F.3d at 2 8 . Veil piercing under the RLA may apply to
14 separate corporations within the same corporate family and is not
limited to wholly-owned subsidiaries of the carrier. Id. at 2 9 .
The mere existence of common ownership, by itself, is
insufficient to pierce the corporate veil. Id.
The record must include evidence that the carrier used the related corporation for the purpose of evading the collective bargaining agreement and the status quo requirements of the RLA. In making this determination, no single factor is dispositive. The district court may consider the chronology of events: if the carrier only transferred work to the related corporation after unsuccessful union negotiations, that fact may suggest that the carrier shifted the work in an effort to avoid the RLA status quo provisions.
Id. (citations omitted). The First Circuit emphasized that a
plaintiff is not required to show that the related corporation is
a sham business or that it was created or operated primarily to
defeat the RLA in order to demonstrate that the corporate veil
should be pierced. Id. at 3 0 . That is because the function of
veil piercing in the RLA context is not to determine liability as
in tort or contract cases. Id. Rather, “in the RLA major
dispute proceedings, veil piercing operates only to block the
related corporation from assisting the carrier in altering the
collective bargaining agreement before mediation procedures are
exhausted.” Id. In this regard, “RLA veil piercing is similar
to the well-established practice of extending the scope of an
15 injunction to include non-parties acting in concert with parties
to defeat the injunction’s purpose.” Id.
In the instant case, ALPA argues that the defendants have
engaged in a work diversion scheme taking existing Pan Am work
and diverting it to non-union Boston-Maine, which defendants
created and control. The result, according to ALPA, has been a
decrease in the amount of flying performed by Pan Am and its
unionized employees.
The evidence supports a finding that the defendants have
used Boston-Maine to circumvent the collective bargaining
agreement. Pan Am and Boston-Maine are part of the same
corporate family. The aircraft flown by both companies are
leased by Guilford. Defendants have stipulated that at least
three senior corporate officers of Pan Am, Boston-Maine and
Guilford are the same.8 In addition, Stacy Beck testified that
she is the Director of Stations for both Pan Am and Boston-Maine.
The evidence shows that the Boston-Maine operation was built
from scratch when Pan Am already had a certified 727 airline with
trained and experienced 727 pilots. The defendants have not
8 In addition to the multiple positions held by Fink and Nadolny, the parties stipulated that Eric Lawler is the Chief Financial Officer for Guilford, Pan Am and Boston-Maine.
16 cited any legitimate business purpose for starting a duplicate
727 operation at Pan Am’s non-union affiliate, Boston-Maine,
following losses and a major furlough at Pan Am.
The evidence further shows that in the course of expanding
the non-union Boston-Maine operation, Boston-Maine has taken on a
number of former Pan Am employees including some who have taken
on management positions. The evidence further shows that Pan Am
employees have been used to train Boston-Maine employees while
the defendants planned to shut down Pan Am.
The Court credits Linda Toth’s testimony that David Fink,
President of Guilford, Pan Am and Boston-Maine, told her in March
or April 2004 that “it was going to be smooth sailing with
Boston-Maine” after they got rid of “the union jackasses,” and
that within six months all of the planes would be on the Boston-
Maine certificate. Although it is not necessary to the Court’s
result, these comments support ALPA’s claim that the defendants
have planned to transfer Pan Am’s work to an affiliated non-union
operation that they control. The June 2004 Pan Am memorandum to
its flight attendants encouraging them to apply to Boston-Maine
because that is where Guilford is headed further supports the
conclusion that the defendants are acting in concert to divert
17 work traditionally performed by unionized Pan Am to non-union
Boston-Maine.
The defendants argue that Boston-Maine has existed in
parallel with Pan Am throughout the duration of the CBA, and that
the CBA does not preclude Pan Am from subcontracting work to an
affiliated airline. However, this argument overlooks that
Boston-Maine did not operate 727 service similar to that offered
by Pan Am when the CBA was negotiated. As ALPA argues, Boston-
Maine’s small aircraft operation could be viewed as merely
complementary to Pan Am’s 727 service.
