Williams, J.
This No-Fault Insurance Act (MCL 500.3101 et seq.; MSA 24.13101 et seq., as amended) case, involving a woman passenger who lost the use of her limbs as the result of an accident in an automobile owned and driven by her sister, raises three issues: (1) the legal interpretation and application of "relative of either domiciled in the same household” in § 3114 of the act, because plaintiff had been living with her husband and child in a mobile home some 40 or 50 feet from her husband’s parents’ house, although they at the time of the accident were temporarily staying with plaintiff’s younger sister in her mother’s house while her mother was away; (2) whether § 3109(1) of the act, which provides "Benefits provided or required to be provided under the laws of any state or the federal government shall be subtracted from the personal protection insurance benefits otherwise payable for the injury” entitles the liable insurance carrier to subtract from personal injury protection insurance benefits otherwise due plaintiff the amount paid by Medicaid for plaintiff’s medical expenses; (3) whether, under § 3116 of the act (which provides "after recovery [486]*486* * * a subtraction shall be made to the extent of the recovery”), the liable insurance carrier may subtract from the personal injury protection insurance no-fault benefits otherwise due plaintiff the amount of her recovery from the tortfeasor recovered pursuant to § 3135 of the act, which permits suit in tort "for noneconomic loss * * * if the injured person has suffered death, serious impairment of body function or permanent serious disfigurement”.
First, we affirm, applying a four-point test to the facts, the trial court’s holding that plaintiff, living in the mobile home next to her father-in-law, was "domiciled in the same household” as her father-in-law. Second, we affirm the trial court on different grounds and remand in accordance with our holding that since plaintiff is not eligible for a governmental Medicaid benefit "provided or required to be provided under the laws of any state”, any set-off pursuant to § 3109(1) is impermissible as no cognizable governmental benefit exists to be subtracted. We express no opinion with respect to the propriety of a set-off of redundant, accident-related, ex gratia governmental transfer coverage. Finally, we hold that the seemingly absolute language of § 3116 which permits subtraction of tort recoveries from personal injury protection no-fault benefits must be read in connection with § 3135, which allows tort recovery for "noneconomic loss”, to the effect that there may be subtraction for tort recoveries when the tort recovery includes damages for losses for which personal injury protection benefits were paid, but not for noneconomic recoveries permitted under § 3135.
I. Facts
Plaintiff Deborah Workman was injured and [487]*487rendered a paraplegic in a one-vehicle automobile accident on August 22, 1974, in Newaygo County, while an occupant of an automobile owned and being operated by her sister, Nancy Jo Fessenden (now Nancy Jo Magoon). As a consequence of the accident plaintiff sustained severe and disabling injuries.
In early August, 1974, plaintiff, her husband James Workman, Jr., and their child moved from an apartment into a travel trailer owned by plaintiff’s father-in-law, James Workman, Sr. The trailer was located on James Workman, Sr.’s property, approximately 40 to 50 feet from his house.
In mid-August, 1974, either three or four days prior to the accident, plaintiff, her husband, and child went to stay with plaintiff’s younger sister, Jody Fessenden, at the residence of her mother, Mrs. Joann Fessenden, so the younger sister would not be alone while her mother was away on vacation. When the accident occurred on August 22, 1974, plaintiff, her husband, and child were still staying at Mrs. Fessenden’s residence. However, they planned to return to the trailer as soon as Mr. Workman’s parents returned from a vacation they were to take when their son and his family went to Mrs. Fessenden’s.
When the accident occurred, neither plaintiff nor her husband owned a motor vehicle. Because of this fact, on November 29, 1974, plaintiff filed suit to obtain declaratory judgment in Kent Circuit Court to determine which of three insurance companies was responsible for providing her personal injury protection insurance benefits under Michigan’s No-Fault Insurance Act, 1972 PA 294 as amended, MCL 500.3101 et seq.; MSA 24.13101 et seq. (hereinafter referred to as the "No-Fault Act” or "the act”). Because neither plaintiff nor [488]*488her husband owned a motor vehicle themselves, the relevant statutory provision for determining which insurer was responsible to her for personal injury protection insurance benefits is § 3114. Under § 3114(1), as amended by 1975 PA 137, "a personal protection insurance policy applies to accidental bodily injury to the person named in the policy, his spouse and a relative of either domiciled in the same householdThus, arguably, plaintiffs mother’s insurer, Wolverine Insurance Company, was responsible for providing plaintiffs personal injury benefits if plaintiff was "domiciled in the same household” as her mother. Or, arguably, plaintiffs father-in-law’s insurer, Community Services Insurance Company, was responsible for providing plaintiffs personal injury benefits if plaintiff was "a relative” to him and was "domiciled in the same household”. However, if neither of the above situations were applicable, i.e., § 3114(1) was not applicable to this case, then §3114(4)(a) would come into effect. This provision states:
"(4) Except as provided in subsections (1) to (3), a person suffering accidental bodily injury while an occupant of a motor vehicle shall claim personal protection insurance benefits from insurers in the following order of priority:
"(a) The insurer of the owner or registrant of the vehicle occupied.” MCL 500.3114(4); MSA 24.13114(4).
