NOT FOR PUBLICATION FILED UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FEB 28 2024 MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK U.S. COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
YOUNGEVITY INTERNATIONAL, INC., No. 23-55350 a Delaware Corporation, D.C. No. Plaintiff-Appellant, 3:22-cv-00721-LL-WVG
v. MEMORANDUM* INNOV8TIVE NUTRITION, INC., a Texas Corporation; et al.,
Defendants-Appellees.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Southern District of California Linda Lopez, District Judge, Presiding
Argued and Submitted February 13, 2024 Pasadena, California
Before: CALLAHAN and IKUTA, Circuit Judges, and LASNIK,** District Judge.
Youngevity International, Inc. (“Youngevity”) appeals the district court’s
dismissal under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(2) for lack of personal
jurisdiction. Youngevity sued Innov8tive Nutrition, Inc. (“Innov8tive”) and
* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3. ** The Honorable Robert S. Lasnik, United States District Judge for the Western District of Washington, sitting by designation. LaCore Enterprises, LLC (“LaCore”), alleging claims of false advertising under
the Lanham Act and California state law. We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. §
1291. We assume the parties’ familiarity with the facts and do not recite them in
detail here. After the district court decision, this court decided Herbal Brands, Inc.
v. Photoplaza, Inc., 72 F.4th 1085 (9th Cir. 2023), cert. denied, 2024 WL 218786
(January 22, 2024). Based primarily on that intervening precedent, we reverse and
remand.
1. We review de novo the dismissal of a case for lack of personal
jurisdiction under Rule 12(b)(2). Dole Food Co., v. Watts, 303 F.3d 1104, 1108
(9th Cir. 2002). Jurisdiction under California law is coextensive with federal
constitutional requirements, see Cal. Code Civ. Pro. § 410.10, and we apply a
three-part test to determine if specific personal jurisdiction comports with federal
due process requirements: (1) the defendant must purposefully avail itself of the
privilege of conducting activities in the forum or purposefully direct activities
towards the forum; (2) the claim must arise out of or relate to the defendant’s
forum-related activities; and (3) the exercise of jurisdiction must be reasonable.
Schwarzenegger v. Fred Martin Motor Co., 374 F.3d 797, 802 (9th Cir. 2004).
The burden is on Youngevity to demonstrate jurisdiction is appropriate. Id. at 800.
The district court held that under the Calder v. Jones test for purposeful
direction, Youngevity had not shown that Innov8tive had expressly aimed its
2 conduct at California. See 465 U.S. 783, 788–89 (1984); Dole Foods, 303 F.3d at
1111 (noting the “effects” test requires (1) an intentional act, (2) expressly aimed
at the forum state, (3) causing harm the defendant knows is likely to be suffered in
the forum state). However, the district court lacked the benefit of this court’s
decision in Herbal Brands, where we held that “if a defendant, in its regular course
of business, sells a physical product via an interactive website and causes that
product to be delivered to the forum, the defendant has purposefully directed its
conduct at the forum such that the exercise of personal jurisdiction may be
appropriate.” 72 F.4th at 1088.
Here, there is no dispute that Innov8tive sells a physical product via an
interactive website. While admitting that it has made sales directly to California,
Innov8tive argues that such sales are not part of its ordinary course of business
given it primarily sells product through third-party promoters, and sales to
California compromise only 6% of its relevant business. But the percentage of
sales is not the relevant inquiry. Instead, the record shows that Innov8tive’s
interactions with California are not “random, isolated, or fortuitous.” Herbal
Brands, 72 F.4th at 1094 (citation omitted) (“The outcome of the express-aiming
inquiry does not depend on the number of sales made to customers in the forum.”
Id. at 1095.); see also Ayla, LLC v. Alya Skin Pty. Ltd., 11 F.4th 972, 981 (noting
there was not a “small percentage of sales” exception to purposeful direction
3 principles). Additionally, similar to the defendants in Herbal Brands, Innov8tive
apparently “maintain[s] a distribution network that reach[es] the relevant forum”
because it accepts orders from California residents and delivers its products there.
Herbal Brands, 72 F.4th at 1094–95.
Under Herbal Brands, Youngevity has sufficiently alleged facts showing
Innov8tive expressly aimed its conduct at California and therefore has met the
purposeful direction prong of the jurisdictional analysis.1 We leave to the district
court to address in the first instance the remainder of the specific personal
jurisdiction analysis.
2. Youngevity appeals the district court’s finding that Innov8tive is
neither the alter ego of LaCore nor LaCore’s agent. Under the alter ego test, a
plaintiff must show that (1) there is such unity of interest and ownership that the
separate personalities of the two entities no longer exist and (2) that failure to
disregard their separate identities would result in fraud or injustice. See Ranza v.
