§ 11-101

Maryland § 11-101

• Jurisdiction: Maryland
• Article gtg: Tax - General
• Title: 11

Text

§11–101. IN EFFECT

(a) In this title the following words have the meanings indicated.

(a–1) “Accommodation” means a right to occupy a room or lodgings as a transient guest.

(a–2) (1) “Accommodations intermediary” means a person, other than an accommodations provider, who facilitates the sale or use of an accommodation and charges a buyer the taxable price for the accommodation.

(2) For purposes of this subsection, a person shall be considered to facilitate the sale or use of an accommodation if the person brokers, coordinates, or in any other way arranges for the sale or use of an accommodation by a buyer.

(a–3) “Accommodations provider” means a person that owns, operates, or manages an accommodation and makes the accommodation available for sale or use to a buyer.

(a–4) “Booking transaction” means any transaction in which there is a retail sale of an accommodation.

(b) “Buyer” means a person who:

(1) acquires tangible personal property in a sale;

(2) obtains a taxable service in a sale; or

(3) acquires a digital code or digital product in a sale.

(c) “Cleaning of a commercial or industrial building” means the following services performed to a commercial or industrial building:

(1) floor, carpet, wall, window, ceiling, and exterior cleaning; and

(2) janitorial services.

(c–1) “Customer tax address” means, with respect to a sale of a digital code, digital product, or taxable service described under subsection (m)(14) or (15) of this section:

(1) for a digital code, digital product, or taxable service described under subsection (m)(14) or (15) of this section that is received by a buyer at the business location of the vendor, the address of that business location;

(2) if item (1) of this subsection is not applicable and the primary use location of the digital code, digital product, or taxable service described under subsection (m)(14) or (15) of this section is known by the vendor, that primary use location;

(3) if items (1) and (2) of this subsection are not applicable, the location where the digital code, digital product, or taxable service described under subsection (m)(14) or (15) of this section is received by the buyer, or by a donee of the buyer that is identified by the buyer, if known to the vendor and maintained in the ordinary course of the vendor’s business;

(4) if items (1) through (3) of this subsection are not applicable, the location indicated by an address for the buyer that is available from the business records of the vendor that are maintained in the ordinary course of business of the vendor’s business, when use of the address does not constitute bad faith;

(5) if items (1) through (4) of this subsection are not applicable, the location indicated by an address for the buyer obtained during the consummation of the sale, including the address of the buyer’s payment instrument, when use of the address does not constitute bad faith; or

(6) if items (1) through (5) of this subsection are not applicable, including a circumstance in which a vendor is without sufficient information to apply those items, one of the following locations, as selected by the vendor, provided that the location is consistently used by the vendor for all sales to which this item applies:

(i) the location in the United States of the headquarters of the vendor’s business;

(ii) the location in the United States where the vendor has the greatest number of employees; or

(iii) the location in the United States from which the vendor makes digital products available for electronic transfer.

(c–2) “Detective” means a person who is authorized to provide private detective services under Title 13 of the Business Occupations and Professions Article.

(c–3) (1) “Digital code” means a number, symbol, alphanumeric sequence, barcode, or similar code that:

(i) may be obtained by any means, including:

1. in a tangible form, such as a card; or

2. through e–mail; and

(ii) provides a buyer with a right to obtain one or more digital products.

(2) “Digital code” does not include a gift certificate or gift card with a monetary value that may be redeemable for an item other than a digital product.

(c–4) (1) “Digital product” means a product that is obtained electronically by the buyer or delivered by means other than tangible storage media through the use of technology having electrical, digital, magnetic, wireless, optical, electromagnetic, or similar capabilities.

(2) “Digital product” includes:

(i) a work that results from the fixation of a series of sounds that are transferred electronically, including:

1. prerecorded or live music or performances, readings of books or other written materials, and speeches; and

2. audio greeting cards sent by e–mail;

(ii) a digitized sound file, such as a ring tone, that is downloaded onto a device and may be used to alert the user of the device with respect to a communication;

(iii) a series of related images that, when shown in succession, impart an impression of motion, together with any accompanying sounds that are transferred electronically, including motion pictures, musical videos, news and entertainment programs, live events, video greeting cards sent by e–mail, and video or electronic games;

(iv) a book, generally known as an “e–book”, that is transferred electronically; and

(v) a newspaper, magazine, periodical, chat room discussion, weblog, or any other similar product that is transferred electronically.

(3) “Digital product” does not include:

(i) prerecorded or live instruction by a public, private, or parochial elementary or secondary school or a public or private institution of higher education;

(ii) instruction in a skill or profession in a buyer’s current or prospective business, occupation, or trade if the instruction:

1. is not prerecorded; and

2. features an interactive element between the buyer and the instructor or other buyers contemporaneous with the instruction;

(iii) a seminar, discussion, or similar event hosted by a nonprofit organization or business association, if the seminar, discussion, or event:

1. is not prerecorded; and

2. features an interactive element between the buyer and host or other buyers contemporaneous with the seminar, discussion, or event;

(iv) a professional service obtained electronically or delivered through the use of technology having electrical, digital, magnetic, wireless, optical, electromagnetic, or similar capabilities;

(v) a product having electrical, digital, magnetic, wireless, optical, electromagnetic, or similar capabilities where the purchaser holds a copyright or other intellectual property interest in the product, in whole or in part, if the purchaser uses the product solely for commercial purposes, including advertising or other marketing activities; or

(vi) computer software or software as a service purchased or licensed solely for commercial purposes in an enterprise computer system, including operating programs or application software for the exclusive use of the enterprise software system, that is housed or maintained by the purchaser or on a cloud server, whether hosted by the purchaser, the software vendor, or a third party.