The Court is unpersuaded by the defendants’ argument that
ALPA is using this lawsuit in an attempt to obtain rights that it
bargained away. The evidence at the hearing showed that prior to
the execution of the CBA, ALPA proposed that the Recognition and
Scope Section expressly provide that “[Pan Am] will not create or
acquire an ‘alter ego’ to avoid the terms and conditions of the
Agreement.” See Dfs.’ Ex. A , Sec. 1 , Para. B , N o . 5 . Pan Am
rejected that suggestion and the executed CBA does not contain
that language.9 Defendants argue that ALPA’s work diversion
9 For purposes of the instant dispute, the CBA provides in relevant part:
SECTION 1 . RECOGNITION AND SCOPE
18 claim requires an examination of the parties’ bargaining history
and an interpretation of the Scope of Work provision of the CBA,
which defendants contend requires that this dispute be resolved
in arbitration.
ALPA argues that the cited language from its draft of the
CBA merely sought the addition of an added layer of protection.
ALPA analogizes this to collective bargaining agreements that
include language stating the employer will not engage in unlawful
discriminatory practices not withstanding that employees have
constitutional and statutory protection against unlawful
B. Scope
1. Except as provided in subsection 1.B.2, all flying by and for the service of the Company on aircraft owned or leased by and for the Company and utilizing the authority granted under the Company’s operating certificate shall be conducted (a) in accordance with the Pan American Airways Corp. operating certificate, (b) by pilots whose names appear on the Pilots’ System Seniority List. Chartered flying by and for the Company shall not be on a regular or
2. Notwithstanding subsection 1.B.1. above, the Company may enter into aircraft interchange agreements with other carriers if such interchange agreements tod not result in the furlough of any of the Company’s pilots.
Pl.’s Ex. 1 . 19 discrimination. ALPA argues that it did not give up its
statutory rights to protection from attempts to divert work to a
non-unionized affiliated entity within Pan Am’s corporate family.
The Court agrees with ALPA that the defendants have not
demonstrated that ALPA bargained away its statutory rights in
negotiating the CBA. Viewed conversely, the Court finds it
totally implausible that ALPA would agree to a provision in the
CBA stating that Pan Am could “create or acquire an alter ego to
avoid the terms and conditions of the Agreement.” The
consequences of such a provision would clearly undermine the CBA
and would be contrary to law. See Ry. Labor Executives’ Ass’n v .
Boston & Maine Corp., 808 F.2d 1 5 0 , 158 (1st Cir. 1986) (finding
that a provision in a collective bargaining agreement providing
that an employer could abolish employee positions in retaliation
for employees engaging in activities protected by the RLA would
be clearly invalid as contrary to l a w ) ; see also Ruby v . TACA
Int’l Airlines, 439 F.2d 1359, 1364 (5th Cir. 1971) (finding that
a collective bargaining agreement could not reasonably be read to
authorize a full-scale unilateral transfer with the attendant
consequences for ALPA and the agreement as a whole). The Court
finds obviously insubstantial defendants’ argument that ALPA’s
20 willingness to execute the CBA without its requested language
makes it arguable that ALPA agreed that Pan Am could transfer its
work to an affiliated non-union entity.
Defendants argue that Springfield Terminal, and other cases
relied upon by ALPA, are distinguishable in that to the extent
that the service being operated by Boston-Maine could be deemed
by the court to be a transfer of work from Pan Am to Boston-
Maine, these transfers did not follow unsuccessful negotiations
with the union. The Court finds that this distinction should
affect the result here. That the defendants chose not to attempt
to bargain with ALPA prior to starting a 727 operation at Boston-
Maine does not support the conclusion that ALPA agreed to Pan Am
transferring work traditionally performed by Pan Am to an
affiliated non-union entity.
The Court further finds unpersuasive defendants’ argument
that ALPA could have arbitrated its work diversion claim two
years ago when Boston-Maine first sought authority to fly 727
aircraft. ALPA’s claim is that Pan Am and Boston-Maine are being
controlled by Guilford, and that Pan Am Inc. is merely an
intermediary shell entity. Any arbitration award that ALPA could
have obtained against Pan Am would have no binding affect on
21 Guilford, Boston-Maine, or Pan Am Inc. because they are not
parties to the agreement.
