6 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 7 WESTERN DISTRICT OF WASHINGTON AT SEATTLE 8 9 AKLILU YOHANNES, Case No. 2:17-CV-509-RSL 10 Plaintiff, ORDER GRANTING IN 11 v. PART AND DENYING IN 12 PART DEFENDANTS’ OLYMPIC COLLECTION INC. et al., MOTION TO COMPEL 13 Defendants. 14 15 This matter comes before the Court on defendants’ motion to compel discovery 16 responses. Dkt. #87. For the following reasons, defendants’ motion is GRANTED IN PART and 17 DENIED IN PART. 18 BACKGROUND 19 This case concerns an alleged debt owed from plaintiff Aklilu Yohannes to Baker Dental 20 Implants & Periodontics (“Baker Dental”). On February 27, 2019, defendants served discovery 21 requests. Dkt. #91-1 (Yohannes Decl.) at ¶ 2; see Dkt. #91-2. Plaintiff responded on April 2, 22 2019. Id. at ¶ 4; see Ex. 1, Dkt. #88-1 at 2–8. On April 16, 2019, defense counsel sent plaintiff a 23 letter pointing out deficiencies in several of plaintiff’s responses and requesting him to 24 supplement them. Ex. 2, Dkt. #88-1 at 11–12. A discovery conference1 was held on April 23, 25
26 1 Plaintiff argues that this conference was scheduled only to discuss deficiencies in defendants’ 27 responses to his requests for admission, not his responses to defendants’ discovery requests. Yohannes Decl. at ¶ 8. Defendants argue that both were discussed. See Dkt. #88 (Rosenberg Decl.) at ¶ 9; see Dkt. 28 1 2018. Rosenberg Decl. at ¶ 9. Defendants then filed a motion to compel. Dkt. #87. It concerns 2 plaintiff’s responses to four Requests for Production (“RFP”) and one interrogatory. Id. 3 DISCUSSION 4 A. Legal Standard 5 6 The Court has “broad discretion to manage discovery.” Avila v. Willits Envtl. 7 Remediation Tr., 633 F.3d 828, 833 (9th Cir. 2011). In general, “[p]arties may obtain discovery 8 regarding any nonprivileged matter that is relevant to any party’s claim or defense and 9 proportional to the needs of the case.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(b)(1). “If a party fails to answer an 10 interrogatory, the “party seeking discovery may move for an order compelling an answer.” Fed. 11 R. Civ. P. 37(a)(3)(B). “The party who resists discovery has the burden to show that discovery 12 should not be allowed, and has the burden of clarifying, explaining, and supporting its 13 objections.” Brown v. Warner, No. C09-1546RSM, 2015 WL 630926, at *1 (W.D. Wash. Feb. 14 12, 2015) (quoting Cable & Computer Tech., Inc. v. Lockheed Sanders, Inc., 175 F.R.D. 646, 15 650 (C.D. Cal. 1997)). 16 B. Request for Production No. 1 17 RFP 1 requests copies of “all documents evidencing any and all payments [plaintiff] 18 made on the obligation(s) described in the complaint.” Dkt. #92-1 at 4. Plaintiff’s response 19 referred to two sets of documents: the letters sent by plaintiff to defendant OCI disputing the 20 debt in January and February 2006, and the Single Family Ledger from Baker Dental produced 21 by defendants that “shows the balance remaining in [] plaintiff’s account with Baker Dental [] 22 since August 2003 is zero.” Dkt. #91-3 at 3. Defendants argue that this is not sufficient. Plaintiff 23 should furnish documentation evidencing payment of the debt, such as canceled checks or a 24 25 for admission in an email dated April 16, 2019 to defense counsel. Ex. 5, Dkt. #91-4 at 3. Defense 26 counsel responded affirmatively on the same day, stating that the parties “should combine the conference with [defendants’] requests [for plaintiff] to supplement [his] responses to [defendants’] 27 discovery requests.” Ex. 6, Dkt. #91-4 at 4. The Court finds that the parties have met and conferred on 28 this issue. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 37(a)(1); (d)(1)(B). 