(c–5) (1) “End user” means any person who receives or accesses a digital code, digital product code, or taxable service described under subsection (m)(14) or (15) of this section for use.

(2) “End user” does not include any person who receives a digital code, digital product, or taxable service described under subsection (m)(14) or (15) of this section for further commercial broadcast, rebroadcast, transmission, retransmission, licensing, relicensing, distribution, redistribution, or exhibition of the digital product.

(c–6) “Home amenity” means any portion, whether indoors or outdoors, of a residential property, excluding bedrooms or any portion of the property intended for sleeping quarters, that is occupied by the hour and for not more than 15 hours consecutively.

(c–7) “Home amenity rental” means the temporary use in exchange for consideration of a home amenity.

(c–8) (1) “Home amenity rental intermediary” means a person, other than a home amenity rental provider, who facilitates the sale or use of a home amenity and charges a buyer the taxable price for the home amenity rental.

(2) For purposes of this subsection, a person shall be considered to facilitate the sale or use of a home amenity if the person brokers, coordinates, or in any other way arranges for the sale or use of a home amenity by a buyer.

(c–9) “Home amenity rental platform” means an Internet–based digital entity that:

(1) advertises the availability of home amenities; and

(2) receives compensation for facilitating reservations or processing booking transactions on behalf of the owner, operator, or manager of a home amenity.

(c–10) (1) “Marketplace facilitator” means a person that:

(i) facilitates a retail sale by a marketplace seller by listing or advertising for sale in a marketplace tangible personal property, digital code, or a digital product; and

(ii) regardless of whether the person receives compensation or other consideration in exchange for the person’s services, directly or indirectly through agreements with third parties, collects payment from a buyer and transmits the payment to the marketplace seller.

(2) “Marketplace facilitator” does not include:

(i) a platform or forum that exclusively provides Internet advertising services, including listing products for sale, if the platform or forum does not also engage, directly or indirectly, in collecting payment from a buyer and transmitting that payment to the vendor;

(ii) a payment processor business appointed by a vendor to handle payment transactions from clients, including credit cards and debit cards, whose only activity with respect to marketplace sales is to handle transactions between two parties; or

(iii) a delivery service company that delivers tangible personal property on behalf of a marketplace seller that is engaged in the business of a retail vendor and holds a license issued under Subtitle 7 of this title.

(c–11) “Marketplace seller” means a person that makes a retail sale or sale for use through a physical or electronic marketplace operated by a marketplace facilitator.

(c–12) “NAICS” means the North American Industrial Classification System, United States Manual, 2022 Edition, published by the United States Office of Management and Budget.

(c–13) “Permanent” means perpetual or for an indefinite or unspecified length of time.

(d) “Person” includes:

(1) this State or a political subdivision, unit, or instrumentality of this State;

(2) another state or a political subdivision, unit, or instrumentality of that state; and

(3) a unit or instrumentality of a political subdivision of this State or of another state.

(e) “Prepaid telephone calling arrangement” means the right to use telecommunications services, paid for in advance, that enables the origination of calls using an access number or authorization code, whether manually or electronically dialed.

(e–1) (1) “Primary use location” means the street address representative of where the buyer’s use of a digital code, digital product, or taxable service described under subsection (m)(14) or (15) of this section will primarily occur, as determined by:

(i) the residential street address or a business street address of the actual end user of the digital code, digital product, or taxable service described under subsection (m)(14) or (15) of this section including, if applicable, the address of a donee of the buyer that is designated by the buyer; or

(ii) if the buyer is not an individual, the location of the buyer’s end users, including employees, or equipment that makes use of the digital code, digital product, or taxable service described under subsection (m)(14) or (15) of this section.

(2) “Primary use location” does not include the location of a person who is not any end user or who uses a digital code, digital product, or taxable service described under subsection (m)(14) or (15) of this section as the purchaser of a separate good or service from the buyer.

(f) (1) “Production activity” means:

(i) except for processing food or a beverage by a retail food vendor, assembling, manufacturing, processing, or refining tangible personal property for resale;

(ii) generating electricity for sale or for use in another production activity;

(iii) 1. laundering, maintaining, or preparing textile products for rental; or

2. laundering, maintaining, or preparing textile products in providing the taxable service of commercial cleaning or laundering of textiles for a buyer who is engaged in a business that requires the recurring service of commercial cleaning or laundering of the textiles;

(iv) producing or repairing production machinery or equipment;

(v) establishing or maintaining clean rooms or clean zones as required by applicable provisions of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, the Public Health Service Act, and the Virus–Serum–Toxin Act, and the regulations adopted thereunder, pertaining to the manufacture of drugs, medical devices, or biologics;

(vi) providing for the safety of employees; or

(vii) providing for quality control.

(2) “Production activity” does not include:

(i) servicing or repairing tangible personal property, except for servicing or repairing production machinery or equipment;

(ii) maintaining tangible personal property other than textile products for rental and production machinery and equipment, except for maintaining tangible personal property in providing the taxable service of commercial cleaning or laundering of textiles for a buyer who is engaged in a business that requires the recurring service of commercial cleaning or laundering of the textiles;

(iii) providing for the comfort or health of employees; or

(iv) storing the finished product.

(g) “Production machinery or equipment” means machinery or equipment used in a production activity.

(h) (1) “Retail sale” means the sale of:

(i) tangible personal property;

(ii) a taxable service;

(iii) a digital code; or

(iv) a digital product.