Nike, Inc., 793 F.3d 1059, 1073 (9th Cir. 2015). Alter ego is a factual
determination which we review for clear error. See Wolfe v. United States, 798
F.2d 1241, 1243 n.2 (9th Cir. 1986); AMA Multimedia, LLC v. Wanat, 970 F.3d
1 The parties do not dispute the district court’s finding that Innov8tive committed an intentional act, and do not make any argument as to the third element under Calder, which is that the act caused harm the defendant knew was likely to be suffered in the forum state. Therefore, we find that the requirements of purposeful direction are met.
4 1201, 1207 (9th Cir. 2020).
Youngevity has pled some facts supporting an alter ego finding, such as
LaCore’s majority ownership over Innov8tive, shared offices and employees, a
shared sole director, and the existence of a services agreement whereby LaCore
provides management, consulting, accounting, and administrative services.
However, we have held in the past that such allegations alone are insufficient to
show an alter ego relationship. See Ranza, 793 F.3d at 1073–74 (finding overlap
of board members and employees insufficient to show alter ego relationship);
Harris Rutsky & Co. Ins. Servs., Inc. v. Bell & Clements Ltd., 328 F.3d 1122, 1135
(9th Cir. 2003) (noting shared senior management and directors do not necessarily
establish an alter ego relationship). And, as noted by the district court, Youngevity
did not allege any failure to observe corporate formalities. See In re Boon Glob.
Ltd., 923 F.3d 643, 653–54 (9th Cir.
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NOT FOR PUBLICATION FILED UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FEB 28 2024 MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK U.S. COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
YOUNGEVITY INTERNATIONAL, INC., No. 23-55350 a Delaware Corporation, D.C. No. Plaintiff-Appellant, 3:22-cv-00721-LL-WVG
v. MEMORANDUM* INNOV8TIVE NUTRITION, INC., a Texas Corporation; et al.,
Defendants-Appellees.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Southern District of California Linda Lopez, District Judge, Presiding
Argued and Submitted February 13, 2024 Pasadena, California
Before: CALLAHAN and IKUTA, Circuit Judges, and LASNIK,** District Judge.
Youngevity International, Inc. (“Youngevity”) appeals the district court’s
dismissal under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(2) for lack of personal
jurisdiction. Youngevity sued Innov8tive Nutrition, Inc. (“Innov8tive”) and
* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3. ** The Honorable Robert S. Lasnik, United States District Judge for the Western District of Washington, sitting by designation. LaCore Enterprises, LLC (“LaCore”), alleging claims of false advertising under
the Lanham Act and California state law. We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. §
1291. We assume the parties’ familiarity with the facts and do not recite them in
detail here. After the district court decision, this court decided Herbal Brands, Inc.
v. Photoplaza, Inc., 72 F.4th 1085 (9th Cir. 2023), cert. denied, 2024 WL 218786
(January 22, 2024). Based primarily on that intervening precedent, we reverse and
remand.
1. We review de novo the dismissal of a case for lack of personal
jurisdiction under Rule 12(b)(2). Dole Food Co., v. Watts, 303 F.3d 1104, 1108
(9th Cir. 2002). Jurisdiction under California law is coextensive with federal
constitutional requirements, see Cal. Code Civ. Pro. § 410.10, and we apply a
three-part test to determine if specific personal jurisdiction comports with federal
due process requirements: (1) the defendant must purposefully avail itself of the
privilege of conducting activities in the forum or purposefully direct activities
towards the forum; (2) the claim must arise out of or relate to the defendant’s
forum-related activities; and (3) the exercise of jurisdiction must be reasonable.
Schwarzenegger v. Fred Martin Motor Co., 374 F.3d 797, 802 (9th Cir. 2004).
The burden is on Youngevity to demonstrate jurisdiction is appropriate. Id. at 800.
The district court held that under the Calder v. Jones test for purposeful
direction, Youngevity had not shown that Innov8tive had expressly aimed its
2 conduct at California. See 465 U.S. 783, 788–89 (1984); Dole Foods, 303 F.3d at
1111 (noting the “effects” test requires (1) an intentional act, (2) expressly aimed
at the forum state, (3) causing harm the defendant knows is likely to be suffered in
the forum state). However, the district court lacked the benefit of this court’s
decision in Herbal Brands, where we held that “if a defendant, in its regular course
of business, sells a physical product via an interactive website and causes that
product to be delivered to the forum, the defendant has purposefully directed its
conduct at the forum such that the exercise of personal jurisdiction may be
appropriate.” 72 F.4th at 1088.
Here, there is no dispute that Innov8tive sells a physical product via an
interactive website. While admitting that it has made sales directly to California,
Innov8tive argues that such sales are not part of its ordinary course of business
given it primarily sells product through third-party promoters, and sales to
California compromise only 6% of its relevant business. But the percentage of
sales is not the relevant inquiry. Instead, the record shows that Innov8tive’s
interactions with California are not “random, isolated, or fortuitous.” Herbal
Brands, 72 F.4th at 1094 (citation omitted) (“The outcome of the express-aiming
inquiry does not depend on the number of sales made to customers in the forum.”