If § 3114(4)(a) were applicable, plaintiffs sister Nancy Jo Fessenden’s insurer, Detroit Automobile Inter-Insurance Exchange, would be responsible for providing her personal injury benefits.
On May 5, 1975, the trial court granted a summary judgment of no cause of action to Wolverine Insurance Company on the . insurance policy cover[489]*489ing plaintiffs mother, Mrs. Joann Fessenden, on the basis that plaintiff was not domiciled at her mother’s residence when the accident occurred.
On September 19, 1975, after trial between plaintiff and the remaining two defendants, Community Services Insurance Company and Detroit Automobile Inter-Insurance Exchange, the court held defendant Community Services Insurance Company (plaintiffs father-in-law’s insurer) responsible for providing plaintiff personal injury protection insurance benefits under the No-Fault Act. In addition, the court held there was no cause of action as to defendant Detroit Automobile Inter-Insurance Exchange (plaintiffs sister’s insurer).
The proceedings at this point become factually complicated.
On October 2, 1975, plaintiff made a motion to reopen proofs and for summary judgment with respect to the following relief she prayed for in the first amended complaint of April 18, 1975:
"Comes now the above named plaintiff and amends her complaint by addition to the prayer for relief as follows:
"(e) determine that benefits payable to plaintiff under the No-Fault Automobile Insurance Statute are not subject to reduction by benefits paid or payable to plaintiff by Michigan Department of Social Services under its Medicaid program; that is [MCL 500.3109(1); MSA 24.13109(1)] does not apply to benefits paid or payable under the Medicaid program operated by Michigan Department of Social Services.”
On October 10, 1975, defendant Community Services Insurance Company appealed the judgment in favor of Detroit Automobile Inter-Insurance Exchange to the Court of Appeals. On October 14, 1975, plaintiff cross-appealed. On this same date, [490]*490the court also granted plaintiffs October 2 motion to reopen proofs with respect to the issue stated in her April 18 amended complaint. On November 28, 1975, plaintiff filed a second amended complaint, and the court granted leave to further amend her complaint, this time to include the following issue:
"Comes now the above named plaintiff and further amends her complaint as amended on April 18, 1975, by addition to the prayer for relief as follows:
"(f) determine that the defendant adjudged by this court to be liable to plaintiff for no-fault benefits is not entitled to subtraction from no-fault benefits accrued nor reimbursement for no-fault benefits paid, in respect to plaintiffs recovery from the third-party tortfeasor.”
Importantly, while the above proceedings were taking place, plaintiff and her husband had brought suit in tort for the injuries she sustained in the accident. The elements of damages claimed in their complaint were limited to "noneconomic loss” as provided for by § 3135 of the No-Fault Act (quoted part IV, p 505 infra and see fn 1 infra). In December, 1975, the case was settled for $17,500, and plaintiff received the entire amount of the settlement proceeds (the above facts relating to this tort suit and the subsequent settlement are acknowledged in the record in a "Concise Statement of Proceedings and Facts” filed by the parties on February 17, 1976).
On December 22, 1975, the trial court entered an opinion as to the two issues "reopened” at trial. On January 9, 1976, the trial court entered the following supplemental judgment as to the two "reopened” issues:
"Now, therefore, it is ordered and adjudged, and the [491]*491court does hereby determine, that § 3109(1) of the Michigan No-Fault Automobile Insurance Law [MCL 500.3109(1); MSA 24.13109(1)] does not apply to benefits paid or payable to plaintiff by or through the Michigan Department of Social Services as Medicaid, and that no subtraction shall be made on that account from benefits otherwise payable to or for the benefit of plaintiff under said no-fault law.