(2) “Retail sale” includes:

(i) a sale of tangible personal property for use or resale in the form of real estate by a builder, contractor, or landowner;

(ii) except as provided in paragraph (3)(i) of this subsection, use of tangible personal property as facilities, tools, tooling, machinery, or equipment, including dies, molds, and patterns, even if the buyer intends to transfer title to the property before or after that use;

(iii) a sale of a digital product that is sold with rights of permanent use or sold with rights of less than permanent use to an end user;

(iv) a sale of a digital product that is sold with rights of use conditioned on continued payment by the subscriber or buyer to an end user; and

(v) a sale to an end user of a digital code or a subscription to, access to, receipt of, or streaming of a digital product.

(3) “Retail sale” does not include:

(i) a transfer of title to tangible personal property after its use as facilities, tools, tooling, machinery, or equipment, including dies, molds, and patterns, if:

1. at the time of purchase, the buyer is obligated, under the terms of a written contract, to make the transfer; and

2. the transfer is made for the same or greater consideration to the person for whom the buyer manufactures goods or performs work;

(ii) a sale of tangible personal property, a digital code, or a digital product if the buyer intends to:

1. resell the tangible personal property, digital code, or digital product in the form that the buyer receives or is to receive the property, digital code, or digital product;

2. use or incorporate the tangible personal property, digital code, or digital product in a production activity as a material or part of other tangible personal property or another digital product to be produced for sale; or

3. transfer the tangible personal property, digital code, or digital product as a part of a taxable service transaction; or

(iii) a sale of a taxable service if the buyer intends to resell the taxable service in the form that the buyer receives or is to receive the service.

(i) (1) “Sale” means a transaction for a consideration whereby:

(i) title to or possession of property, a digital code, or a digital product is transferred or is to be transferred absolutely or conditionally by any means, including by lease, rental, royalty agreement, or grant of a license for use; or

(ii) a person performs a service for another person.

(2) “Sale” does not include a transaction whereby an employee performs a service for the employee’s employer.

(j) “Sale for use” means a sale in which tangible personal property, a digital code, a digital product, or a taxable service that is consumed, possessed, stored, or used in the State is acquired.

(j–1) “Short–term rental” means the temporary use of a short–term rental unit to provide accommodation to transient guests for lodging purposes in exchange for consideration.

(j–2) “Short–term rental platform” means an Internet–based digital entity that:

(1) advertises the availability of short–term rental units for rent; and

(2) receives compensation for facilitating reservations or processing booking transactions on behalf of the owner, operator, or manager of a short–term rental unit.

(j–3) (1) “Short–term rental unit” means a residential dwelling unit or a portion of the unit used for short–term rentals.

(2) “Short–term rental unit” includes a single–family house or dwelling, a multifamily house or dwelling, an apartment, a condominium, or a cooperative.

(j–4) “Subscription” means, with respect to a digital product, an arrangement with a vendor that grants a buyer the right to obtain digital products from within one or more product categories having the same tax treatment, in a fixed quantity or for a fixed period of time or both.

(k) (1) “Tangible personal property” means:

(i) corporeal personal property of any nature;

(ii) an accommodation;

(iii) a short–term rental; or

(iv) a home amenity rental.

(2) “Tangible personal property” includes:

(i) farm equipment;

(ii) wall–to–wall carpeting that is installed into real estate, regardless of the purpose, method, or permanency of its installation; and

(iii) coal, electricity, oil, nuclear fuel assemblies, steam, and artificial or natural gas.

(l) (1) “Taxable price” means the value, in money, of the consideration of any kind that is paid, delivered, payable, or deliverable by a buyer to a vendor in the consummation and complete performance of a sale without deduction for any expense or cost, including the cost of:

(i) any labor or service rendered;

(ii) any material used; or

(iii) any property, digital code, or digital product sold.

(2) “Taxable price” includes, for tangible personal property, a digital code, or a digital product acquired by a sale for use in the State by the person who assembles, fabricates, or manufactures the property or digital product, only the price of the raw materials and component parts contained in the property or digital product.

(3) “Taxable price” does not include:

(i) a charge that is made in connection with a sale and is stated as a separate item of the consideration for:

1. a delivery, freight, or other transportation service for delivery directly to the buyer by the vendor or by another person acting for the vendor, unless the transportation service is a taxable service;

2. a finance charge, interest, or similar charge for credit extended to the buyer;

3. a labor or service for application or installation;

4. a mandatory gratuity or service charge in the nature of a tip for serving food or beverage to a group of 10 or fewer individuals for consumption on the premises of the vendor;

5. a professional service;

6. a tax:

A. imposed by a county on the sale of coal, electricity, oil, nuclear fuel assemblies, steam, or artificial or natural gas;

B. imposed under § 3–302(a) of the Natural Resources Article, as a surcharge on electricity, and added to an electric bill;

C. imposed under §§ 6–201 through 6–203 of the Tax – Property Article, on tangible personal property subject to a lease that is for an initial period that exceeds 1 year and is noncancellable except for cause; or

D. imposed under § 4–102 of this article on the gross receipts derived from an admissions and amusement charge;

7. any service for the operation of equipment used for the production of audio, video, or film recordings; or

8. reimbursement of incidental expenses paid to a third party and incurred in connection with providing a taxable detective service;

(ii) the value of a used component or part (core value) received from a purchaser of the following remanufactured truck parts:

1. an air brake system;

2. an engine;

3. a rear axle carrier; or

4. a transmission;

(iii) a charge for a nontaxable service that is made in connection with a sale of a taxable communication service, even if the nontaxable charges are aggregated with and not separately stated from the taxable charges for communications services, if the vendor can reasonably identify charges not subject to tax from its books and records that are kept in the regular course of business; or

(iv) a transportation network company impact fee imposed under § 10–408 of the Public Utilities Article.

