Wolf v. ClubCorp USA, Inc.

• Court: District Court, S.D. California
• Decided: June 30, 2023
• Docket: 3:22-cv-01688
• Status: Unknown

Opinion

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 10 11 LEA WOLF, an individual and on behalf Case No. 22-cv-1688-MMA (JLB) of all others similarly situated, 12 ORDER GRANTING DEFENDANTS’ Plaintiff, 13 MOTION TO COMPEL v. ARBITRATION 14

15 CLUBCORP USA, INC., et al., [Doc. No. 10] Defendants. 16 17 18 Plaintiff Lea Wolf brings this putative class action against Defendants ClubCorp 19 USA, Inc. (“ClubCorp”) and ClubCorp Golf of California LLC (“Morgan Run” and 20 collectively with ClubCorp, “Defendants”). Defendants removed this action from the 21 Superior Court of California, County of San Diego, to the United States District Court for 22 the Southern District of California pursuant to the Class Action Fairness Act of 2005, 28 23 U.S.C. § 1332. See Doc. No. 1. 24 Two motions are pending before the Court. Doc. Nos. 10, 11. Defendants move to 25 compel arbitration of Plaintiff’s claims, and dismiss or stay the action pursuant to the 26 Federal Arbitration Act. See Doc. No. 10. Additionally and in the alternative, 27 Defendants move to dismiss the Complaint in its entirety pursuant to Federal Rule of 28 Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) and to strike portions of Plaintiff’s Complaint pursuant to Rule 1 12(b)(6) or 12(f). Doc. No. 11. Plaintiff filed an opposition to both motions, to which 2 Defendants replied. See Doc. Nos. 12–15. For the reasons set forth below, the Court 3 GRANTS Defendants’ motion to compel arbitration. 4 I. MOTION TO COMPEL ARBITRATION 5 A. Background 6 Broadly, Plaintiff alleges that Defendants engaged in sex discrimination “in 7 services and privileges provided to the female members of the Defendant[s’] business 8 establishment,” Morgan Run Resort & Club, a private tennis club in San Diego County. 9 Doc. No. 1-4 (“Compl.”) ¶¶ 1, 8. Plaintiff alleges that both Defendants “own[] and 10 [o]perate the CLUB.” Compl. ¶¶ 7–8. Defendants, through a declaration by Fernando 11 Fry, the General Manager of Morgan Run Club and Resort, state that Morgan Run is “the 12 owner and operator of the Club.” Doc. No. 10-2 (“Fry Decl.”) ¶ 3.1 On or about 13 November 21, 2017, Plaintiff completed and signed an application for membership to the 14 Club. Id. ¶ 8. The application contains the following text: 15 16 If accepted into membership, I/we agree to conform to and be bound by the enrollment terms contained herein, the Membership Bylaws, the Rules and 17 Regulations, and written membership policies of the Club (“Membership 18 Documents”) as they may be amended from time to time. I/We further understand that agreeing to be bound by the Membership Documents of the 19 Club is a part of my/our agreement for membership privileges with the Club. 20 I/We specifically understand this membership is not divisible. I/We hereby acknowledge receipt of a copy of the Membership Bylaws and the Rules and 21 Regulations of the Club. I/We hereby acknowledge and understand that the 22 ONE benefits are subject to change at any time and that the privileges associated therewith may change throughout the term of my membership. 23

24 25 See Doc. No. 10-3 (“Membership Application”) Ex. 1 at 4; see also Fry Decl. ¶ 8. 26 27 28 1 Plaintiff alleges that “[t]he CLUB treated the male members more favorably than 2 [their] female counterparts.” Compl. ¶ 13. Plaintiff brings two causes of action against 3 Defendants: (1) unlawful discrimination in violation of the Unruh Act, California Civil 4 Code §§ 51, et seq.; and (2) unfair business practices in violation of the California 5 Business and Professions Code §§ 17200, et seq. Id. ¶¶ 47–73. 