"It is further ordered and adjudged, and the court does hereby determine, that § 3116 of said no-fault law violates the equal protection provision, article 1, § 2, and the due process provision, article 1, § 17, of the Michigan Constitution of 1963, and is therefore unconstitutional, to the extent that it directs subtraction from no-fault benefits otherwise payable to plaintiff for the recovery obtained by her in Kent Circuit Court Case No. 75-17844-NI, Workman v Magoon, and to the extent that it grants the no-fault insurance carrier a lien upon said recovery.”
(See § 3116 quoted in part IV, p 506 infra).
Defendant Community Services Insurance Company then filed an appeal to the Court of Appeals with respect to this supplemental judgment.
On February 17, 1976, both plaintiff and defendant Community Services Insurance Company joined in application for leave to appeal to this Court prior to decision of the Court of Appeals. Defendant Detroit Automobile Inter-Insurance Exchange filed a brief in support of this application for leave to appeal. The parties in their "Concise Statement of Proceedings and Facts” stipulated that the "issues presented on appeal are these”:
"(a) Which defendant is liable to plaintiff for no-fault benefits?
"(b) Does § 3109(1) of the No-Fault Act entitle the liable carrier to subtract from no-fault benefits otherwise due plaintiff the amount paid by Medicaid on plaintiffs medical expense?
[492]*492"(c) Does § 3116 of the No-Fault Act entitle the liable carrier to subtract from no-fault benefits otherwise due plaintiff the amount of her recovery from the tortfeasor?”
On June 1, 1976, this Court granted by-pass leave as to these issues.1
II. Which Defendant Is Responsible to Plaintiff for Payment of Personal Injury Protection Insurance Benefits Under the No-Fault Act?
The first issue before us is the determination of which defendant, Community Services Insurance Company (hereinafter referred to as Community Services) or Detroit Automobile Inter-Insurance [493]*493Exchange (hereinafter referred to as DAIIE), is responsible to plaintiff for payment of personal injury protection insurance benefits under the No-Fault Act.
This question arises because neither plaintiff nor her spouse owned a motor vehicle.2 Because of this fact, the relevant statutory scheme for determining which insurance carrier is responsible to plaintiff for payment of personal injury protection insurance benefits is § 3114 of the act, in particular subsections (1) and (4)(a). Section 3114 provides, in pertinent part:
"(1) Except as provided in subsections (2) and (3), a personal protection insurance policy applies to accidental bodily injury to the person named in the policy, his spouse, and a relative of either domiciled in the same household. * * *
"(4) Except as provided in subsections (1) to (3), a person suffering accidental bodily injury while an occupant of a motor vehicle shall claim personal protection insurance benefits from insurers in the following order of priority:
"(a) The insurer of the owner or registrant of the vehicle occupied.” MCL 500.3114; MSA 24.13114.
As our statement of facts indicates, defendant Community Services is the insurer of James Workman, Sr., plaintiff’s father-in-law. Defendant DAIIE is the insurer of Nancy Jo Fessenden, the owner and registrant of the motor vehicle in which plaintiff was an occupant (or passenger) [494]*494when she was injured. At trial, and before us, Community Services argues that it is not responsible to plaintiff for payment of personal injury insurance benefits pursuant to § 3114(1) because plaintiff was not "a relative of [and] domiciled in the same household” as its insured, her father-in-law James Workman, Sr. If Community Services is correct in its argument, it is undisputed that DAIIE is responsible to plaintiff for payment of personal injury protection insurance benefits, because its insured, Nancy Jo Fessenden, was, under § 3114(4)(a), owner and registrant of the motor vehicle in which plaintiff was an occupant when she was injured.
Therefore, for purposes of analysis, the dispositive question is whether plaintiff was a "relative of [and] domiciled in the same household” as her father-in-law James Workman, Sr. If the answer to this is yes, Community Services is responsible to plaintiff for payment of personal injury protection insurance benefits. If the answer is no, DAIIE is responsible to plaintiff for these benefits.
We agree with the trial court that the answer to this question is yes: plaintiff was a "relative of [and] domiciled in the same household” as her father-in-law, James Workman, Sr.
In reaching this conclusion, it is necessary to address, analytically, two considerations: (1) whether plaintiff was a "relative” of Community Services’ insured, plaintiff’s father-in-law, James Workman, Sr.; and (2) whether plaintiff was "domiciled in the same household” as James Workman, Sr.
