Opinion issued November 7, 2013
In The
Court of Appeals For The
First District of Texas ———————————— NO. 01-11-00471-CV ——————————— A & L INDUSTRIAL SERVICES INC., Appellant V. SHEDRICK OATIS AND WILLIE SMITH, Appellees
On Appeal from the 56th District Court Galveston County, Texas Trial Court Case No. 09CV0610
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Appellees Shedrick Oatis and Willie Smith sued their former employer,
Appellant A & L Industrial Services Inc. (A & L), claiming discrimination and
retaliatory action under Texas Labor Code 21.055. A jury found retaliatory action and awarded them back pay and compensatory and punitive damages. On appeal,
A & L argues the evidence was insufficient to support the jury’s findings regarding
(1) retaliatory action, (2) damages, and (3) malice. A & L also argues that the trial
court erred in submitting spoliation instructions to the jury. We affirm the trial
court’s judgment.
Background
A & L hired Oatis and Smith to perform turnaround work at the Valero
Refinery in Texas City, Texas in September of 2007. Oatis was hired as a
scaffolding carpenter at the pay rate of $16.00 per hour. Smith worked as a lead
man for $18.00 per hour.
Smith testified that after he was hired, an A & L human resources employee
informed him that other workers with the same certification as Smith were paid
more than Smith. Smith approached A & L’s human resources manager, Benjamin
Gallegos, about the pay difference, but Gallegos confirmed that Smith’s $18.00 per
hour pay rate was appropriate. Smith testified that he continued to ask his
supervisors about his pay rate after he spoke with other workers who were
performing the same job but were paid more. He testified that after the daily safety
meetings he would ask Ole Hernandez, the superintendent, David Ainsworth, an A
& L supervisor at the Valero Refinery, and a man named “Byrd” about getting a
raise. According to Smith, he was told that they would “get back” to him.
2 Smith testified that after he asked about the pay discrepancies, he and Oatis
were sent to an “all-black crew.” Smith explained that the crew consisted of every
African-American employee at A & L who worked under one African-American
foreman. Smith testified that, while working on this crew, he learned that all of the
African-American workers were being paid the same lower rates as Oatis and
Smith. Smith questioned his supervisors about the pay difference again, but this
time he asked if the pay difference was “because [they] were black.” The
supervisors again told him that they would get back to him. Smith testified that
this pattern of questions and answers continued daily for the three weeks that he
worked for A & L at the Valero Refinery.
Oatis also testified at trial. According to Oatis, after he and Smith
discovered that other workers were being paid more for doing the same job, they
began to question Hernandez about the discrepancy. After he was moved to the all
African-American crew, Oatis discovered that the African-American employees
were paid less than other workers. According to Oatis, he and Smith continued to
question Hernandez and Ainsworth about this. Oatis testified that during one of
these discussions, Oatis “brought up the issue of our skin” and “nationality” to
Ainsworth. According to Oatis, Ainsworth responded, “Oh, man. It’s nothing like
that. It’s nothing like that.”
3 According to Smith and Oatis, on the morning of the termination of their
employment they had already told their usual foreman, Carl, that they needed to
leave work early. 1 Smith and Oatis testified that they were put on different crews
that morning. When the time came for them to leave, Smith and Oatis told the new
foreman, Joe, that Carl had already given them the time off, and they began to
leave. When they reached an area known as the smoke pit, they were told to pack
up their tools and go to the lunch tent. At the lunch tent, Ainsworth informed them
that they had been fired. Smith testified that another employee, Byrd, drove Smith
to pick up his tools. While riding with Byrd, Smith heard someone say over the
radio that he and Oatis were being fired for leaving a helper unattended.
Before Oatis and Smith left the plant, A & L safety technician Edgar Salinas
gave Oatis and Smith each a document marked “Separation Notice.” Under
“Action Taken,” Salinas marked “Termination” on both forms. Before signing his
form, Smith demanded a reason for the termination. Salinas wrote “leaving helper
on site unattended” on both forms and gave each man a copy of his respective
Separation Notice.
Smith testified the reason given for the termination was false because he did
not leave a helper unattended. Oatis also testified that he did not agree with the
statement in the Separation Notice. He signed it anyway because he believed
1 A foreman could oversee multiple crews. On the morning of their termination, Oatis and Smith were working on separate crews. 4 refusing to sign it would be worse. Oatis and Smith testified that they did not
return to work at A & L, and both testified that they had limited success in finding
work on other turnaround jobs. They both filed complaints with the Equal
Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC).