6 B. Legal Standard 7 The Federal Arbitration Act (“FAA”) permits “[a] party aggrieved by the alleged 8 failure, neglect, or refusal of another to arbitrate under a written agreement for arbitration 9 [to] petition any United States District Court . . . for an order directing that . . . arbitration 10 proceed in the manner provided for in [the arbitration] agreement.” 9 U.S.C. § 4. Upon a 11 showing that a party has failed to comply with a valid arbitration agreement, the district 12 court must issue an order compelling arbitration. Id. 13 The Supreme Court has stated that the FAA espouses a general policy favoring 14 arbitration agreements. AT & T Mobility v. Concepcion, 563 U.S. 333, 339 (2011). 15 Federal courts are required to rigorously enforce an agreement to arbitrate. See id. 16 Courts are also directed to resolve any “ambiguities as to the scope of the arbitration 17 clause itself . . . in favor of arbitration.” Volt Info. Scis., Inc. v. Bd. of Trs. of Leland 18 Stanford Jr. Univ., 489 U.S. 468, 476–77 (1989). 19 In determining whether to compel a party to arbitrate, the Court may not review the 20 merits of the dispute; rather, the Court’s role under the FAA is limited “to determining 21 (1) whether a valid agreement to arbitrate exists and, if it does, (2) whether the agreement 22 encompasses the dispute at issue.” Cox v. Ocean View Hotel Corp., 533 F.3d 1114, 1119 23 (9th Cir. 2008) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). If the Court finds that the 24 answers to those questions are “yes,” the Court must compel arbitration. See Dean Witter 25 Reynolds, Inc. v. Byrd, 470 U.S. 213, 218 (1985). If there is a genuine dispute of material 26 fact as to any of these queries, a district court should apply a “standard similar to the 27 summary judgment standard of [Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 56].” Concat LP v. 28 Unilever, PLC, 350 F. Supp. 2d 796, 804 (N.D. Cal. 2004). 1 Agreements to arbitrate are “valid, irrevocable, and enforceable, save upon such 2 grounds as exist at law or in equity for the revocation of any contract.” 9 U.S.C. § 2. 3 Courts must apply ordinary state law principles in determining whether to invalidate an 4 agreement to arbitrate. Ferguson v. Countrywide Credit Indus., 298 F.3d 778, 782 (9th 5 Cir. 2002). As such, arbitration agreements may be invalidated by generally applicable 6 contract defenses, such as fraud, duress, or unconscionability. Concepcion, 563 U.S. at 7 339–41. 8 C. Analysis 9 1. Arbitration of Claims Against Defendant Morgan Run 10 As an initial matter, it is undisputed that Plaintiff and Morgan Run are signatories 11 to the contract in question—the membership contract. See Membership Application at 4, 12 5. Defendants argue that Plaintiff is “estopped from arguing that she did not agree to the 13 arbitration provision in the Bylaws because her claims derive from the Bylaws.” Doc. 14 No. 10-1 at 12. “Equitable estoppel precludes a party from claiming the benefits of a 15 contract while simultaneously attempting to avoid the burdens that contract imposes.” 16 Kramer v. Toyota Motor Corp., 705 F.3d 1122, 1128 (9th Cir. 2013) (quoting Comer v. 17 Micor, Inc., 436 F.3d 1098, 1101 (9th Cir. 2006) (internal quotation marks omitted)). 18 However, Defendants provide no authority that the doctrine of equitable estoppel applies 19 where two parties are both signatories of a contract, and the Court is unaware of any such 20 authority. Cf. Pacific Fertility Cases, 85 Cal. App. 5th 887, 893 (2022) (internal citations 21 and quotation marks omitted) (stating that “[i]n the context of arbitration, there are two 22 circumstances in which equitable estoppel can apply. The first is when the signatory to a 23 written agreement containing an arbitration clause must rely on the terms of the written 24 agreement in asserting its claims against the nonsignatory. . . . The second is when the 25 claims against the nonsignatory are founded in and inextricably bound up with the 26 obligations imposed by the agreement containing the arbitration clause.”). 