The consideration of whether plaintiff was a "relative” of her father-in-law, James Workman, Sr., need not detain us long. Community Services, [495]*495in its brief, concedes the fact that as a matter of law "plaintiff is a relative of Mr. Workman, Sr.”3
Whether plaintiff was "domiciled in the same household” as James Workman, Sr., is, analytically, a more complicated consideration. It has not been brought to our attention, nor have we been able to find a case which deals specifically with the interpretation of an insurance policy or statute containing the language "domiciled in the same household”. However, the parties to this case have brought to our attention a body of law which deals with the question of whether a person is a "resident” of an insured’s "household” under particular insurance policies. Although the statutory language of § 3114(1) refers to persons "domiciled in the same household” as an insured, we believe this body of law is analytically applicable to the consideration before us. We conclude this because, in this state, the terms "domicile” and "residence” are legally synonymous (except in special circumstances).4
Our review of both Michigan opinions and opinions of our sister state courts first reveals the general principle that the terms "resident” of an insured’s "household” or, to the same effect, "domiciled in the same household” as an insured, have "no absolute meaning”, and that their meaning "may vary according to the circumstances”. Cal-[496]*496Farm Ins Co v Boisseranc, 151 Cal App 2d 775, 781; 312 P2d 401, 404 (1957). The "legal meaning” of these terms must be viewed flexibly, "only within the context of the numerous factual settings possible”. Montgomery v Hawkeye Security Ins Co, 52 Mich App 457, 461; 217 NW2d 449 (1974).
Accordingly, both our courts and our sister state courts, in determining whether a person is a "resident” of an insured’s "household” or, to the same analytical effect, "domiciled in the same household” as an insured, have articulated a number of factors relevant to this determination. In considering these factors, no one factor is, in itself, determinative; instead, each factor must be balanced and weighed with the others.5 Among the relevant factors are the following: (1) the subjective or declared intent of the person of remaining, either permanently or for an indefinite or unlimited length of time, in the place he contends is his "domicile” or "household”; Hartzler v Radeka, 265 Mich 451; 251 NW 554 (1933); Henry v Henry, 362 Mich 85, 101; 106 NW2d 570 (1960); Iowa National Mutual Ins Co v Boatright, 33 Colo App 124, 127; 516 P2d 439, 440 (1973); Hardware Mutual Casualty Co v Home Indemnity Co, 241 Cal App 2d 303; 50 Cal Rptr 508 (1966); (2) the formality or informality of the relationship between the person and the members of the household; Iowa National Mutual Ins Co v Boatright, supra; Pamperin v Milwaukee Mutual Ins Co, 55 Wis 2d 27, 33; 197 NW2d 783, 788 (1972); (3) whether the place where the person lives is in the same house, within the same curtilage or upon the same premises, Mazzilli v Accident & Casualty Ins Co of Winterthur, [497]*497Switzerland, 35 NJ 1; 170 A2d 800, 804 (1961);6 (4) the existence of another place of lodging by the person alleging "residence” or "domicile” in the household; Iowa National Mutual Ins Co v Boatright, supra; see also State Farm Mutual Automobile Ins Co v Holloway, 423 F2d 1281 (CA 10, 1970).
When the above factors are tested against the facts in the record in this case, it is overwhelmingly clear, as the trial court held, that plaintiff was "domiciled in the same household” as her father-in-law, James Workman, Sr.
First, the record reveals facts indicating it was plaintiffs intention to remain living in the trailer on the property of James Workman, Sr., for at least an indefinite length of time. Plaintiff testified that although she, her husband and child were temporarily staying with her younger sister in her mother’s home when the accident occurred, if the accident had not happened, it was her family’s intention to have gone back to the trailer and remain living there "for an indefinite period of time”. Plaintiff further testified that she and her husband were not looking for any other place to live and that she considered the trailer as her home. In addition, she testified that her family’s mailing address was the same as her father-in-law’s. Second, the record reveals facts indicating that the relationship between plaintiff, her hus[498]*498band and child, and her father-in-law’s family was informal and friendly. Plaintiff testified that she was welcome to use and did use all of the facilities of the house (i.e., telephone, washers and dryers, and electricity, by cord from the house to the trailer), that her family ate meals with the senior Workman’s family, and that during the day she and her child were "in and out” of the house. Third, the record reveals that the trailer in which plaintiff and her family lived was unquestionably on the same premises, or property, as her father-in-law’s house, and that the trailer belonged to her father-in-law. The trailer was located 40 to 50 feet from the house. The electrical power for the trailer was supplied by a cord attached to the house and water for the trailer was provided by means of a hose connected to the house. Furthermore, testimony established there was no fence or physical barrier of any type between the house and the trailer. Fourth, the record reveals that plaintiff and her family had left the apartment they were living in prior to moving into the trailer and had no intention of returning there (or to any other lodging).