Salinas, who completed the Separation Notices, testified that he made
mistakes in doing so. He testified that after he completed the Separation Notices,
he had Ainsworth sign them, and then realized that he had mistakenly checked the
box marked “Termination,” when he had intended to mark “Return to Hiring
Office.” Salinas admitted that he altered his copy of the Separation Notices to
correct his mistake while he took Smith and Oatis to an office to return their
badges. Salinas testified that he “used White-Out” to make the change and that he
did not initial the change or get Ainsworth to sign the revised version of the
Separation Notices. Salinas testified that he gave copies of the original and the
corrected versions of the Separation Notices to Oatis and Smith and told them to
return to the human resources office.
Gallegos testified about the hiring process. He explained that human
resources was required to maintain an average hourly pay rate on each jobsite.
Each position had a predetermined range of possible pay rates and an individual’s
pay was based on their experience and the goal of maintaining the average hourly
pay rate at a certain level. Gallegos testified that for A & L to maintain the
5 average hourly pay rate, men with similar qualifications who were hired on
different days might receive different pay.
Smith and Oatis’s attorney questioned Gallegos about notes placed in their
employment records. Smith’s file contained a note that said: “Warning do not hire
this person. Fails to follow procedures and safety. Disrespects supervisors. Ben
G. March 5, 2009.” A note in Oatis’s file contained similar wording: “Terminated
from Valero Texas City for leaving helper on site unattended. Company
violations, 10-5-07. Warning. Do not rehire this person. Disrespects supervision,
disregards for safety. Per Ben G. 3-5-09.” Gallegos admitted that he made these
notes and that Gallegos’s receipt of right to sue letters is what “prompted” him to
make them. A third note, which, according to Gallegos, may have applied to Oatis,
Smith, or both, said: “[P]lease note he is not eligible for rehire ever. Tried to sue
us. Simply tell him, ‘sorry but we have nothing for you at this time. Please try
again. Have a nice day.’ Not for rehire. Per Ben G.”
Ainsworth denied that Oatis or Smith ever asked him for a raise or asked
about their pay. Ainsworth testified that on the last day of Oatis’s and Smith’s
employment, one of his employees, Rafael, told him that “one of them” had left a
helper unattended. Ainsworth admitted that in most circumstances even if one
person walked away from a crew, the carpenter and two helpers would likely be
left together. He also admitted that although both Separation Notices stated that
6 the reason for separation was leaving a helper unattended, only one of them did so
(although he did not know whether it was Smith or Oatis), because they were on
different crews that day. According to Ainsworth, he intended to send Smith and
Oatis back to human resources to be placed elsewhere, and he asked Salinas to fill
out the paperwork and send them to the human resources office. Ainsworth
testified that he did not actually read the Separation Notices he signed and
therefore was unable to recall what was written or checked on the forms.
The jury found that race was not a motivating factor in A & L’s employment
decisions regarding Smith’s and Oatis’s hourly pay. But it did find that A & L
discharged or took other retaliatory actions against both Oatis and Smith because
of their opposition to a discriminatory practice or filing of a charge of
discrimination. The jury awarded Oatis $67,061.50 in back pay and $30,000 for
past compensatory damages. It awarded Smith $68,215 in back pay and $30,000
for past compensatory damages. The jury also awarded Oatis and Smith $30,000
in exemplary damages each, based on its finding of malice. In addition, the trial
court’s judgment awarded Oatis and Smith $9,132 and $13,995, respectively, in
front pay in lieu of reinstatement. A & L appealed.
Sufficiency of the Evidence
In conducting a legal sufficiency review, we review the evidence presented
below in a light most favorable to the jury’s verdict, crediting favorable evidence if
7 reasonable jurors could and disregarding contrary evidence unless reasonable
jurors could not. Del Lago Partners, Inc. v. Smith, 307 S.W.3d 762, 770 (Tex.
2010); City of Keller v. Wilson, 168 S.W.3d 802, 827 (Tex. 2005). We set aside
the verdict only if the evidence at trial would not enable reasonable and fair-
minded people to reach the verdict under review. See City of Keller, 168 S.W.3d at
827. The evidence is legally insufficient only if (a) there is a complete absence of
evidence of a vital fact; (b) the court is barred by rules of law or of evidence from
giving weight to the only evidence offered to prove a vital fact; (c) the evidence
offered to prove a vital fact is no more than a mere scintilla; or (d) the evidence
establishes conclusively the opposite of the vital fact. See City of Keller, 168
S.W.3d at 810; King Ranch, Inc. v. Chapman, 118 S.W.3d 742, 751 (Tex. 2003).