(4) “Taxable price” includes all sales and charges, including insurance, freight handling, equipment and supplies, delivery and pickup, cellular telephone, and other accessories, but not including sales of motor fuel subject to the motor fuel tax, made in connection with:

(i) a short–term vehicle rental, as defined in § 11–104(c) of this subtitle; or

(ii) a shared motor vehicle used for peer–to–peer car sharing and made available on a peer–to–peer car sharing program, as defined in § 19–520 of the Insurance Article.

(5) “Taxable price” includes:

(i) for the sale or use of an accommodation facilitated by an accommodations intermediary or a short–term rental platform, the full amount of the consideration paid by a buyer for the sale or use of an accommodation, but not including any tax that is remitted to a taxing authority; and

(ii) for the sale or use of a home amenity rental facilitated by a home amenity rental intermediary or home amenity rental platform, the full amount of consideration paid by a buyer for the sale or use of a home amenity rental, but not including any tax that is remitted to a taxing authority.

(6) “Taxable price” does not include:

(i) for the sale or use of an accommodation facilitated by an accommodations intermediary or a short–term rental platform, a commission paid by an accommodations provider to a person after facilitating the sale or use of an accommodation; or

(ii) for the sale or use of a home amenity rental facilitated by a home amenity rental intermediary or home amenity rental platform, a commission paid by a home amenity rental provider to a person after facilitating the sale or use of a home amenity rental.

(m) “Taxable service” means:

(1) fabrication, printing, or production of tangible personal property or a digital product by special order;

(2) commercial cleaning or laundering of textiles for a buyer who is engaged in a business that requires the recurring service of commercial cleaning or laundering of the textiles;

(3) cleaning of a commercial or industrial building;

(4) cellular telephone or other mobile telecommunications service;

(5) “900”, “976”, “915”, and other “900”–type telecommunications service;

(6) custom calling service provided in connection with basic telephone service;

(7) a telephone answering service;

(8) pay per view television service;

(9) credit reporting;

(10) a security service, including:

(i) a detective, guard, or armored car service; and

(ii) a security systems service;

(11) a transportation service for transmission, distribution, or delivery of electricity or natural gas, if the sale or use of the electricity or natural gas is subject to the sales and use tax;

(12) a prepaid telephone calling arrangement;

(13) the privilege given to an individual under § 4–1102 of the Alcoholic Beverages and Cannabis Article to consume wine that is not purchased from or provided by a restaurant, club, or hotel;

(14) a data or information technology service described under NAICS Sector 518, 519, or 5415; or

(15) a system software or application software publishing service described under NAICS Sector 5132.

(m–1) (1) “Telephone answering service” means a service provided to a customer that consists exclusively of the taking of messages, either by an automated system or by a live operator, and transmitting the messages to the customer.

(2) “Telephone answering service” does not include the physical act of answering a telephone on behalf of a customer, if the act is incidental to and less than 5% of the service provider’s total gross receipts in a calendar year.

(n) (1) “Use” means an exercise of a right or power to use, consume, possess, or store that is acquired by a sale for use of:

(i) tangible personal property;

(ii) a taxable service;

(iii) a digital code; or

(iv) a digital product.

(2) “Use” includes an exercise of a right or power to use, consume, possess, or store that is acquired by a sale for use of tangible personal property, a digital code, or a digital product:

(i) for use or resale in the form of real estate by a builder, contractor, or landowner; or

(ii) except as provided in paragraph (3)(i) of this subsection, as facilities, tools, tooling, machinery, or equipment, including dies, molds, and patterns, even if the buyer intends to transfer title to the property, digital code, or digital product before or after that use.

(3) “Use” does not include:

(i) a transfer of title to tangible personal property after its use as facilities, tools, tooling, machinery, or equipment, including dies, molds, and patterns, if:

1. at the time of purchase, the buyer is obligated, under the terms of a written contract, to make the transfer; and

2. the transfer is made for the same or greater consideration to the person for whom the buyer manufactures goods or performs work;

(ii) an exercise of a right or power over tangible personal property, a digital code, or a digital product acquired by a sale for use if the buyer intends to:

1. resell the tangible personal property, digital code, or digital product in the form that the buyer receives or is to receive the property, digital code, or digital product;

2. use or incorporate the tangible personal property or digital product in a production activity as a material or part of other tangible personal property or another digital product to be produced for sale; or

3. transfer the tangible personal property, digital code, or digital product as part of a taxable service transaction;

(iii) an exercise of a right or power over a taxable service acquired by a sale for use if the buyer intends to resell the taxable service in the form that the buyer receives or is to receive the service;

(iv) an exercise of a right or power over a digital code to receive or access a digital product;

(v) an exercise of a right or power over a digital product acquired by a sale for use if the buyer is not an end user; or

(vi) the use or transfer of a digital product or digital code by the transferor and obtained by the end user free of charge.

(o) (1) “Vendor” means a person who:

(i) engages in the business of an out–of–state vendor, as defined in § 11–701 of this title;

(ii) engages in the business of a retail vendor, as defined in § 11–701 of this title;

(iii) holds a special license issued under § 11–707 of this title;

(iv) is an accommodations intermediary or a home amenity rental intermediary;

(v) is a short–term rental platform or home amenity rental platform;

(vi) engages in the business of a marketplace facilitator; or

(vii) engages in the business of a marketplace seller.

(2) “Vendor” includes, for an out–of–state vendor, a salesman, representative, peddler, or canvasser whom the Comptroller, for the efficient administration of this title, elects to treat as an agent jointly responsible with the dealer, distributor, employer, or supervisor:

(i) under whom the agent operates; or

(ii) from whom the agent obtains the tangible personal property, a digital code, a digital product, or taxable service for sale.

§11–101. ** TAKES EFFECT JULY 1, 2027 PER CHAPTER 638 OF 2025 **

(a) In this title the following words have the meanings indicated.