1 bank statement, or an admission that he does not have this documentation. Dkt. #87 at 6; see 2 Dkt. #93 at 3. Plaintiff argues2 that the Baker Dental ledger already shows that the balance on 3 his account was zero as of August 15, 2003, and that nothing else is needed. See Dkt. #50 at 3. 4 He has not met his burden of showing why discovery should not be allowed. Lewis v. King Cty., 5 No. C08-1201-JCC-MAT, 2009 WL 1034241, at *2 (W.D. Wash. Apr. 17, 2009) (“Nor did 6 defendant’s response to plaintiff’s motion to compel include any objections as to the content of 7 the request or an assertion that compliance with plaintiff’s request would impose an undue 8 burden or expense.”) (citing Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(c)). Defendants’ motion to compel a response to 9 RFP No. 1 is GRANTED. Plaintiff must produce any documents within his possession that 10 evidence this payment to Baker Dental. 11 C. Request for Production Nos. 4 and 5 12 RFP 4 requests copies of “any calendars, logs, diaries, journals or other documents, in 13 any form or medium, in which [plaintiff] recorded, noted, traced or otherwise created or 14 preserved any communication with Defendant.” Dkt. #92-1 at 5. RFP 5 requests copies of these 15 documents in which plaintiff “recorded, noted, traced or otherwise created or preserved 16 comments, remarks, thoughts, reactions, intentions or ideas pertaining to Defendant or to the 17 allegations in [the] Complaint for Damages and Injunctive Relief.” Id. Plaintiff objects that these 18 materials are protected because they were “compiled in preparation for this lawsuit” and are 19 therefore “not subject to discovery.” Dkt. #91-3 at 5. According to defendants, plaintiff 20 indicated during their discovery conference that he possesses materials meeting this description. 21 He claimed that it was protected work product. Rosenberg Decl. at ¶¶ 4–5. 22 23
24 2 Plaintiff also argues overall that he should not be compelled to produce discovery because the 25 discovery requests were prepared and served by non-lawyer employees of Audit & Adjustment Company (“AAC”) with little or no supervision from defense counsel. Dkt. #91 at 2–3. He objects to the 26 involvement of AAC in the proceedings without court permission. Id. Defense counsel states that he “personally and solely drafted Defendants[’] interrogatories, requests for admissions and requests for 27 production and had no assistance from any staff in [his] office or any staff of any other entity.” Dkt. #94 28 (O’Meara Decl.) at ¶ 4; see id. at ¶¶ 5–7. This is not a basis on which to deny defendants’ motion. 1 “To qualify for work-product protection, documents must: (1) be ‘prepared in 2 anticipation of litigation or for trial’ and (2) be prepared ‘by or for another party or by or for that 3 other party’s representative.’” United States v. Richey, 632 F.3d 559, 567 (9th Cir. 2011) 4 (quoting In re Grand Jury Subpoena (Mark Torf/Torf Envtl. Mgmt.), 357 F.3d 900, 907 (9th Cir. 5 2004)). When a party withholds information by claiming that it is protected work product, the 6 party must expressly make the claim and describe the nature of the documents “in a manner that, 7 without revealing information itself privileged or protected, will enable other parties to assess 8 the claim.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(b)(5). Plaintiff has not produced a privilege log. Aecon Bldgs., 9 Inc. v. Zurich N. Am., 253 F.R.D. 655, 659 (W.D. Wash. 2008), clarified on denial of 10 reconsideration (Aug. 28, 2008). The Court is unable to ascertain the extent to which the work 11 product privilege may apply to each document or portions thereof. Ballard Condo. Owners 12 Ass’n v. Gen. Sec.