In conducting a factual sufficiency review, we consider all the evidence and
set aside the verdict only if it is so contrary to the overwhelming weight of the
evidence that it is clearly wrong and unjust. Cain v. Bain, 709 S.W.2d 175, 176
(Tex. 1986). We cannot “substitute our opinion for that of the trier of fact merely
because we might have reached a different conclusion.” Glockzin v. Rhea, 760
S.W.2d 665, 666 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1988, writ ref’d).
Under either standard of review, we must be mindful that the jury as finder
of fact is the sole judge of the credibility of the witnesses and the weight to be
given their testimony. McGalliard v. Kuhlmann, 722 S.W.2d 694, 696 (Tex.
8 1986); Raymond v. Rahme, 78 S.W.3d 552, 556 (Tex. App.—Austin 2002, no
pet.). The jury may choose to believe one witness and disbelieve another, and we
must not impose our own opinion to the contrary. City of Keller, 168 S.W.3d at
819.
A. Retaliation
In its first issue, A & L argues that the evidence is legally and factually
insufficient to support the jury’s finding that Oatis’s and Smith’s opposition to a
discriminatory practice or filing a charge of discrimination was the cause of
discharge or other retaliatory action.
Texas Labor Code Section 21.055 prohibits employers from retaliating
against employees for engaging in protected activities such as opposing a
discriminatory practice, making a charge, or filing a complaint. TEX. LAB. CODE
ANN. § 21.055 (West 2006). To be protected under section 21.005, an employee is
not required to show that an actual unlawful practice existed; rather the employee
need only show that he had a good faith reasonable belief that the employer
engaged in an activity that would be unlawful under Title VII or the Texas
Commission on Human Rights Act. See City of Waco v. Lopez, 259 S.W.3d 147,
151 (Tex. 2008).
To prevail on a claim under section 21.055, the plaintiff bears the burden to
make a prima facie showing that: (1) he engaged in a protected activity, (2) an
9 adverse employment action occurred, and (3) there was a causal link between the
protected activity and the adverse action. Dias v. Goodman Mfg. Co., L.P., 214
S.W.3d 672, 676 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2007, pet. denied); Gumpert v.
ABF Freight Sys., Inc., 293 S.W.3d 256, 262 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2009, pet.
denied). The employee must establish that absent his protected activity, the
adverse employment action would not have occurred when it did. See Gumpert,
293 S.W.3d at 262; McMillon v. Tex. Dep’t of Ins., 963 S.W.2d 935, 940 (Tex.
App.—Austin 1998, no pet.). The employee need not establish that the protected
activity was the sole cause of the employment action. Herbert v. City of Forest
Hill, 189 S.W.3d 369, 377 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2006, no pet.). To prove that a
challenged action constitutes an adverse employment action, the plaintiff must
show that a reasonable employee would have found the challenged action
materially adverse, meaning that it could well have dissuaded a reasonable
employee from making or supporting a charge of discrimination. Burlington N. &
Santa Fe Ry. Co. v. White, 548 U.S. 53, 68, 126 S.Ct. 2405, 2415 (2006) (internal
quotations omitted); Niu v. Revcor Molded Prods. Co., 206 S.W.3d 723, 731 (Tex.
App.—Fort Worth 2006, no pet.).
When an employee establishes a prima facie case of retaliation, the burden
shifts to the employer to articulate a non-discriminatory reason for the adverse
employment action. McCoy v. Tex. Instruments, Inc., 183 S.W.3d 548, 554 (Tex.
10 App.—Dallas 2006, no pet.). If the employer does so, the burden shifts back to the
employee to show that the articulated reasons are pretextual. See Quantum Chem.
Corp. v. Toennies, 47 S.W.3d 473, 482 (Tex. 2001) (stating plaintiffs pursuing
claims under TCHR must “show that discrimination was a motivating factor in an
adverse employment decision”).
Here, the charge submitted to the jury asked, in Question 3, “Did A & L
Industrial Services, Inc. discharge or take other retaliatory action against Shedrick
Oatis because of his opposition to a discriminatory practice or his filing a charge
of discrimination or participating in any manner in a discriminatory proceeding?”