For these reasons, we hold that plaintiff was, under § 3114(1) of the No-Fault Act, "a relative of [and] domiciled in the same household” as her father-in-law, James Workman, Sr. Accordingly, we affirm the trial court’s conclusion that Community Services Insurance Company is responsible to plaintiff for personal injury protection insurance • benefits under the No-Fault Act.
III. Whether § 3109(1) of the No-Fault Act Applies to Medicaid Benefits Authorized by the Social Welfare Act and Administered by the Michigan Department of Social Services
In 1974, plaintiff was rendered a paraplegic as a [499]*499consequence of an automobile accident. Plaintiff claimed state "Medicaid” benefits, MCL 400.105 et seq.; MSA 16.490(15) et seq., as a "medically indigent individual”, MCL 400.106; MSA 16.490(16),7 under the Michigan Social Welfare Act, 1939 PA 280.
Section 3109(1) of the No-Fault Act provides:
"Benefits provided or required to be provided under the laws of any state or the federal government shall be subtracted from the personal protection insurance benefits otherwise payable for the injury.” (Emphasis supplied.) MCL 500.3109(1); MSA 24.13109(1).
Defendants contend that, if they are held liable as plaintiff’s no-fault insurer, the amount of state governmental Medicaid benefits paid or payable on behalf of plaintiff’s medical expense should be subtracted from plaintiff’s § 3107(a) personal protection insurance benefits8 pursuant to § 3109(1).
[500]*500Considering this contention, the trial court declared in its supplemental judgment that, as a matter of "statutory construction”, § 3109(1)
"does not apply to benefits paid or payable to plaintiff by or through the Michigan Department of Social Services as Medicaid, and that no subtraction shall be made on that account from benefits otherwise payable to or for the benefit of plaintiff under said no-fault law.”
We disagree with the trial court’s ruling insofar as it is apparently based on the mistaken assumption that plaintiff is eligible for a "governmental” benefit cognizable under the § 3109(1) set-off scheme. Any consideration of the propriety of a § 3109(1) governmental benefit set-off is thereby rendered unnecessary; there exist no "benefits provided or required to be provided under the laws of’ Michigan to be arguably set off by defendants.
The Social Welfare Act, 1939 PA 280, was enacted by the Michigan Legislature " * * * to protect the welfare of the people of this state; to provide general relief, hospitalization, infirmary and medical care to poor or unfortunate persons * * * ”, long title of 1939 PA 280. "Medicaid” is a "program for medical assistance for the medically indigent”, MCL 400.105; MSA 16.490(15), authorized by the Social Welfare Act and administered by the Michigan Department of Social Services, MCL 400.105; MSA 16.490(15). The Medicaid program is required to be administered pursuant to subchapter XIX, 42 USC 1396 et seq., of the Federal Social Security Act, MCL 400.105; MSA 16.490(15). Subchapter XIX was enacted by the United States Congress
[501]*501"For the purpose of enabling each State, * * * to furnish (1) medical assistance on behalf of * * * disabled individuals, whose income and resources are insufficient to meet the costs of necessary medical services, * * * 42 USC 1396.
It is clear from the sense of the above provisions as well as the express language of § 105 of the Social Welfare Act that eligibility for Medicaid is contingent upon the finding that a claimant is "medically indigent” insofar as that individual’s income or collateral resources are concerned. In fact, § 106 of the Social Welfare Act specifically defines a "medically indigent individual” in relevant part as follows:
"(b) His need for the type of medical assistance available under this act for which application has been made has been professionally established and no payment for it is available through the legal obligation of a contractor, public or private, to pay or provide for the care without regard to the income or resources of the patient. The department shall be subrogated to any right of recovery which a patient may have for the cost of hospitalization, pharmaceutical services, physician services, and nursing services not to. exceed the amount of funds expended by the department for such care and treatment of the patient. The patient or other person acting in his behalf shall execute and deliver an assignment of claim or other authorizations as necessary to secure the right of recovery to the department. * * * ” MCL 400.106(2); MSA 16.490(16)(2). (Emphasis supplied.)