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6 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 7 WESTERN DISTRICT OF WASHINGTON AT SEATTLE 8 9 AKLILU YOHANNES, Case No. 2:17-CV-509-RSL 10 Plaintiff, ORDER GRANTING IN 11 v. PART AND DENYING IN 12 PART DEFENDANTS’ OLYMPIC COLLECTION INC. et al., MOTION TO COMPEL 13 Defendants. 14 15 This matter comes before the Court on defendants’ motion to compel discovery 16 responses. Dkt. #87. For the following reasons, defendants’ motion is GRANTED IN PART and 17 DENIED IN PART. 18 BACKGROUND 19 This case concerns an alleged debt owed from plaintiff Aklilu Yohannes to Baker Dental 20 Implants & Periodontics (“Baker Dental”). On February 27, 2019, defendants served discovery 21 requests. Dkt. #91-1 (Yohannes Decl.) at ¶ 2; see Dkt. #91-2. Plaintiff responded on April 2, 22 2019. Id. at ¶ 4; see Ex. 1, Dkt. #88-1 at 2–8. On April 16, 2019, defense counsel sent plaintiff a 23 letter pointing out deficiencies in several of plaintiff’s responses and requesting him to 24 supplement them. Ex. 2, Dkt. #88-1 at 11–12. A discovery conference1 was held on April 23, 25
26 1 Plaintiff argues that this conference was scheduled only to discuss deficiencies in defendants’ 27 responses to his requests for admission, not his responses to defendants’ discovery requests. Yohannes Decl. at ¶ 8. Defendants argue that both were discussed. See Dkt. #88 (Rosenberg Decl.) at ¶ 9; see Dkt. 28 1 2018. Rosenberg Decl. at ¶ 9. Defendants then filed a motion to compel. Dkt. #87. It concerns 2 plaintiff’s responses to four Requests for Production (“RFP”) and one interrogatory. Id. 3 DISCUSSION 4 A. Legal Standard 5 6 The Court has “broad discretion to manage discovery.” Avila v. Willits Envtl. 7 Remediation Tr., 633 F.3d 828, 833 (9th Cir. 2011). In general, “[p]arties may obtain discovery 8 regarding any nonprivileged matter that is relevant to any party’s claim or defense and 9 proportional to the needs of the case.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(b)(1). “If a party fails to answer an 10 interrogatory, the “party seeking discovery may move for an order compelling an answer.” Fed. 11 R. Civ. P. 37(a)(3)(B). “The party who resists discovery has the burden to show that discovery 12 should not be allowed, and has the burden of clarifying, explaining, and supporting its 13 objections.” Brown v. Warner, No. C09-1546RSM, 2015 WL 630926, at *1 (W.D. Wash. Feb. 14 12, 2015) (quoting Cable & Computer Tech., Inc. v. Lockheed Sanders, Inc., 175 F.R.D. 646, 15 650 (C.D. Cal. 1997)). 16 B. Request for Production No. 1 17 RFP 1 requests copies of “all documents evidencing any and all payments [plaintiff] 18 made on the obligation(s) described in the complaint.” Dkt. #92-1 at 4. Plaintiff’s response 19 referred to two sets of documents: the letters sent by plaintiff to defendant OCI disputing the 20 debt in January and February 2006, and the Single Family Ledger from Baker Dental produced 21 by defendants that “shows the balance remaining in [] plaintiff’s account with Baker Dental [] 22 since August 2003 is zero.” Dkt. #91-3 at 3. Defendants argue that this is not sufficient. Plaintiff 23 should furnish documentation evidencing payment of the debt, such as canceled checks or a 24 25 for admission in an email dated April 16, 2019 to defense counsel. Ex. 5, Dkt. #91-4 at 3. Defense 26 counsel responded affirmatively on the same day, stating that the parties “should combine the conference with [defendants’] requests [for plaintiff] to supplement [his] responses to [defendants’] 27 discovery requests.” Ex. 6, Dkt. #91-4 at 4. The Court finds that the parties have met and conferred on 28 this issue. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 37(a)(1); (d)(1)(B). 