Question 4 asked the same with respect to Smith. A & L did not object to broad
form submission. See Tex. Comm’n on Human Rights v. Morrison, 381 S.W.3d
533, 535–36 (Tex. 2012) (objection to single broad-form liability question is
required to preserve error); Osterberg v. Peca, 12 S.W.3d 31, 55 (Tex. 2000)
(when no objection is made to jury issue, sufficiency of the evidence is measured
against charge given by court). Accordingly, if any of the submitted theories of
liability is supported by legally and factually sufficient evidence, A & L’s
sufficiency challenge must be overruled. See Harris Cnty. v. Smith, 96 S.W.3d
230, 232 (Tex. 2002) (holding that where broad-form objection is not preserved,
sufficiency challenge is limited to the verdict as a whole).
11 Here, the evidence at trial was sufficient to permit a rational jury to answer
“yes” to Questions 3 and 4. With respect to the first element, engaging in
protected activity, Oatis and Smith both testified that they discovered that African-
American employees were paid less than employees of other races. They also
testified that they repeatedly questioned various supervisors and Gallegos about the
differences in pay and their belief that the differences were based on their race.
Although Ainsworth, Hernandez, and Gallegos all denied that Smith and Oatis
asked whether differences in pay were based on race, Oatis’s and Smith’s
testimony was some evidence that they had opposed what they in good faith
believed was a discriminatory practice of basing employee pay rates on race. See
Lopez, 259 S.W.3d at 151 (holding that internal grievance alleging prohibited
discriminatory conduct under the TCHRA was protected activity); Tex. Dep’t of
Assistive and Rehabilitative Servs. v. Abraham, No. 03-05-00003-CV, 2006 WL
191940, at *6 (Tex. App.—Austin 2006, no pet.) (holding an internal complaint of
sexual harassment was protected activity under section 21.055(3)); Wal-Mart
Stores, Inc. v. Lane, 31 S.W.3d 282, 296 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi 2000, pet.
denied) (informal, internal complaint to supervisor regarding alleged harassing
conduct prohibited by the TCHRA was a protected activity).
Likewise, there was sufficient evidence presented to permit a rational jury to
determine that an adverse employment action occurred. Oatis’s and Smith’s last
12 day of work with A & L was October 5, 2007. Oatis and Smith contended their
employment was terminated on that day. They introduced into evidence copies of
their Separation Notices on which there was a check next to the box for
“Termination.” Salinas, who completed the Separation Notices, testified that he
mistakenly checked the “Termination” box, then “used White-Out” to correct the
error so that the form reflected “Return to Hiring Office,” and gave copies of both
versions to each of Smith and Oatis. Ainsworth testified he intended to send Smith
and Oatis back to human resources to be placed elsewhere. But the jury was free
to resolve the conflicting evidence in Oatis’s and Smith’s favor and conclude they
suffered an adverse employment action—termination—on October 5, 2007. See
City of Keller, 168 S.W.3d at 819.
There was also sufficient evidence of a causal link between Oatis’s and
Smith’s complaints about pay and their termination on October 5, 2007. Both
Oatis and Smith testified that they had inquired whether the discrepancies in pay
were racially motivated. They both testified that they made these inquiries
repeatedly during the three week period before October 5, 2007, and we conclude
this is sufficient evidence to support the jury’s causation finding. See Cont’l
Coffee Prods. Co. v. Cazarez, 937 S.W.2d 444, 451 (Tex. 1996) (circumstantial
evidence, and the reasonable inferences from such evidence, can prove causal
link); Menefee v. McCaw Cellular Comms. of Tex., Inc., No. 05-02-00142-CV,
13 2003 WL 1461469, at *7 (Tex. App.—Dallas Mar. 24, 2003, no pet.) (mem. op.)
(“Close timing between an employee’s protected activity and an adverse action
against her may provide a sufficient causal connection necessary for a showing of
retaliation.”).
A & L argues that the jury’s finding of retaliation is unsupported because
A & L adduced evidence that Smith and Oatis were disciplined for their poor work
ethic and policy violations, particularly leaving a helper unattended. A & L denies
it terminated the employment of Oatis and Smith and urges that it was justified in
asking them to leave the job site given their past performance. It contends that its
evidence of their history of poor performance renders the jury’s liability finding
factually insufficient. But the jury was not required to accept A & L’s contention
that Oatis and Smith had a history of poor performance or that they were merely
being sent away from the site (but not terminated) for leaving a helper unattended.
Indeed, Oatis and Smith presented evidence to discredit these claims. A & L’s
policies required written warnings for discipline issues, but neither Oatis nor Smith
received a written warning before October 5, 2007. And, although the Separation
Notices state that they were disciplined for “leaving helper on site unattended,”
Ainsworth admitted that they were on different crews on the day they were fired
and, at most, only one of them actually did so.