Based on the Court’s reading of Springfield Terminal, and
the other cases cited herein, the Court finds that ALPA has
demonstrated that a preliminary injunction is warranted to enjoin
the defendants from violating the status quo provisions of the
RLA by diverting work from Pan Am to Boston-Maine pending
completion of the mandated mediation procedures.
C. Interference With Organizational Rights Claim
“RLA bars employers from engaging in discriminatory actions
designed to impede or inhibit employees’ exercise of their right
to organize for collective bargaining purposes.” Atlas Air, 232
F.3d at 224. Section 2 of the RLA, Third, provides that
employees may select their representatives “without interference,
influence, or coercion” of “any” kind. 45 U.S.C. § 152 Third.
Section 2 , Fourth, further provides that:
No carrier, its officers or agents, shall deny or in any way question the right of its employees to join, organize, or assist in organizing the labor organization of their choice, and it shall be unlawful for any carrier to interfere in any way with the organization of its employees . . . or to influence or coerce employees in an effort to induce them to join or remain or not to join or remain members of any labor organization.
22 45 U.S.C. § 152 Fourth.
ALPA argues that the defendants’ conduct described herein,
in addition to violating the status quo provisions, violates the
pilots’ rights to organize and be represented by a union. In
considering RLA claims under § 2 , Third and Fourth, “‘the real
question’ . . . is whether the carrier has discriminated against
its employees because they have engaged in activities protected
by the RLA.” Atlas Air, 232 F.3d at 224. In making this
determination, the Court should consider whether the carrier’s
conduct had a legitimate business motivation independent of any
effort to discourage employees from exercising their rights under
the RLA. Id.
Justiciable claims under RLA § 2 , Third and Fourth, are more
limited than claims brought under the status quo provisions of
the RLA. See Nat’l R.R. Passenger Corp. v . Int’l Ass’n of
Machinists & Aerospace Workers, 915 F.2d 4 3 , 53 (1st Cir. 1990).
The Supreme Court has long held that the provisions of 45 U.S.C.
§ 1 5 2 , Third and Fourth, “address primarily the ‘precertification
rights and freedoms of unorganized employees.’” Id. at 51
(quoting Trans World Airlines, Inc. v . Indep. Fed’n of Flight
Attendants, 489 U.S. 426, 440 (1989)). Where the union has
23 already been certified, a union’s permissible claims under § 2 ,
Third and Fourth, are narrowly circumscribed. The First Circuit
has found that judicial intervention in such cases is limited to
the following circumstances: (1) where the employer’s conduct has
been motivated by anti-union animus or an attempt to interfere
with its employees’ choice of their collective bargaining
representative; or (2) the employer’s conduct constitutes
discrimination or coercion against that representative; or (3)
the employer’s conduct involves acts of intimidation that cannot
be remedied by administrative means; or (4) the employer engaged
in a fundamental attack on the collective bargaining process or a
direct attempt to destroy a union. Id. (citing cases).
In the Court’s view, ALPA’s claim that the defendants are
engaged in a scheme to shut down unionized Pan Am, and
intentionally eliminate ALPA in the process, involves a direct
attempt to destroy a union. ALPA’s claim is supported by the
evidence discussed above, including that: (1) the defendants
cited no legitimate business purpose for starting a 727 operation
at Boston-Maine, (2) the defendants have already diverted
regularly scheduled Pan Am work to Boston-Maine, (3) the
defendants intend for Boston-Maine to continue flying the routes
24 now being flown by Pan Am, (4) Fink, the President of Guilford,
Pan Am and Boston-Maine has stated his desire to shut down Pan Am
and place all of the aircraft currently flown by Pan Am under the
Boston-Maine certificate, and (5) Fink has expressed specific
anti-union animus and his anticipation of a “smooth” non-union
operation.
Since the Court finds that the evidence support’s ALPA’s
claim that the defendants have engaged in a direct attempt to
destroy the union, the Court further finds that ALPA’s request
for injunctive relief is supported by RLA § 2 , Third and Fourth.