27 Alternatively, Defendants move the Court to compel Plaintiff to arbitrate her 28 claims pursuant to the Bylaws of Morgan Run, which include an arbitration provision. 1 Doc. No. 10-1 at 12–15. Defendants argue that “there is no question that the parties 2 consented to the arbitration of disputes” because Plaintiff signed a membership 3 application, “wherein she [] acknowledged receipt of a copy of the Membership Bylaws 4 . . . and agreed to conform to and be bound by . . . the membership Bylaws.” Doc. 5 No. 10-1 at 13 (alterations in original omitted) (first citing Fry Decl. ¶ 8; and then citing 6 Membership Application). Additionally, Defendants argue that “[e]ven if Plaintiff had 7 not signed a form acknowledging receipt of and her agreement to be bound by the 8 Bylaws at the time of application, the arbitration provision would still be enforceable 9 because the arbitration provision was incorporated by reference” through Plaintiff’s 10 membership application to Morgan Run. Id. at 8, 14. 11 Plaintiff argues that the “membership contracts do not contain an arbitration 12 agreement” and that the “membership contract[] do[es] not validly incorporate by 13 reference the terms of the arbitration agreement[] that are contained in the Bylaws” and 14 that Plaintiff therefore “did not provide mutual assent to arbitrate [her] dispute[].” Doc. 15 No. 12 at 7–8. In particular, Plaintiff argues that although “[t]he membership contract 16 states that the Bylaws were provided to the Plaintiff. . . . this language was buried in the 17 contract[.]” Id. at 7. Additionally, Plaintiff urges that “the Bylaws containing the 18 arbitration provision were not provided to the Plaintiff even after signing the membership 19 agreement, upon request of the Plaintiff” and that Defendants only “provided the Plaintiff 20 with the Bylaws right before they terminated her membership at the club.” Id. at 8–9 21 (citing Doc. No. 12-1 (“Pl. Decl.”)). 22 “Under California law, the party seeking to compel arbitration has the burden of 23 proving . . . by a preponderance of the evidence” the existence of an agreement to 24 arbitrate. Newton v. Am. Debt Servs., Inc., 854 F. Supp. 2d 712, 721 (N.D. Cal. 2012) 25 (citing Rosenthal v. Great W. Fin. Sec. Corp., 14 Cal. 4th 394, 413 (1996)). “California 26 law permits parties to consent to, and incorporate by reference into their contract, the 27 terms of another document.” See Greenley v. Avis Budget Grp., Inc., No. 19-cv-00421- 28 GPC-AHG, 2020 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 54234, at *13–14 (S.D. Cal. May 26, 2020) (citing 1 Slaught v. Bencomo Roofing Co., 25 Cal. App. 4th 744, 748 (1994)); see also Pulido v. 2 Caremore Health Plan, Inc., No. CV2002730ABAFMX, 2020 WL 5077353, at *4 (C.D. 3 Cal. May 12, 2020). 4 For the terms of another document to be incorporated into the document 5 executed by the parties, the reference must be clear and unequivocal, the 6 reference must be called to the attention of the other party and he must consent thereto, and the terms of the incorporated document must be known or easily 7 available to the contracting parties. 8 9 Id. (quoting Shaw v. Regents of Univ. of Cal., 58 Cal. App. 4th 44, 54 (1997)). 10 Plaintiff does not dispute that she signed a membership contract with Morgan Run. 11 See Doc. No. 12 at 7–8 (acknowledging that Plaintiff signed the contract); Membership 12 Application at 4, 5. Although Plaintiff argues that language in the membership contract 13 regarding the Bylaws “was buried in the contract . . .”, see Doc. No. 12 at 8, this is not 14 borne out by the document provided to the Court. The application—including a page 15 titled “Addendum to Candidate Application Form” is four pages long and contains six 16 references to “Membership Bylaws.” See Membership Application. On the third page of 17 the application is the