14 In sum, viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict, we
conclude that the evidence adduced at trial would enable reasonable and fair-
minded people to conclude that there was a causal link between Oatis’s and
Smith’s opposition to race-based pay rates and their termination, and is therefore
legally sufficient. City of Keller, 168 S.W.3d at 827 (evidence is legally sufficient
if it would enable reasonable and fair-minded people to reach the verdict under
review). Having considered all of the evidence, we likewise conclude that the
jury’s liability finding is not so contrary to the overwhelming weight of the
evidence that it is clearly wrong and unjust. Cain, 709 S.W.2d at 176.
We overrule A & L’s first issue.
B. Damages
In its second issue, A & L contends that the evidence is factually insufficient
to support the jury’s damage awards.
The jury has discretion to award damages within the range of evidence
presented at trial, so long as a rational basis exists for the jury’s calculation. Swank
v. Sverdlin, 121 S.W.3d 785, 799 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2003, pet.
denied); Mayberry v. Texas Dep’t of Agric., 948 S.W.2d 312, 317 (Tex. App.—
Austin 1997, writ denied). A jury’s finding will not be disregarded merely because
its reasoning in arriving at its figure may be unclear. Pleasant v. Bradford, 260
S.W.3d 546, 559 (Tex. App.—Austin 2008, pet. denied); see also Mayberry, 948
15 S.W.2d at 317 (applying same rationale in employment context). Where the
evidence supports a range of potentially appropriate awards, Texas courts have
found jury awards to be supported by factually sufficient evidence when they do
not “differ greatly from either the top end of the range or the bottom end.”
Mayberry, 948 S.W.2d at 317; cf. First State Bank v. Keilman, 851 S.W.2d 914,
931 (Tex. App.—Austin 1993, writ denied) (holding damages amount arbitrary
when number fell between both defendant and plaintiff’s “relatively precise”
methods for calculating unauthorized interest because finding lacked rational
basis).
A & L contends that the evidence is factually insufficient to support both the
jury’s awards of back pay and the compensatory damage awards. We address each
contention in turn.
1. Back Pay
Back pay compensates an employee for the amount of money he would have
earned had the prohibited employment action not taken place, minus the amount he
earned following the prohibited action. See TEX. LAB. CODE ANN. § 21.258(c)
(West 2006); West Telemarketing Corp. Outbound v. McClure, 225 S.W.3d 658,
668 (Tex. App.—El Paso 2006, pet. granted, judgm’t vacated w.r.m.).
Smith testified that he earned $20 to $21 per hour as a scaffold builder
before working for A & L. According to Smith, he worked on average 60 hours
16 per week, 30 weeks per year. Smith testified that he worked 20 hours of overtime
for which he was paid at time-and-a-half, each week. Based on these figures, he
testified that he would have earned $132,000 during the three years following his
termination from A & L. He subtracted $53,000 he had actually earned during the
period to arrive at a total lost wages figure of $69,000.2
Oatis testified that prior to working at A & L he earned $18 per hour and
worked about 30 weeks per year. Oatis, like Smith, testified that he worked 60
hours per week, 20 of which were paid at time-and-a-half. After subtracting his
actual earnings from the previous three years, Oatis testified that he would have
earned about $80,000 more in wages had he not been terminated from A & L.
A & L presented evidence that Smith and Oatis’s lost wages figures were
inflated because, in fact, there was very little turnaround work during the relevant
three-year period following their termination. Both Gallegos and A & L Vice
President Arvin Varghese testified that A & L’s turnaround work had slowed in the
years since Oatis and Smith left A & L. According to Varghese, although A & L
performed 30 to 50 turnarounds in 2006 and 2007, they had been hired for only
four in 2008 and two in 2009. Gallegos also testified that A & L had performed
only a couple of turnarounds in 2007 and 2008. Smith countered this evidence by
testifying that he would have been able to continue working as a scaffold builder
2 The difference between $132,000 and $53,000 is $79,000.00, but Smith testified that the number was $69,000. 17 because there were still many turnaround jobs available at the time of trial,
including though A & L.
On appeal, A & L argues there is factually insufficient evidence to support
awards of lost wages higher than the amount that Oatis and Smith would have
earned through the end of the 2007 Valero project for which they were hired.
A & L offered a chart showing Oatis’s and Smith’s lost wages through the end of
the Valero project. Based on a pay rate of $21 per hour for Smith and $18 for
Oatis, Oatis’s and Smith’s lost wages, had they continued working for A & L until
the Valero project was completed, would have totaled $7,061.50 and $8,992.50
respectively.