Id. at 1095.); see also Ayla, LLC v. Alya Skin Pty. Ltd., 11 F.4th 972, 981 (noting
there was not a “small percentage of sales” exception to purposeful direction
3 principles). Additionally, similar to the defendants in Herbal Brands, Innov8tive
apparently “maintain[s] a distribution network that reach[es] the relevant forum”
because it accepts orders from California residents and delivers its products there.
Herbal Brands, 72 F.4th at 1094–95.
Under Herbal Brands, Youngevity has sufficiently alleged facts showing
Innov8tive expressly aimed its conduct at California and therefore has met the
purposeful direction prong of the jurisdictional analysis.1 We leave to the district
court to address in the first instance the remainder of the specific personal
jurisdiction analysis.
2. Youngevity appeals the district court’s finding that Innov8tive is
neither the alter ego of LaCore nor LaCore’s agent. Under the alter ego test, a
plaintiff must show that (1) there is such unity of interest and ownership that the
separate personalities of the two entities no longer exist and (2) that failure to
disregard their separate identities would result in fraud or injustice. See Ranza v.
Nike, Inc., 793 F.3d 1059, 1073 (9th Cir. 2015). Alter ego is a factual
determination which we review for clear error. See Wolfe v. United States, 798
F.2d 1241, 1243 n.2 (9th Cir. 1986); AMA Multimedia, LLC v. Wanat, 970 F.3d
1 The parties do not dispute the district court’s finding that Innov8tive committed an intentional act, and do not make any argument as to the third element under Calder, which is that the act caused harm the defendant knew was likely to be suffered in the forum state. Therefore, we find that the requirements of purposeful direction are met.
4 1201, 1207 (9th Cir. 2020).
Youngevity has pled some facts supporting an alter ego finding, such as
LaCore’s majority ownership over Innov8tive, shared offices and employees, a
shared sole director, and the existence of a services agreement whereby LaCore
provides management, consulting, accounting, and administrative services.
However, we have held in the past that such allegations alone are insufficient to
show an alter ego relationship. See Ranza, 793 F.3d at 1073–74 (finding overlap
of board members and employees insufficient to show alter ego relationship);
Harris Rutsky & Co. Ins. Servs., Inc. v. Bell & Clements Ltd., 328 F.3d 1122, 1135
(9th Cir. 2003) (noting shared senior management and directors do not necessarily
establish an alter ego relationship). And, as noted by the district court, Youngevity
did not allege any failure to observe corporate formalities. See In re Boon Glob.
Ltd., 923 F.3d 643, 653–54 (9th Cir. 2019) (noting a lack of evidence that the
entities comingled funds or did not maintain corporate formalities such as keeping
separate accounting books); Wolfe, 798 F.2d at 1244 (relying on shared accounts
for business transactions such as taxes, payroll, and business purchases in finding
alter ego relationship). Therefore, we see no clear error in the district court’s
conclusion.
3. Youngevity also challenges the district court’s denial of jurisdictional
discovery. We review the denial of jurisdictional discovery for an abuse of
5 discretion. Yamashita v. LG Chem, Ltd., 62 F.4th 496, 507 (9th Cir. 2023). To the
extent Youngevity requested discovery related to Innov8tive’s jurisdictional
contacts, that request is now moot. However, Youngevity also seeks jurisdictional
discovery related to the possible alter ego or agency relationship between LaCore
and Innov8tive, for example, the terms of the services agreement between the two
entities. The district court denied that request, finding “the discovery [Youngevity]
seeks to support its arguments on alter ego or agency theories of jurisdiction would
not change the jurisdictional analysis because it has not shown that [] Innov8tive . .
. has sufficient jurisdictional contacts with California.” While this analysis was
correct on the record before the district court, our decision today concludes that
there are sufficient jurisdictional contacts by Innov8tive which could be imputed to
LaCore. Therefore, because the district court’s underlying assumption as to the
futility of jurisdictional discovery is no longer true and because “[f]urther
discovery on this issue might well demonstrate facts sufficient to constitute a basis
for jurisdiction” over LaCore, the district court is directed to allow Youngevity to
take discovery into the relationship between the two companies. Harris Rutsky,
328 F.3d at 1135.
4. Given the possibility of additional information coming to light with
jurisdictional discovery, we cannot say that amendment of the complaint would be
futile. See Polich v. Burlington N., Inc., 942 F.2d 1467, 1472 (9th Cir. 1991)
6 (“Dismissal without leave to amend is improper unless it is clear, upon de novo
review, that the complaint could not be saved by any amendment.”). Therefore we
reverse the district court’s decision in that regard and direct the district court to
grant Youngevity leave to amend to plead additional facts that could support the
establishment of an alter ego or agency relationship between Innov8tive and
LaCore.
For the foregoing reasons, we reverse the district court’s dismissal of
Youngevity’s complaint, its denial of jurisdictional discovery, and its denial of
leave to amend.
REVERSED AND REMANDED.