We perceive plaintiff’s § 3107(a) no-fault personal protection insurance coverage with defendant-insurers to constitute " * * * [medical assistance] available through the legal obligation of a contractor, public or private, to pay or provide for the care without regard to the income or resources [502]*502of the patient”.9 As such, plaintiff is expressly precluded from qualifying as a medically indigent individual eligible for medical assistance under the state Medicaid program. This finding requires us to conclude that Medicaid benefits are not in the nature of § 3109(1) benefits "required to be provided under the laws of any state or the federal government”; any attempted set-off of plaintiff’s Medicaid benefits would, therefore, not only be unnecessary but absurd since no "benefits” exist to be set off.
Further, the fact that plaintiff has been "provided” Medicaid benefits covering injuries sustained in her accident does not alter this result. Both §§ 106(2)(b)10 and 10711 of the Social Welfare [503]*503Act contemplate that under certain circumstances Medicaid benefits may potentially be made available to medically solvent individuals.12 In such instances, however, those statutes further provide that the Department of Social Services shall be entitled to a right of either subrogation or reimbursement to the extent of those Medicaid benefits paid.
Insofar as our reading of § 106(2)(b) of the Social Welfare Act is concerned, we are of the opinion that plaintiff is not statutorily eligible to receive state Medicaid benefits. As such, we are not here confronted with a state governmental benefit "provided or required to be provided under the laws of [504]*504any state or the federal government”, an element requisite to the operation of § 3109(1). Accordingly, absent this pivotal element, we need not reach the § 3109(1) set-off urged by the parties and adjudicated by the trial court as there exists no cognizable governmental benefit for the insurer to subtract from plaintiff’s § 3107(a) personal protection insurance benefits under the mandates of § 3109(1). We, therefore, affirm on different grounds the trial court’s order disallowing the set-off and remand this issue for disposition consistent with this opinion. We express no opinion with respect to the propriety of setting off other redundant, accident-related, ex gratia governmental transfer benefits.
IV. Whether § 3116 of the No-Fault Act Entitles Community Services to Subtract From Plaintiff’s Personal Injury
Protection Insurance Benefits the Amount Received by Plaintiff in Tort Recovery From the Tortfeasor
The third issue before us is whether § 3116 of the No-Fault Act entitles Community Services Insurance Company (the insurer responsible to plaintiff for payment of personal injury protection insurance benefits) to subtract from these benefits the amount plaintiff received (after settlement) in tort recovery from the tortfeasor, Nancy Jo Fessenden.
As indicated in our statement of facts, plaintiff moved to amend her complaint to include this issue after the trial court had decided the question of which insurer was responsible to plaintiff for payment of personal injury protection insurance benefits. See discussion part I, supra, p 488. Also, the record indicates that before the trial court [505]*505entered its supplemental judgment as to this issue, plaintiff settled a tort suit against Nancy Jo Fessenden, the operator of the motor vehicle in which she was injured, for $17,500. This suit was brought pursuant to § 3135 of the No-Fault Act, which provides:
"(1) A person remains subject to tort liability for noneconomic loss caused by his ownership, maintenance or use of a motor vehicle only if the injured person has suffered death, serious impairment of body function or permanent serious disñgurement.
"(2) Notwithstanding any other provision of law, tort liability arising from the ownership, maintenance or use within this state of a motor vehicle with respect to which the security required by subsections (3) and (4) of section 3101 was in effect is abolished except as to:
"(a) Intentionally caused harm to persons or property. Even though a person knows that harm to persons or property is substantially certain to be caused by his act or omission, he does not cause or suffer such harm intentionally if he acts or refrains from acting for the purpose of averting injury to any person, including himself, or for the purpose of averting damage to tangible property.
"Go) Damages for noneconomic loss as provided and limited in subsection (1).
"(c) Damages for allowable expenses, work loss and survivor’s loss as defined in sections 3107 to 3110 in excess of the daily, monthly and 3 year limitations contained in those sections. The party liable for damages is entitled to an exemption reducing his liability by the amount of taxes that would have been payable on account of income the injured person would have received if he had not been injured.” MCL 500.3135; MSA 24.13135. (Emphasis added.)