following text: 18 19 If accepted into membership, I/we agree to conform to and be bound by the enrollment terms contained herein, the Membership Bylaws, the Rules and 20 Regulations, and written membership policies of the Club (“Membership 21 Documents”) as they may be amended from time to time. I/We further understand that agreeing to be bound by the Membership Documents of the 22 Club is a part of my/our agreement for membership privileges with the Club. 23 I/We specifically understand this membership is not divisible. I/We hereby acknowledge receipt of a copy of the Membership Bylaws and the Rules 24 and Regulations of the Club. I/We hereby acknowledge and understand that 25 the ONE benefits are subject to change at any time and that the privileges associated therewith may change throughout the term of my membership. 26

27 Membership Application at 4 (emphasis added). 28 Also on the third page, in bold font, is the following text: 1 2 I/WE ACKNOWLEDGE THE MEMBERSHIP BYLAWS AND THE RULES AND REGULATIONS OF THE CLUB PROVIDE THE 3 DETAILS OF THE CLUB’S MEMBERSHIP POLICIES, CONDUCT 4 AND OBLIGATIONS, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROVISIONS IN THE EVENT OF DIVORCE, FOR ARBITRATION 5 OF DISPUTES, RESIGNATION, REDEMPTION OF 6 MEMBERSHIPS, FINANCIAL OBLIGATIONS, DISCPLINARY ACTION, RELEASE OF LIABILITY FOR PERSONAL INJURY AND 7 THEFT. . . . 8 Id. 9 10 The Court concludes that the reference to the Bylaws was clear and unequivocal, 11 and that the reference was called to Plaintiff’s attention and Plaintiff consented thereto. 12 See Greenley, 2020 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 54234, at *13–14 (concluding that the placement 13 and presentation of a document the defendant sought to incorporate by reference was 14 sufficiently called to the plaintiff’s attention where “[t]he Arbitration Provision was 15 neither relegated to ‘the corner of a document (the folder jacket),’ Lucas v. Hertz Corp., 16 875 F. Supp. 2d 991, 1006 (N.D. Cal. 2012), nor presented to Plaintiff ‘without . . . an 17 opportunity to read or to comprehend the fine print.’ Nagrampa v. MailCoups, Inc., 469 18 F.3d 1257, 1301 (9th Cir. 2006)”); cf. Ashbey v. Archstone Prop. Mgmt., Inc., 785 F.3d 19 1320, 1324–26 (9th Cir. 2015) (finding an arbitration provision enforceable where the 20 plaintiff received written notice of the arbitration provision through a document that 21 “explicitly notified [the plaintiff] the [Company Police] Manual contained a Dispute 22 Resolution Policy, and it did so in two places[,]” and the plaintiff acknowledged the same 23 in writing). 24 Next, “[w]hether a document purportedly incorporated by reference was ‘readily 25 available’ is a question of fact.” Baker v. Osborne Dev. Corp., 159 Cal. App. 4th 884, 26 895, 71 Cal. Rptr. 3d 854 (2008) (quoting Chan v. Drexel Burnham Lambert, Inc., 178 27 Cal. App. 3d 632, 644–45 (1986)). Here, the Court is persuaded by the reasoning in 28 Cuenco on this issue, which involved similar facts and arguments. Cuenco v. Clubcorp 1 USA, Inc., No. 20-774, 2021 WL 2453279 (S.D. Cal. June 16, 2021). In her opposition to 2 Defendants’ motion to compel arbitration, Plaintiff argues that she did not provide mutual 3 assent to arbitrate her claims because she “could not even access the Bylaws until after 4 signing their membership agreements.” Doc. No. 12 at 7–8; see also Pl. Decl. ¶ 5 (“I was 5 not provided with the CLUB’s Bylaws or arbitration agreement when I signed their 6 membership agreement.”). However, the relevant question is whether the document was 7 known or easily available to the contracting parties. Pulido, 2020 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 8 158021, at *4; see Wolschlager v. Fid. Nat’l Title Ins. Co., 4 Cal. Rptr. 3d 179, 185 (Cal. 9 Ct. App. 2003) (considering that whether a party knows about an arbitration clause is 10 irrelevant if