(a–1) “Accommodation” means a right to occupy a room, lodgings, or a short–term rental unit as a transient guest.

(a–2) (1) “Accommodations intermediary” means a person, other than an accommodations provider, who:

(i) facilitates the sale or use of an accommodation and charges a buyer the taxable price for the accommodation; or

(ii) receives compensation for facilitating reservations or processing booking transactions on behalf of an accommodations provider.

(2) “Accommodations intermediary” includes a short–term rental platform.

(3) For purposes of this subsection, a person shall be considered to facilitate the sale or use of an accommodation if the person brokers, coordinates, or in any other way arranges for the sale or use of an accommodation by a buyer.

(a–3) “Accommodations provider” means a person that owns, operates, or manages an accommodation and makes the accommodation available for sale or use to a buyer.

(a–4) “Booking transaction” means any transaction in which there is a retail sale of an accommodation to a buyer in exchange for payment of the taxable price.

(b) “Buyer” means a person who:

(1) acquires tangible personal property in a sale;

(2) obtains a taxable service in a sale; or

(3) acquires a digital code or digital product in a sale.

(c) “Cleaning of a commercial or industrial building” means the following services performed to a commercial or industrial building:

(1) floor, carpet, wall, window, ceiling, and exterior cleaning; and

(2) janitorial services.

(c–1) “Customer tax address” means, with respect to a sale of a digital code, digital product, or taxable service described under subsection (m)(14) or (15) of this section:

(1) for a digital code, digital product, or taxable service described under subsection (m)(14) or (15) of this section that is received by a buyer at the business location of the vendor, the address of that business location;

(2) if item (1) of this subsection is not applicable and the primary use location of the digital code or digital product, described under subsection (m)(14) or (15) of this section is known by the vendor, that primary use location;

(3) if items (1) and (2) of this subsection are not applicable, the location where the digital code, digital product, or taxable service described under subsection (m)(14) or (15) of this section is received by the buyer, or by a donee of the buyer that is identified by the buyer, if known to the vendor and maintained in the ordinary course of the vendor’s business;

(4) if items (1) through (3) of this subsection are not applicable, the location indicated by an address for the buyer that is available from the business records of the vendor that are maintained in the ordinary course of business of the vendor’s business, when use of the address does not constitute bad faith;

(5) if items (1) through (4) of this subsection are not applicable, the location indicated by an address for the buyer obtained during the consummation of the sale, including the address of the buyer’s payment instrument, when use of the address does not constitute bad faith; or

(6) if items (1) through (5) of this subsection are not applicable, including a circumstance in which a vendor is without sufficient information to apply those items, one of the following locations, as selected by the vendor, provided that the location is consistently used by the vendor for all sales to which this item applies:

(i) the location in the United States of the headquarters of the vendor’s business;

(ii) the location in the United States where the vendor has the greatest number of employees; or

(iii) the location in the United States from which the vendor makes digital products available for electronic transfer.

(c–2) “Detective” means a person who is authorized to provide private detective services under Title 13 of the Business Occupations and Professions Article.

(c–3) (1) “Digital code” means a number, symbol, alphanumeric sequence, barcode, or similar code that:

(i) may be obtained by any means, including:

1. in a tangible form, such as a card; or

2. through e–mail; and

(ii) provides a buyer with a right to obtain one or more digital products.

(2) “Digital code” does not include a gift certificate or gift card with a monetary value that may be redeemable for an item other than a digital product.

(c–4) (1) “Digital product” means a product that is obtained electronically by the buyer or delivered by means other than tangible storage media through the use of technology having electrical, digital, magnetic, wireless, optical, electromagnetic, or similar capabilities.

(2) “Digital product” includes:

(i) a work that results from the fixation of a series of sounds that are transferred electronically, including:

1. prerecorded or live music or performances, readings of books or other written materials, and speeches; and

2. audio greeting cards sent by e–mail;

(ii) a digitized sound file, such as a ring tone, that is downloaded onto a device and may be used to alert the user of the device with respect to a communication;

(iii) a series of related images that, when shown in succession, impart an impression of motion, together with any accompanying sounds that are transferred electronically, including motion pictures, musical videos, news and entertainment programs, live events, video greeting cards sent by e–mail, and video or electronic games;

(iv) a book, generally known as an “e–book”, that is transferred electronically; and

(v) a newspaper, magazine, periodical, chat room discussion, weblog, or any other similar product that is transferred electronically.

(3) “Digital product” does not include:

(i) prerecorded or live instruction by a public, private, or parochial elementary or secondary school or a public or private institution of higher education;

(ii) instruction in a skill or profession in a buyer’s current or prospective business, occupation, or trade if the instruction:

1. is not prerecorded; and

2. features an interactive element between the buyer and the instructor or other buyers contemporaneous with the instruction;

(iii) a seminar, discussion, or similar event hosted by a nonprofit organization or business association, if the seminar, discussion, or event:

1. is not prerecorded; and

2. features an interactive element between the buyer and host or other buyers contemporaneous with the seminar, discussion, or event;

(iv) a professional service obtained electronically or delivered through the use of technology having electrical, digital, magnetic, wireless, optical, electromagnetic, or similar capabilities;

(v) a product having electrical, digital, magnetic, wireless, optical, electromagnetic, or similar capabilities where the purchaser holds a copyright or other intellectual property interest in the product, in whole or in part, if the purchaser uses the product solely for commercial purposes, including advertising or other marketing activities; or

(vi) computer software or software as a service purchased or licensed solely for commercial purposes in an enterprise computer system, including operating programs or application software for the exclusive use of the enterprise software system, that is housed or maintained by the purchaser or on a cloud server, whether hosted by the purchaser, the software vendor, or a third party.