II. Irreparable Injury
In a case decided under the RLA, the Supreme Court found
that “district courts have subject-matter jurisdiction to enjoin
a violation of the status quo pending completion of the required
procedures, without the customary showing of irreparable injury.”
Conrail, 491 U.S. at 303 (citing Shore Line and Division N o . 1 ,
Detroit, Bhd. of Locomotive Eng’rs v . Consol. Rail Corp., 844
F.2d 1218 (6th Cir. 1988)). In Conrail, the Supreme Court noted
parenthetically that a status quo injunction was upheld in Shore
Line without discussing equitable constraints. Id.
Nevertheless, defendants insist that ALPA’s argument that it
25 need not demonstrate irreparable injury in this case before an
injunction may issue is wrong. Defendants cite Weinberger v .
Romero-Barcelo, 456 U.S. 305 (1982) and U.S. v . Microsoft Corp.,
147 F.3d 935 (D.C. Cir. 1998), in support of their argument.
Those cases, neither of which is decided under the RLA, generally
stand for the proposition that a party is not necessarily
entitled to a preliminary injunction merely because it has
demonstrated a likelihood of success on the issue of whether a
statute has been violated. The cases recognize, however, that if
Congress intended that a statute confer a right to an injunction
once a certain showing has been made, the party need not
establish more than the statute specifies. In the context of
requests for a status quo injunction under the RLA, the Supreme
Court has found that district courts may enjoin violations of the
status quo pending completion of required procedures without the
customary showing of irreparable injury. The Court declines the
defendants’ invitation to rule that the Supreme Court was wrong.
Accordingly, the Court need not further consider whether the
plaintiff is likely to suffer irreparable harm in the absence of
a preliminary injunction.
Even if the Court were required to determine whether
26 irreparable harm would result in the absence of a preliminary
injunction, however, the Court would so find in this instance.
In the Court’s view, the prospect of the complete loss of union
work and union jobs to an affiliated non-union entity is plainly
irreparable.
III. Other Equitable Considerations
To the extent the Court needs to address the balance of the
harms and the effect of an injunction on the public interest, the
Court finds that these factors weigh in the plaintiff’s favor.
A. Balance of the Harms
As discussed above, the Court finds that the harm to ALPA
and the Pan Am pilots in the absence of an injunction is grave.
The Court has considered the defendants’ arguments and finds them
to be without merit.
The evidence shows that the work that the defendants seek to
perform through Boston-Maine is the exact same work that is now
being performed through Pan Am. While defendants assert that Pan
Am has been unprofitable, Nadolny testified that Boston-Maine has
also been unprofitable. There is no evidence to support a
finding that Boston-Maine’s 727 operation, if not enjoined, will
be more profitable than Pan Am’s for any reason other than that
27 the defendants will avoid Pan Am’s obligations under the CBA.
Pan Am and Boston-Maine have the same corporate leadership,
therefore there is no reason to find that Boston-Maine is better
managed than Pan Am. The evidence shows that numerous Boston-
Maine employees were formerly employed by Pan Am and that Boston-
Maine seeks to employ more Pan Am employees. Moreover, the
evidence showed that Boston-Maine’s employees are being trained
by Pan Am employees.
Defendants protest that Boston-Maine and its employees will
be harmed if an injunction is granted because ALPA waited until
the eleventh hour to seek to avoid harm that it proclaimed has
been coming since it first opposed Boston-Maine’s requests to
expand its operations. That argument ignores that Boston-Maine
has also known during that same time period that ALPA vigorously
opposed Boston-Maine’s requests for regulatory approval to start
a 727 operation for two years. It should come as no surprise to
the defendants that ALPA has sought judicial intervention to stop
the defendants, two of which are not bound by the CBA, from
bringing the harm that it feared to fruition.