We hold that the back pay awards are supported by factually sufficient
evidence. The jury was presented with many variables from which to reach its
back pay determinations. The jury was free to believe Oatis’s and Smith’s
testimony about their average rate of pay, and their average weeks and hours
worked. See City of Keller, 168 S.W.3d at 819. The jury was not bound to accept
A & L’s contention that turnaround work evaporated after A & L completed the
Valero project. The jury’s back pay award of $67,061.50 for Oatis and $68,215.00
for Smith are within the range of evidence presented at trial. Accordingly, we
overrule A & L’s challenge to the back pay awards. Mayberry, 948 S.W.2d at
316–17 (damage award for lost wages that fell within range of evidence presented
18 at trial was supported by record); SAS & Assocs., Inc. v. Home Mktg. Servicing,
Inc., 168 S.W.3d 296, 303 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2005, pet. denied) (upholding jury’s
award of fraud damages within range of evidence presented at trial even though
jury’s basis for award amount was unclear).
2. Compensatory Damages
A & L argues that the evidence is factually insufficient to support the jury’s
compensatory damage awards of $30,000 to each of Smith and Oatis because there
is factually insufficient evidence to support an award of mental anguish damages.
The Texas Supreme Court has held that when a broad-form damages
question commingles valid and invalid elements of damages and an appellant’s
objection is timely and specific, the resulting error is harmful, and a new trial is
required when an appellate court cannot determine whether the jury based its
verdict on an improperly submitted, invalid element of damage. Smith, 96 S.W.3d
at 234. A proper objection is one that “plainly inform[s] the court that a specific
element of damages should not be included in a broad-form question because there
is no evidence to support its submission.” Id. at 236. When damages issues are
submitted in broad-form, it is difficult, if not impossible, to determine the amount
that the jury awarded for each element of damages. If a party does not ask for
separate damage findings, it can challenge only the sufficiency of the evidence
supporting the entire award of damages. See City of Houston v. Levingston, 221
19 S.W.3d 204, 230 (Tex. App.—[1st Dist.] 2006, no pet.) (citing Thomas v. Oldham,
895 S.W.2d 352, 360 (Tex. 1995)). To challenge a multi-element damage award
on appeal successfully, a party must address all of the elements of damages and
show that the evidence is insufficient to support the entire damage award. G.T.
Mgmt., Inc. v. Gonzalez, 106 S.W.3d 880, 885 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2003, no pet.);
Norfolk S. Ry. Co. v. Bailey, 92 S.W.3d 577, 583–84 (Tex. App.—Austin 2002, no
pet.). Failure to do so results in a waiver of the sufficiency challenge. Tex. Youth
Comm’n v. Koustoubardis, 378 S.W.3d 497, 501–02 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2012, no
pet.); Levingston, 221 S.W.3d at 230.
Here, the jury was asked, with respect to each plaintiff, “What sum of
money, if any, if paid now in cash . . . would be a fair and reasonable
compensation” for “compensatory damages in the past, which include emotional
pain and suffering, inconvenience, mental anguish, loss of enjoyment of life, and
other noneconomic losses?” A & L made no objection. Accordingly, its challenge
on appeal is limited to the sufficiency of the evidence supporting the entire award
of compensatory damages. See Koustoubardis, 378 S.W.3d at 502; Levingston,
221 S.W.3d at 230.
A & L argues only that the compensatory damages award is unsupported
because there is factually insufficient evidence to support an award of mental
anguish damages. A & L does not challenge the sufficiency of the evidence with
20 respect to the other elements submitted in the same question: “emotional pain and
suffering, inconvenience, loss of enjoyment of life, or other noneconomic loss.”
Accordingly, we hold that A & L has waived appellate review of its sufficiency
challenge to compensatory damages. See Koustoubardis, 378 S.W.3d at 502
(appellant that challenged sufficiency of evidence to support mental anguish
damages, but did not challenge sufficiency of evidence to support damages for
emotional pain and suffering, inconvenience, loss of enjoyment of life, or other
noneconomic loss waived sufficiency challenge where compensatory damages
question was submitted in broad form); Levingston, 221 S.W.3d at 230 (appellant
that failed to object to broad-form damages submission waived appellate complaint
as to compensatory damages when it failed to argue insufficiency of evidence as to
all compensatory damage grounds).
We overrule A & L’s second issue.
C. Malice
In its third issue, A & L argues that the evidence is legally and factually
insufficient to support the jury’s finding by clear and convincing evidence that the
harm to Oatis and Smith was a result of malice.