(c–5) (1) “End user” means any person who receives or accesses a digital code, digital product code, or taxable service described under subsection (m)(14) or (15) of this section for use.

(2) “End user” does not include any person who receives a digital code, digital product, or taxable service described under subsection (m)(14) or (15) of this section for further commercial broadcast, rebroadcast, transmission, retransmission, licensing, relicensing, distribution, redistribution, or exhibition of the digital product.

(c–6) “Home amenity” means any portion, whether indoors or outdoors, of a residential property, excluding bedrooms or any portion of the property intended for sleeping quarters, that is occupied by the hour and for not more than 15 hours consecutively.

(c–7) “Home amenity rental” means the temporary use in exchange for consideration of a home amenity.

(c–8) (1) “Home amenity rental intermediary” means a person, other than a home amenity rental provider, who facilitates the sale or use of a home amenity and charges a buyer the taxable price for the home amenity rental.

(2) For purposes of this subsection, a person shall be considered to facilitate the sale or use of a home amenity if the person brokers, coordinates, or in any other way arranges for the sale or use of a home amenity by a buyer.

(c–9) “Home amenity rental platform” means an Internet–based digital entity that:

(1) advertises the availability of home amenities; and

(2) receives compensation for facilitating reservations or processing booking transactions on behalf of the owner, operator, or manager of a home amenity.

(c–10) (1) “Marketplace facilitator” means a person that:

(i) facilitates a retail sale by a marketplace seller by listing or advertising for sale in a marketplace tangible personal property, digital code, or a digital product; and

(ii) regardless of whether the person receives compensation or other consideration in exchange for the person’s services, directly or indirectly through agreements with third parties, collects payment from a buyer and transmits the payment to the marketplace seller.

(2) “Marketplace facilitator” does not include:

(i) a platform or forum that exclusively provides Internet advertising services, including listing products for sale, if the platform or forum does not also engage, directly or indirectly, in collecting payment from a buyer and transmitting that payment to the vendor;

(ii) a payment processor business appointed by a vendor to handle payment transactions from clients, including credit cards and debit cards, whose only activity with respect to marketplace sales is to handle transactions between two parties; or

(iii) a delivery service company that delivers tangible personal property on behalf of a marketplace seller that is engaged in the business of a retail vendor and holds a license issued under Subtitle 7 of this title.

(c–11) “Marketplace seller” means a person that makes a retail sale or sale for use through a physical or electronic marketplace operated by a marketplace facilitator.

(c–12) “NAICS” means the North American Industrial Classification System, United States Manual, 2022 Edition, published by the United States Office of Management and Budget.

(c–13) “Permanent” means perpetual or for an indefinite or unspecified length of time.

(d) “Person” includes:

(1) this State or a political subdivision, unit, or instrumentality of this State;

(2) another state or a political subdivision, unit, or instrumentality of that state; and

(3) a unit or instrumentality of a political subdivision of this State or of another state.

(e) “Prepaid telephone calling arrangement” means the right to use telecommunications services, paid for in advance, that enables the origination of calls using an access number or authorization code, whether manually or electronically dialed.

(e–1) (1) “Primary use location” means the street address representative of where the buyer’s use of a digital code, digital product, or taxable service described under subsection (m)(14) or (15) of this section will primarily occur, as determined by:

(i) the residential street address or a business street address of the actual end user of the digital code, digital product, or taxable service described under subsection (m)(14) or (15) of this section including, if applicable, the address of a donee of the buyer that is designated by the buyer; or

(ii) if the buyer is not an individual, the location of the buyer’s end users, including employees, or equipment that makes use of the digital code, digital product, or taxable service described under subsection (m)(14) or (15) of this section.

(2) “Primary use location” does not include the location of a person who is not any end user or who uses a digital code, digital product, or taxable service described under subsection (m)(14) or (15) of this section as the purchaser of a separate good or service from the buyer.

(f) (1) “Production activity” means:

(i) except for processing food or a beverage by a retail food vendor, assembling, manufacturing, processing, or refining tangible personal property for resale;

(ii) generating electricity for sale or for use in another production activity;

(iii) 1. laundering, maintaining, or preparing textile products for rental; or

2. laundering, maintaining, or preparing textile products in providing the taxable service of commercial cleaning or laundering of textiles for a buyer who is engaged in a business that requires the recurring service of commercial cleaning or laundering of the textiles;

(iv) producing or repairing production machinery or equipment;

(v) establishing or maintaining clean rooms or clean zones as required by applicable provisions of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, the Public Health Service Act, and the Virus–Serum–Toxin Act, and the regulations adopted thereunder, pertaining to the manufacture of drugs, medical devices, or biologics;

(vi) providing for the safety of employees; or

(vii) providing for quality control.

(2) “Production activity” does not include:

(i) servicing or repairing tangible personal property, except for servicing or repairing production machinery or equipment;

(ii) maintaining tangible personal property other than textile products for rental and production machinery and equipment, except for maintaining tangible personal property in providing the taxable service of commercial cleaning or laundering of textiles for a buyer who is engaged in a business that requires the recurring service of commercial cleaning or laundering of the textiles;

(iii) providing for the comfort or health of employees; or

(iv) storing the finished product.

(g) “Production machinery or equipment” means machinery or equipment used in a production activity.

(h) (1) “Retail sale” means the sale of:

(i) tangible personal property;

(ii) a taxable service;

(iii) a digital code; or

(iv) a digital product.