Defendants’ remaining assertions of harm similarly lack
merit. Defendants argue that Pan Am employees may be harmed if
28 they lose an opportunity to become employed by Boston-Maine once
Pan Am shuts down. It is disingenuous to suggest that Pan Am’s
unionized employees will suffer greater harm from an injunction
that prohibits the defendants from diverting Pan Am’s existing
work to Boston-Maine because those employees might lose
opportunities to “start over” at non-union Boston-Maine.
The Court further finds hollow defendants’ argument that
ALPA should not be granted an injunction because it has not
presented evidence that Pan Am will stay in existence beyond
October 31st. This argument turns logic on its head. Pan Am’s
owners, not its employees, determine how long it operates.
Despite this, Pan Am’s unionized employees had a reasonable
expectation under the RLA that Pan Am would not be replaced by a
duplicate operation at an affiliated non-union airline. For
these reasons, the Court finds that the balance of the harms
favors the grant of an injunction.
B. Public Interest
The Court further finds that the public interest favors
granting immediate relief to protect the statutory rights of ALPA
and the Pan Am flight crewmembers it represents and to uphold the
policies behind the RLA. The Court finds no evidence that an
29 injunction will have an adverse affect on the public interest.
The evidence shows that the defendants jointly control the
scheduling and operation of Pan Am’s and Boston-Maine’s flights,
and that Pan Am’s flying has been reduced in conjunction with the
expansion of the Boston-Maine 727 operation. There is no
evidence that Pan Am’s existing 727 aircraft operation is not
able to handle all of the defendants’ 727 flying needs for the
foreseeable future.
The Court rejects defendants’ argument that there could be
disruption to fare-paying passengers’ travel arrangements if Pan
Am is barred from exercising its authority to subcontract with
other carriers, including Boston-Maine, from time to time to
ensure smooth service. ALPA does not argue that Pan Am should be
prohibited from subcontracting with other carriers as necessary
to provide service to Pan Am’s passengers. Substantial evidence
has been provided that at least some Pan Am flying has been
diverted to Boston-Maine for reasons other than a flight crew
shortage or mechanical failure. If granted, a preliminary
injunction would merely prohibit the defendants from using its
non-union affiliate to perform work that unionized Pan Am has
traditionally performed, and is fully capable of performing.
30 Accordingly, the Court finds that the public interest favors the
grant of an injunction.
Conclusion
For the reasons set forth above, the Court recommends that
ALPA’s motion for a preliminary injunction (document n o . 3 ) be
granted, and the parties ordered to maintain the pre-dispute
status quo during the statutorily-mandated dispute resolution
procedures. Specifically, the Court recommends that, upon the
posting of adequate security by ALPA, that the defendants, Pan
American Airlines, Inc., and their officers, agents, servants,
employees, attorneys, and those persons acting in active concert
or participation with them who receive actual notice of this
order by personal service or otherwise be ordered to take the
following acts:
1. Restore to the status quo rates of pay, rules and working conditions of the Pan Am flight crewmembers as they existed on July 1 5 , 2004, including but not limited t o , all those embodied in the Pan Am-ALPA collective bargaining agreement, until all required bargaining, mediation and dispute resolution procedures of the RLA are exhausted.
2. Refrain from using Boston-Maine, or any other affiliated operation, to operate B-727s or other large jet aircraft in service traditionally performed by Pan Am and that Pan Am is capable of performing.
3. Refrain from transferring to Boston-Maine any aircraft from the Pan Am certificate to the Boston-Maine certificate.
31 Any objections to this Report and Recommendation must be
filed within ten (10) days of receipt of this notice. Failure to
file objections within the specified time waives the right to
appeal the district court’s order. See Unauthorized Practice of
Law Comm. v . Gordon, 979 F.2d 1 1 , 13-14 (1st Cir. 1992); United
States v . Valencia-Copete, 792 F.2d 4 , 6 (1st Cir. 1986).
__________________ ames R. Muirhead •rred States Magistrate Judge
Date: September 1 7 , 2004
cc: Andrew W . Serell, Esq. Julie P. Glass, Esq. Marcus C . Migliore, Esq. Eric L . Hirschhorn, Esq. Joseph E . Schuler, Esq. R. Matthew Cairns, Esq. William G. Miossi, Esq.