1 bank statement, or an admission that he does not have this documentation. Dkt. #87 at 6; see 2 Dkt. #93 at 3. Plaintiff argues2 that the Baker Dental ledger already shows that the balance on 3 his account was zero as of August 15, 2003, and that nothing else is needed. See Dkt. #50 at 3. 4 He has not met his burden of showing why discovery should not be allowed. Lewis v. King Cty., 5 No. C08-1201-JCC-MAT, 2009 WL 1034241, at *2 (W.D. Wash. Apr. 17, 2009) (“Nor did 6 defendant’s response to plaintiff’s motion to compel include any objections as to the content of 7 the request or an assertion that compliance with plaintiff’s request would impose an undue 8 burden or expense.”) (citing Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(c)). Defendants’ motion to compel a response to 9 RFP No. 1 is GRANTED. Plaintiff must produce any documents within his possession that 10 evidence this payment to Baker Dental. 11 C. Request for Production Nos. 4 and 5 12 RFP 4 requests copies of “any calendars, logs, diaries, journals or other documents, in 13 any form or medium, in which [plaintiff] recorded, noted, traced or otherwise created or 14 preserved any communication with Defendant.” Dkt. #92-1 at 5. RFP 5 requests copies of these 15 documents in which plaintiff “recorded, noted, traced or otherwise created or preserved 16 comments, remarks, thoughts, reactions, intentions or ideas pertaining to Defendant or to the 17 allegations in [the] Complaint for Damages and Injunctive Relief.” Id. Plaintiff objects that these 18 materials are protected because they were “compiled in preparation for this lawsuit” and are 19 therefore “not subject to discovery.” Dkt. #91-3 at 5. According to defendants, plaintiff 20 indicated during their discovery conference that he possesses materials meeting this description. 21 He claimed that it was protected work product. Rosenberg Decl. at ¶¶ 4–5. 22 23
24 2 Plaintiff also argues overall that he should not be compelled to produce discovery because the 25 discovery requests were prepared and served by non-lawyer employees of Audit & Adjustment Company (“AAC”) with little or no supervision from defense counsel. Dkt. #91 at 2–3. He objects to the 26 involvement of AAC in the proceedings without court permission. Id. Defense counsel states that he “personally and solely drafted Defendants[’] interrogatories, requests for admissions and requests for 27 production and had no assistance from any staff in [his] office or any staff of any other entity.” Dkt. #94 28 (O’Meara Decl.) at ¶ 4; see id. at ¶¶ 5–7. This is not a basis on which to deny defendants’ motion. 1 “To qualify for work-product protection, documents must: (1) be ‘prepared in 2 anticipation of litigation or for trial’ and (2) be prepared ‘by or for another party or by or for that 3 other party’s representative.’” United States v. Richey, 632 F.3d 559, 567 (9th Cir. 2011) 4 (quoting In re Grand Jury Subpoena (Mark Torf/Torf Envtl. Mgmt.), 357 F.3d 900, 907 (9th Cir. 5 2004)). When a party withholds information by claiming that it is protected work product, the 6 party must expressly make the claim and describe the nature of the documents “in a manner that, 7 without revealing information itself privileged or protected, will enable other parties to assess 8 the claim.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(b)(5). Plaintiff has not produced a privilege log. Aecon Bldgs., 9 Inc. v. Zurich N. Am., 253 F.R.D. 655, 659 (W.D. Wash. 2008), clarified on denial of 10 reconsideration (Aug. 28, 2008). The Court is unable to ascertain the extent to which the work 11 product privilege may apply to each document or portions thereof. Ballard Condo. Owners 12 Ass’n v. Gen. Sec. Indem. Co. of Arizona, No. C09-484RSL, 2010 WL 11527324, at *2 (W.D. 13 Wash. June 24, 2010). The Court hereby ORDERS plaintiff to submit privilege logs regarding 14 those documents he considers protected work product in response to RFPs 4 and 5 to the Court 15 and defendants. 