The jury was asked in Question 7, “Do you find by clear and convincing
evidence that the harm to Shedrick Oatis resulted from malice?” The jury was
asked the same about Smith in Question 8. In the absence of an objection, we
21 measure the sufficiency of the evidence against the charge given. See Osterberg,
12 S.W.3d at 55. The charge defined malice as “a specific intent by A & L
Industrial Services, Inc. to cause substantial injury or harm” and defined clear and
convincing evidence to be the “measure or degree of proof that produces a firm
belief or conviction of the truth of the allegation sought to establish.”
Evidence of a retaliatory action alone is not sufficient to show malice. See
Ancira Enters., Inc. v. Fisher, 178 S.W.3d 82, 94 (Tex. App.—Austin 2005, no
pet.) (citing Cont’l Coffee, 937 S.W.2d at 454). If evidence of retaliatory action
alone were sufficient for a jury to find malice, malice would be present in every
case in which retaliatory discharge was established. See id. However, knowledge
of laws that prohibit retaliation on the part of an employer who has committed a
retaliatory action has been found to be some evidence to support exemplary
damages. See id. at 94–95. In addition, “[c]ourts have also recognized malice
where an employer engages in harassment in connection with a wrongful firing.”
Safeshred, Inc. v. Martinez, 365 S.W.3d 655, 663 (Tex. 2012); see Whole Foods
Mkt. Sw., L.P. v. Tijerina, 979 S.W.2d 768, 779 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.]
1998, pet. denied) (forcing an employee to sign a false confession upon
termination was evidence of malice).
Gallegos, A & L’s human resources manager, testified that he was aware
that if an employee opposes a discriminatory practice and is fired as a result, the
22 employee has a potential retaliation claim. Gallegos also admitted that he made
notes in Oatis’s and Smith’s employment records that they were ineligible for
rehire. He acknowledged that his receipt of notices that Oatis and Smith filed
EEOC claims against A & L is what prompted him to make the notes. He also
acknowledged that retaliating against an employee for filing a charge of
discrimination was legally impermissible.
Salinas testified that he wrote “leaving a helper unattended” on each of the
Separation Notices, after Smith asked why he and Oatis were being fired.
However, Ainsworth, the A & L supervisor that signed the Notices, admitted only
one of them left a helper unattended—although he could not identify whether it
was Smith or Oatis—because they were on different crews that day. Oatis and
Smith both denied leaving a helper unattended.
A & L relies on its claim that Oatis and Smith were asked to leave the job
site for “repeated violations of established rules,” and that its actions were
“manifestly justified” by Oatis’s and Smith’s “misconduct, insubordination and
violation of company rules.” However, Gallegos testified that A & L’s policy was
to provide written warnings to employees who were committing misconduct, and it
is undisputed that no written warnings were provided to Oatis and Smith prior to
their termination. Further, although Gallegos placed notes in the employment files
of Oatis and Smith, indicating that they “fail[ed] to follow procedures and safety,”
23 “[d]isrespect[ed] supervisors,” committed “[c]ompany violations,” and
“[d]isregard[ed] . . . safety,” he testified that the basis for these notes was his
receipt of notice that Oatis and Smith had filed complaints with the EEOC.
Further, Gallegos indicated in another note in the files that the basis for refusing to
rehire was not work misconduct, but because they “[t]ried to sue us.”
We hold that this evidence is sufficient to support a firm belief or conviction
that A & L terminated Oatis and Smith because they opposed a discriminatory
practice, knowing that its actions were against the law, and forced Oatis and Smith
to sign the Separation Notices, when at most one of them engaged in the
misconduct for which they were both terminated. See Ancira, 178 S.W.3d at 94
(evidence that human resources director was knowledgeable of anti-discrimination
policy was sufficient to show malice and support finding of exemplary damages);
Tesmec USA, Inc. v. Whittington, 10-04-00301-CV, 2006 WL 827849, at *7 (Tex.
App.—Waco Jan. 18, 2006, pet. denied) (mem. op.) (evidence sufficient to support
malice finding where evidence showed retaliatory action taken after employee filed
workers’ compensation claim and employers admitted they were aware it was
against law to discriminate or retaliate against employee for filing a claim);
Tijerina, 979 S.W.2d at 779 (forcing an employee to sign a false confession upon
termination was evidence of malice). Accordingly, we conclude that this evidence
is legally sufficient to support the jury’s finding that A & L acted with malice.
