California § 1431.1. 1431.1. (Added June 3, 1986, by initiative Proposition 51, Sec. 3.)

California Statutes

§ 1431.1. — 1431.1. (Added June 3, 1986, by initiative Proposition 51, Sec. 3.)

California § 1431.1.

JurisdictionCalifornia

Code CIVCivil Code - CIV

Div. 3.DIVISION 3. OBLIGATIONS

Title2.

Part 1.TITLE 2. INTERPRETATION OF OBLIGATIONS

Ch. 2.CHAPTER 2. Joint or Several Obligations

This text of California § 1431.1. (1431.1. (Added June 3, 1986, by initiative Proposition 51, Sec. 3.)) is published on Counsel Stack Legal Research, covering California primary law. Counsel Stack provides free access to over 12 million legal documents including statutes, case law, regulations, and constitutions.

Bluebook

Cal. Civil Code - CIV Code § 1431.1. (2026).

Text

Findings and Declaration of Purpose
The People of the State of California find and declare as follows:
a)
The legal doctrine of joint and several liability, also known as “the deep pocket rule”, has resulted in a system of inequity and injustice that has threatened financial bankruptcy of local governments, other public agencies, private individuals and businesses and
has resulted in higher prices for goods and services to the public and in higher taxes to the taxpayers.
b)
Some governmental and private defendants are perceived to have substantial financial resources or insurance coverage and have thus been included in lawsuits even though there was little or no basis for finding them at fault. Under joint and several liability, if they are found to share even a fraction of the fault, they

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Findings and Declaration of Purpose
The People of the State of California find and declare as follows:
a)
The legal doctrine of joint and several liability, also known as “the deep pocket rule”, has resulted in a system of inequity and injustice that has threatened financial bankruptcy of local governments, other public agencies, private individuals and businesses and
has resulted in higher prices for goods and services to the public and in higher taxes to the taxpayers.
b)
Some governmental and private defendants are perceived to have substantial financial resources or insurance coverage and have thus been included in lawsuits even though there was little or no basis for finding them at fault. Under joint and several liability, if they are found to share even a fraction of the fault, they often are held financially liable for all the damage. The People—taxpayers and consumers alike—ultimately pay for these lawsuits in the form of higher taxes, higher prices and higher insurance premiums.
c)
Local governments have been forced to curtail some essential police, fire and other protections because of the soaring costs of lawsuits and insurance premiums.
Therefore, the People of the State of California
declare that to remedy these inequities, defendants in tort actions shall be held financially liable in closer proportion to their degree of fault. To treat them differently is unfair and inequitable.
The People of the State of California further declare that reforms in the liability laws in tort actions are necessary and proper to avoid catastrophic economic consequences for state and local governmental bodies as well as private individuals and businesses.

Legislative History

Added June 3, 1986, by initiative Proposition 51, Sec. 3. Note: Prop. 51 (the Fair Responsibility Act of 1986) includes Sections 1431.1 to 1431.5 and part of Section 1431.