Plaintiff contends that she is entitled to the full amount of her tort recovery against Nancy Jo Fessenden (subject to attorney fees and costs). Community Services argues that § 3116 of the No-[506]*506Fault Act entitles it to subtract this amount (exclusive of reasonable attorney fees and costs) from the personal injury protection insurance benefits it must pay plaintiff. This section provides:
"(1) A subtraction from personal protection insurance benefits shall not be made because of the value of a claim in tort based on the same accidental bodily injury. However, after recovery is realized upon a tort claim, a subtraction shall be made to the extent of the recovery, exclusive of reasonable attorneys’ fees and other reasonable expenses incurred in effecting the recovery. If personal protection insurance benefits have already been received, the claimant shall repay to the insurers out of the recovery a sum equal to the benefits received, but not more than the recovery exclusive of reasonable attorneys’ fees and other reasonable expenses incurred in effecting the recovery. The insurer shall have a lien on the recovery to this extent. A recovery by an injured person or his estate for loss suffered by him shall not be subtracted in calculating benefits due a dependent after the death and a recovery by a dependent for loss suffered by the dependent after the death shall not be subtracted in calculating benefits due the injured person.
"(2) A personal protection insurer with a right of reimbursement under subsection (1), if suffering loss from inability to collect reimbursement out of a payment received by a claimant upon a tort claim is entitled to indemnity from a person who, with notice of the insurer’s interest, made such a payment to the claimant without making the claimant and the insurer joint payees as their interests may appear or without obtaining the insurer’s consent to a different method of payment.” MCL 500.3116; MSA 24.13116.
The trial court, in its supplemental judgment, declared:
"It is further ordered and adjudged, and the court does hereby determine, that § 3116 of said no-fault law [507]*507violates the equal protection provision, art 1, § 2, and the due process provision, art 1, § 17, of the Michigan Constitution of 1963, and is therefore unconstitutional, to the extent that it directs subtraction from no-fault benefits otherwise payable to plaintiff for the recovery obtained by her in Kent Circuit Court Case No. 75-17844-NI, Workman v Magoon, and to the extent that it grants the no-fault insurance carrier a lien upon said recovery.”
Although we agree with the effect of the trial court’s judgment, i.e., Community Services may not subtract the amount of plaintiffs tort recovery (exclusive of reasonable attorney fees and costs) pursuant to § 3116, we disagree with its disposition of this issue on constitutional grounds.
It is a well-established, cardinal rule of statutory construction that provisions of a statute must be construed in light of the other provisions of the statute, in such a manner as to carry out the apparent purpose of the Legislature and to permit its constitutional validity to be sustained. In re Petition of Bryant, 323 Mich 424, 437; 35 NW2d 371 (1949). Accordingly, as stated in Grand Rapids v Crocker, 219 Mich 178, 182-183; 189 NW 221 (1922), in construing the meaning of particular statutory provisions, it is elementary that
"effect must be given, if possible, to every word, sentence and section. To that end, the entire act must be read, and the interpretation to be given to a particular word in one section arrived at after due consideration of every other section so as to produce, if possible, a harmonious and consistent enactment as a whole.”
See also Dussia v Monroe County Employees Retirement System, 386 Mich 244, 248; 191 NW2d 307 (1971).
Or, as Justice Brandéis stated in his concurring [508]*508opinion in Ashwander v Tennessee Valley Authority, 297 US 288, 348; 56 S Ct 466; 80 L Ed 688 (1936):
" 'When the validity of an act of the Congress is drawn in question, and even if a serious doubt of constitutionality is raised, it is a cardinal principle that this Court will first ascertain whether a construction of the statute is fairly possible by which the question may be avoided.’ ” (Citation omitted.)
The issue raised in this case is the alleged conflict between § 3135 and § 3116 of the No-Fault Act.
Section 3135, in particular subds (1), (2)(b) and (2)(c) provide a specific threshold for motor-vehicle accident-related tort suits, i.e., tort liability is not abolished with respect to "noneconomic loss”13 if the injured person "has suffered death, serious impairment of body function or permanent serious disfigurement” (§§ 3135[1], 3135[2][b]) and if the injured person’s "[djamages for allowable expenses, work loss and survivor’s loss as defined in sections 3107 to 3110” are "in excess of the daily, monthly, and 3 year limitations contained in those sections” (§ 3135[2][c]).14 The legislative intent, inferable [509]*509from the face of this provision, is clear: the Legislature intended to allow the catastrophically injured victim and the victim of extraordinary economic losses compensation in addition to that provided by §§ 3107 to 3110 of the act.