24 City of Keller, 168 S.W.3d at 827. Having considered all of the evidence, we
likewise conclude that a finding that A & L acted with malice is not so contrary to
the overwhelming weight of the evidence that it is clearly wrong and unjust. Cain,
709 S.W.2d at 176.
We overrule A & L’s third issue.
Spoliation Instruction
In its fourth issue, A & L contends that the trial court abused its discretion
by including two spoliation instructions in the charge. Oatis and Smith filed a
pretrial motion requesting spoliation instructions and sanctions, contending that
A & L spoliated evidence by (1) altering the original Separation Notices with
white-out so that they would reflect that Oatis and Smith were told to return to the
hiring office rather than terminated, and failing to retain the original Notices, and
(2) failing to preserve the scratch pads on which Gallegos jotted notes at work.
The trial court held a hearing on the motion on September 13, 2010. At the
conclusion of the hearing, the trial court granted Oatis’s and Smith’s request for
two spoliation instructions, one for the Separation Notices and one for Gallegos’s
scratch pads. The trial court stated that it would include the instructions proposed
and signed an order to that effect.
On November 8, 2010, A & L submitted proposed revised versions of the
spoliation instructions. A & L did not indicate that they were submitted subject to
25 any objections. At the charge conference on November 15, 2010, A & L requested
that specific words in the spoliation instructions be changed in keeping with its
proposed revised instructions. It requested that a reference in one of the spoliation
instructions to “termination paperwork” be changed to “Separation Notice.” It also
requested that the trial court remove the language instructing the jury that
Gallegos’s journals “would have shown that Plaintiffs were terminated on
October 5, 2007,” and that they “had lodged complaints about their pay rate from
A & L Services, Inc.” But A & L never objected to the submission of the
instructions at the charge conference. In fact, at the end of the conference, the
court gave both parties a copy of the court’s proposed charge. The court asked
A & L whether it had any objection to the charge, to which A & L responded, “No
objection.”
In its motion for new trial and on appeal, A & L asserts that the trial court
erred in submitting the spoliation instructions to the jury. In its motion for new
trial, A & L contended that “[t]he objections to these instructions were made and
preserved.” It contends it preserved the error by filing a written response to the
pretrial motion requesting spoliation instructions and objecting during the pretrial
hearing on the motion.
In order to preserve error on appeal, a party must timely object to the jury
charge, plainly make the trial court aware of the nature of the complaint, and
26 obtain a ruling. Ford Motor Co. v. Ledesma, 242 S.W.3d 32, 43 (Tex. 2007); see
TEX. R. CIV. P. 272. Failure to object before the charge is read to the jury waives
the complaint. TEX. R. CIV. P. 272; Roberson v. Collins, 221 S.W.3d 239, 243
(Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2006, no pet.) (citing F.S. New Prods., Inc. v.
Strong Indus. Inc., 129 S.W.3d 606, 624 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2004, no
pet.) (op. on reh’g)). An affirmative statement of no objection to the charge also
waives the complaint. Wackenhut Corp. v. Gutierrez, 358 S.W.3d 722, 725 (Tex.
App.—San Antonio 2011, pet. filed).
The San Antonio Court of Appeals found waiver on similar facts in
Wackenhut Corp. v. Gutierrez, 358 S.W.3d 722 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2011,
pet. filed). There, the plaintiff filed a pretrial motion requesting a spoliation
instruction. Id. at 723. The defendant filed a response, arguing that there was no
evidence of spoliation to support such an instruction, and requesting a limine
instruction excluding any reference to the alleged spoliation at trial. Id. at 723–24.
The trial court did not rule on the request for the spoliation instruction until after
the plaintiff rested his case, at which point the trial court granted the request. Id. at
724. The defendant did not object to the ruling. Id. Later, at the conclusion of the
charge conference, the defendant affirmatively stated that there was no objection to
the jury charge, which included a spoliation instruction. Id. Then, after the charge
was read to the jury, the defendant requested a bench conference and told the trial
27 judge “We are objecting to the submission of the spoliation instruction.” Id. The
San Antonio Court of Appeals held that even though the defendant complained
about the inclusion of the instruction in its motion for new trial, the defendant
waived its right to appeal the court’s inclusion of the instruction because the
defendant’s objection at trial was not specific and timely and the defendant had
stated that there was no objection to the charge. Id. at 725.
Similarly, we conclude that A & L failed to preserve this issue for review.
TEX. R. APP. P. 33.1(a).
We overrule A & L’s fourth issue.
Conclusion
We affirm the judgment of the trial court.
Rebeca Huddle Justice
Panel consists of Justices Jennings, Massengale, and Huddle.