16 D. Request for Production No. 7 17 RFP 7 requests a copy of plaintiff’s credit report showing that the “garnishment is 18 recorded as involuntary debt collection as alleged in Paragraph 363 of [the] Complaint.” Dkt. 19 #91-2 at 6. In his complaint, plaintiff alleged that his “credit history obtained in connection with 20 a bank loan application in September 2016 showed the garnishment recorded as an involuntary 21 private loan recovery action.” Dkt. #32 (Compl.) at ¶ 86. Plaintiff produced an email from Jon 22 Walsh at Wells Fargo that, he claims, “describes the involuntary debt collection activity that 23 appeared on [his] credit report.” Dkt. #91-3 at 6. He stated that Wells Fargo did not send him the 24 credit report because Wells Fargo was “not the source of the information.” Id. The subject of the 25 email is “FW – Yohannes Refinance, Loan #0502153166.” Dkt. #93-1 at 1. It states, “Customer 26
27 3 This is construed by the parties as a reference to Paragraph 86 in the Amended Complaint. See 28 Dkt. #91 at 9; see Dkt. #87 at 9. 1 to provide an explanation for the private debt recovery involuntary YTD amount of $1297.44 2 and provide evidence of debt is [sic] paid off and not on going.” Id. According to defendants, 3 plaintiff conceded that he also obtained his own credit report. Rosenberg Decl. at ¶ 6. Plaintiff 4 alleges that “[o]ther records in [his] credit report are not relevant for this action.” Dkt. #91 at 12. 5 Plaintiff’s credit reports are relevant to the action and fall within the scope of discovery. 6 Am. Guard Servs., Inc. v. Terminal Sec. Sols., Inc., No. C18-0603-JCC, 2019 WL 1354154, at 7 *1 (W.D. Wash. Mar. 26, 2019). Defendants have indicated that they have no objection to the 8 redaction of account numbers and personal identifiers. O’Meara Decl. at ¶ 10. Plaintiff has not 9 met his burden of showing why discovery should not be allowed. Lewis, 2009 WL 1034241 at 10 *2. Defendants’ motion to compel a response to RFP No. 7 is GRANTED. Plaintiff must 11 produce any credit reports that are responsive and within his possession. 12 E. Interrogatory No. 3 13 14 Interrogatory No. 3 states, “List all conduct of Defendant which you allege was the 15 proximate cause of your damages.” Dkt. #91-2 at 13. Plaintiff responded, “The Defendants’ 16 conducts [sic] that are the proximate cause of the damages to the Plaintiff are clearly described 17 in the Amended Complaint. Conducts [sic] that are not listed in the Amended Complaint are 18 expected to be identified during discovery and will be identified to the Defendants in the future.” 19 Dkt. #91-3 at 23. 20 Plaintiff is correct in that the determination of proximate cause presents various 21 interpretative considerations. United States v. Galan, 804 F.3d 1287, 1290 (9th Cir. 2015). To 22 the extent the interrogatory requests plaintiff’s legal analysis of his claims, it is improper. Butler 23 v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., No. C14-1653-JCC, 2015 WL 11714664, at *3 (W.D. Wash. 24 July 23, 2015). However, to the extent it requests the factual basis for his claims, it is warranted. 25 Id. There is no indication that plaintiff has identified any additional causes of action beyond 26 those set out in his complaint, despite being given the opportunity to do so. He will be bound by 27 those allegations. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 37(c)(1) (“If a party fails to provide information or identify 28 1 a witness as required by Rule 26(a) or (e), the party is not allowed to use that information or 2 witness to supply evidence on a motion, at a hearing, or at a trial, unless the failure was 3 substantially justified or is harmless.”). Defendants’ motion to compel a response to 4 Interrogatory No. 3 is therefore DENIED. 5 DATED this 22nd day of August, 2019. 6
7 A 8 Robert S. Lasnik 9 United States District Judge 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28