(2) “Retail sale” includes:

(i) a sale of tangible personal property for use or resale in the form of real estate by a builder, contractor, or landowner;

(ii) except as provided in paragraph (3)(i) of this subsection, use of tangible personal property as facilities, tools, tooling, machinery, or equipment, including dies, molds, and patterns, even if the buyer intends to transfer title to the property before or after that use;

(iii) a sale of a digital product that is sold with rights of permanent use or sold with rights of less than permanent use to an end user;

(iv) a sale of a digital product that is sold with rights of use conditioned on continued payment by the subscriber or buyer to an end user; and

(v) a sale to an end user of a digital code or a subscription to, access to, receipt of, or streaming of a digital product.

(3) “Retail sale” does not include:

(i) a transfer of title to tangible personal property after its use as facilities, tools, tooling, machinery, or equipment, including dies, molds, and patterns, if:

1. at the time of purchase, the buyer is obligated, under the terms of a written contract, to make the transfer; and

2. the transfer is made for the same or greater consideration to the person for whom the buyer manufactures goods or performs work;

(ii) a sale of tangible personal property, a digital code, or a digital product if the buyer intends to:

1. resell the tangible personal property, digital code, or digital product in the form that the buyer receives or is to receive the property, digital code, or digital product;

2. use or incorporate the tangible personal property, digital code, or digital product in a production activity as a material or part of other tangible personal property or another digital product to be produced for sale; or

3. transfer the tangible personal property, digital code, or digital product as a part of a taxable service transaction; or

(iii) a sale of a taxable service if the buyer intends to resell the taxable service in the form that the buyer receives or is to receive the service.

(i) (1) “Sale” means a transaction for a consideration whereby:

(i) title to or possession of property, a digital code, or a digital product is transferred or is to be transferred absolutely or conditionally by any means, including by lease, rental, royalty agreement, or grant of a license for use; or

(ii) a person performs a service for another person.

(2) “Sale” does not include a transaction whereby an employee performs a service for the employee’s employer.

(j) “Sale for use” means a sale in which tangible personal property, a digital code, a digital product, or a taxable service that is consumed, possessed, stored, or used in the State is acquired.

(j–1) “Short–term rental” means the temporary use of a short–term rental unit to provide accommodation to transient guests for lodging purposes in exchange for consideration.

(j–2) “Short–term rental platform” means an entity, including an Internet–based digital entity that:

(1) advertises the availability of short–term rental units for rent; and

(2) receives compensation for facilitating reservations or processing booking transactions on behalf of the owner, operator, or manager of a short–term rental unit.

(j–3) (1) “Short–term rental unit” means a residential dwelling unit or a portion of the unit used for short–term rentals.

(2) “Short–term rental unit” includes a single–family house or dwelling, a multifamily house or dwelling, an apartment, a condominium, or a cooperative.

(j–4) “Subscription” means, with respect to a digital product, an arrangement with a vendor that grants a buyer the right to obtain digital products from within one or more product categories having the same tax treatment, in a fixed quantity or for a fixed period of time or both.

(k) (1) “Tangible personal property” means:

(i) corporeal personal property of any nature;

(ii) an accommodation;

(iii) a short–term rental; or

(iv) a home amenity rental.

(2) “Tangible personal property” includes:

(i) farm equipment;

(ii) wall–to–wall carpeting that is installed into real estate, regardless of the purpose, method, or permanency of its installation; and

(iii) coal, electricity, oil, nuclear fuel assemblies, steam, and artificial or natural gas.

(l) (1) “Taxable price” means the value, in money, of the consideration of any kind that is paid, delivered, payable, or deliverable by a buyer to a vendor in the consummation and complete performance of a sale without deduction for any expense or cost, including the cost of:

(i) any labor or service rendered;

(ii) any material used; or

(iii) any property, digital code, or digital product sold.

(2) “Taxable price” includes, for tangible personal property, a digital code, or a digital product acquired by a sale for use in the State by the person who assembles, fabricates, or manufactures the property or digital product, only the price of the raw materials and component parts contained in the property or digital product.

(3) “Taxable price” does not include:

(i) a charge that is made in connection with a sale and is stated as a separate item of the consideration for:

1. a delivery, freight, or other transportation service for delivery directly to the buyer by the vendor or by another person acting for the vendor, unless the transportation service is a taxable service;

2. a finance charge, interest, or similar charge for credit extended to the buyer;

3. a labor or service for application or installation;

4. a mandatory gratuity or service charge in the nature of a tip for serving food or beverage to a group of 10 or fewer individuals for consumption on the premises of the vendor;

5. a professional service;

6. a tax:

A. imposed by a county on the sale of coal, electricity, oil, nuclear fuel assemblies, steam, or artificial or natural gas;

B. imposed under § 3–302(a) of the Natural Resources Article, as a surcharge on electricity, and added to an electric bill;

C. imposed under §§ 6–201 through 6–203 of the Tax – Property Article, on tangible personal property subject to a lease that is for an initial period that exceeds 1 year and is noncancellable except for cause; or

D. imposed under § 4–102 of this article on the gross receipts derived from an admissions and amusement charge;

7. any service for the operation of equipment used for the production of audio, video, or film recordings; or

8. reimbursement of incidental expenses paid to a third party and incurred in connection with providing a taxable detective service;

(ii) the value of a used component or part (core value) received from a purchaser of the following remanufactured truck parts:

1. an air brake system;

2. an engine;

3. a rear axle carrier; or

4. a transmission;

(iii) a charge for a nontaxable service that is made in connection with a sale of a taxable communication service, even if the nontaxable charges are aggregated with and not separately stated from the taxable charges for communications services, if the vendor can reasonably identify charges not subject to tax from its books and records that are kept in the regular course of business; or

(iv) a transportation network company impact fee imposed under § 10–408 of the Public Utilities Article.