Section 3116 provides, in pertinent part:
"after recovery is realized upon a tort claim, a subtraction shall be made to the extent of the recovery, exclusive of reasonable attorneys’ fees and other reasonable expenses incurred in effecting the recovery. If personal protection insurance benefits have already been received, the claimant shall repay to the insurers out of the recovery a sum equal to the benefits received.” MCL 500.3116; MSA 24.13116.
If this statutory language is literally construed and read alone, then an insurer, "after recovery is realized upon a tort claim”, may subtract personal injury protection insurance benefits "to the extent of the recovery”, etc. However, if this statutory language is read in the light of § 3135, we are left with an apparent and patent absurdity: the Legis[510]*510lature, on the one hand, provides an injured person limited tort remedy in § 3135 of the act while, on the other hand, providing that any tort recovery achieved pursuant to § 3135 will be effectively taken away under § 3116 of the act.
This absurdity can be avoided, however, by applying the rules of statutory construction articulated supra, i.e., by construing § 3116 in a fashion which both carries out the apparent purpose of the Legislature and harmonizes this section with § 3135 and the due process and equal protection clauses of the Michigan and United States Constitutions. Accordingly, in light of § 3135, we construe § 3116 to mean that an insurance carrier paying personal injury protection benefits is entitled to reimbursement from the tort recovery of a person injured as a result of a motor vehicle accident only if, and to the extent that, the tort recovery includes damages for losses for which personal injury protection benefits were paid. Thus, since § 3135 abolishes tort remedy for losses covered under the personal injury protection insurance provisions of the act, an injured plaintiff should recover nothing for which the insurance carrier will have a right of reimbursement under §3116. We believe this interpretation of § 3116 not only gives full effect to § 3135, but it also effectuates the essential purposes of this section, namely, to prevent double recovery of economic loss by those persons who retain their right to sue in tort for economic loss under the act.15
[511]*511Defendant Community Services citing Pelkey v Elsea Realty & Investment Co, 394 Mich 485; 232 NW2d 154 (1975), raises the thoughtful and interesting point that under the law of workers’ compensation, subtraction from benefits to the extent of total third-party tort recovery minus reasonable expenses and attorney fees is authorized. However, the analogy of the Worker’s Disability Compensation Act to the No-Fault Act is not exact and Pelkey is not controlling. As plaintiff correctly points out, the tort recovery under the Worker’s Disability Compensation Act is for all damages, economic and noneconomic, MCL 418.827; MSA 17.237(827), whereas a § 3135 recovery is only for "noneconomic loss” which by definition excludes all benefits payable under no-fault. This comparison is useful, however, because it does indicate that the Legislature, although by different methods, in both acts provided against double recovery.
Therefore, we hold, on the basis of statutory construction, that § 3116 of the No-Fault Act does not entitle Community Services to subtract plaintiff’s tort recovery from the personal injury protection benefits it must pay plaintiff, because plaintiff’s tort recovery was made pursuant to § 3135 of the act and included damages for losses for which personal injury protection benefits are not paid.
V. Conclusion
For the reasons set out above, we therefore hold (1) that plaintiff was "domiciled in the same house[512]*512hold” as her father-in-law and affirm the trial judge on this issue; (2) that Medicaid benefits are not subject to a § 3109(1) set-off, affirm on different grounds the trial judge’s order disallowing the set-off and remand for a disposition of this issue consistent with this opinion, expressing no opinion as to the propriety of a § 3109(1) set-off of redundant, accident-related, ex gratia governmental transfer coverage; and (3) that the language of § 3116 permitting subtraction from no-fault benefits of tort recoveries must be read in connection with § 3135 allowing tort recoveries for "noneconomic loss”, thereby excluding plaintiff’s tort recovery of noneconomic loss under § 3135, and, accordingly affirm the trial judge, but on the basis of statutory construction rather than unconstitutionality.
Affirmed in part; reversed in part; and remanded in part. No costs, a public question being involved.
Fitzgerald, Ryan, and Blair Moody, Jr., JJ., concurred with Williams, J.