(4) “Taxable price” includes all sales and charges, including insurance, freight handling, equipment and supplies, delivery and pickup, cellular telephone, and other accessories, but not including sales of motor fuel subject to the motor fuel tax, made in connection with:

(i) a short–term vehicle rental, as defined in § 11–104(c) of this subtitle; or

(ii) a shared motor vehicle used for peer–to–peer car sharing and made available on a peer–to–peer car sharing program, as defined in § 19–520 of the Insurance Article.

(5) “Taxable price” includes:

(i) for the sale or use of an accommodation facilitated by an accommodations intermediary, the full amount of the consideration paid by a buyer for the sale or use of an accommodation for a period not exceeding 4 consecutive months, but not including any tax that is remitted to a taxing authority; and

(ii) for the sale or use of a home amenity rental facilitated by a home amenity rental intermediary or home amenity rental platform, the full amount of consideration paid by a buyer for the sale or use of a home amenity rental, but not including any tax that is remitted to a taxing authority.

(6) “Taxable price” does not include:

(i) for the sale or use of an accommodation facilitated by an accommodations intermediary, a commission paid by an accommodations provider to a person after facilitating the sale or use of an accommodation; or

(ii) for the sale or use of a home amenity rental facilitated by a home amenity rental intermediary or home amenity rental platform, a commission paid by a home amenity rental provider to a person after facilitating the sale or use of a home amenity rental.

(m) “Taxable service” means:

(1) fabrication, printing, or production of tangible personal property or a digital product by special order;

(2) commercial cleaning or laundering of textiles for a buyer who is engaged in a business that requires the recurring service of commercial cleaning or laundering of the textiles;

(3) cleaning of a commercial or industrial building;

(4) cellular telephone or other mobile telecommunications service;

(5) “900”, “976”, “915”, and other “900”–type telecommunications service;

(6) custom calling service provided in connection with basic telephone service;

(7) a telephone answering service;

(8) pay per view television service;

(9) credit reporting;

(10) a security service, including:

(i) a detective, guard, or armored car service; and

(ii) a security systems service;

(11) a transportation service for transmission, distribution, or delivery of electricity or natural gas, if the sale or use of the electricity or natural gas is subject to the sales and use tax;

(12) a prepaid telephone calling arrangement;

(13) the privilege given to an individual under § 4–1102 of the Alcoholic Beverages and Cannabis Article to consume wine that is not purchased from or provided by a restaurant, club, or hotel;

(14) a data or information technology service described under NAICS Sector 518, 519, or 5415; or

(15) a system software or application software publishing service described under NAICS Sector 5132.

(m–1) (1) “Telephone answering service” means a service provided to a customer that consists exclusively of the taking of messages, either by an automated system or by a live operator, and transmitting the messages to the customer.

(2) “Telephone answering service” does not include the physical act of answering a telephone on behalf of a customer, if the act is incidental to and less than 5% of the service provider’s total gross receipts in a calendar year.

(n) (1) “Use” means an exercise of a right or power to use, consume, possess, or store that is acquired by a sale for use of:

(i) tangible personal property;

(ii) a taxable service;

(iii) a digital code; or

(iv) a digital product.

(2) “Use” includes an exercise of a right or power to use, consume, possess, or store that is acquired by a sale for use of tangible personal property, a digital code, or a digital product:

(i) for use or resale in the form of real estate by a builder, contractor, or landowner; or

(ii) except as provided in paragraph (3)(i) of this subsection, as facilities, tools, tooling, machinery, or equipment, including dies, molds, and patterns, even if the buyer intends to transfer title to the property, digital code, or digital product before or after that use.

(3) “Use” does not include:

(i) a transfer of title to tangible personal property after its use as facilities, tools, tooling, machinery, or equipment, including dies, molds, and patterns, if:

1. at the time of purchase, the buyer is obligated, under the terms of a written contract, to make the transfer; and

2. the transfer is made for the same or greater consideration to the person for whom the buyer manufactures goods or performs work;

(ii) an exercise of a right or power over tangible personal property, a digital code, or a digital product acquired by a sale for use if the buyer intends to:

1. resell the tangible personal property, digital code, or digital product in the form that the buyer receives or is to receive the property, digital code, or digital product;

2. use or incorporate the tangible personal property or digital product in a production activity as a material or part of other tangible personal property or another digital product to be produced for sale; or

3. transfer the tangible personal property, digital code, or digital product as part of a taxable service transaction;

(iii) an exercise of a right or power over a taxable service acquired by a sale for use if the buyer intends to resell the taxable service in the form that the buyer receives or is to receive the service;

(iv) an exercise of a right or power over a digital code to receive or access a digital product;

(v) an exercise of a right or power over a digital product acquired by a sale for use if the buyer is not an end user; or

(vi) the use or transfer of a digital product or digital code by the transferor and obtained by the end user free of charge.

(o) (1) “Vendor” means a person who:

(i) engages in the business of an out–of–state vendor, as defined in § 11–701 of this title;

(ii) engages in the business of a retail vendor, as defined in § 11–701 of this title;

(iii) holds a special license issued under § 11–707 of this title;

(iv) is an accommodations intermediary or a home amenity rental intermediary;

(v) is a short–term rental platform or home amenity rental platform;

(vi) engages in the business of a marketplace facilitator; or

(vii) engages in the business of a marketplace seller.

(2) “Vendor” includes, for an out–of–state vendor, a salesman, representative, peddler, or canvasser whom the Comptroller, for the efficient administration of this title, elects to treat as an agent jointly responsible with the dealer, distributor, employer, or supervisor:

(i) under whom the agent operates; or

(ii) from whom the agent obtains the tangible personal property, a digital code, a digital product, or taxable service for sale.