the clause is easily available); see also Lucas, 875 F. Supp. 2d at 999 (stating 11 the same); In re Samsung Galaxy Smartphone Mktg. & Sales Practices Litig., 298 F. 12 Supp. 3d 1285, 1297 (N.D. Cal. 2018) (“[T]he current trend of California cases has been 13 to enforce contracts even when consumers later receive the terms.”). Plaintiff also 14 contends that she “requested a copy of the Bylaws multiple times and was not provided 15 with one.” Doc. No. 12 at 7–8; Pl. Decl. ¶ 8 (“I requested the Bylaws from the CLUB on 16 several occasions but the CLUB did not provide me with a copy. After several attempts, 17 the CLUB eventually provided me with a copy of the Bylaws right before they terminated 18 my membership with the CLUB.”). However, as in Cuenco, Plaintiff signed a 19 membership contract, which stated that she “acknowledge[d] receipt of a copy of the 20 Membership Bylaws . . .” Fry Decl. ¶ 8; see Membership Application at 4. Additionally, 21 as in Cuenco, Defendants proffer undisputed evidence that “the Bylaws were available to 22 Plaintiffs through their private online membership portal after their membership 23 applications were approved.” Cuenco, 2021 WL 2453279, at *2; Doc. No. 10-2 (“Fry. 24 Decl.”) ¶¶ 6–7.2 In particular, Defendants proffer a sworn declaration by Fernando Fry, 25 26 27 2 The Court notes that neither Plaintiff’s Declaration nor the briefing associated with Plaintiff’s opposition to the motion to compel arbitration address the purported availability of the Bylaws through 28 1 the General Manager of Morgan Run Club and Resort, who states that “[t]he Bylaws are 2 always available to prospective members at the time of application and are provided 3 either with the application or upon request” and that “a copy of the Bylaws is available 4 via the Club’s online portal, in person at the Club, and by phone or email request.” Fry 5 Decl. ¶¶ 6, 7. 6 The Court concludes that the Bylaws were easily available to Plaintiff. See Ko 7 v. Anthem Cos., No. SACV 19-2436 JVS (DFMx), 2020 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 52851, at *14 8 (C.D. Cal. Mar. 26, 2020) (“The Court finds that the Arbitration Policy was at least 9 “easily available” to [the plaintiff], as it was contained within the portal she accessed 10 when she submitted her onboarding documents, and called to her attention in her offer 11 letter. . . [the plaintiff’s] decision not to read the application she submitted and the offer 12 letter she signed . . . does not prevent the formation of an agreement to arbitrate.”) 13 (citations omitted). “It is well established, in the absence of fraud, overreaching or 14 excusable neglect, that one who signs an instrument may not avoid the impact of its terms 15 on the ground that he failed to read the instrument before signing it.” Stewart v. Preston 16 Pipeline Inc., 134 Cal. App. 4th 1565, 1588 (2005) (citations and internal quotation 17 marks omitted). 18 In sum, the Court concludes that all requirements for incorporation by reference 19 have been met. Accordingly, the Court turns to the merits of Defendants’ motion to 20 compel arbitration. 21 Defendants assert that the following arbitration clause in the Bylaws applies: 22 23 11.13. Small Claims Court/Arbitration. Any controversy arising out of, or relating to these Bylaws or any Member’s membership, or a breach, shall be 24 settled by bringing a proper action in the small claims court, or its equivalent, 25 if the controversy is within the jurisdiction of the small claims court. Any controversy arising out of, or relating to, these Bylaws, or the Rules and 26 Regulations, or any Member’s membership, or a breach, which is not 27 within the jurisdiction of the small claims court shall be settled by binding arbitration administered by the American Arbitration Association in 28 1 accordance with its rules. A judgment upon an award rendered by the arbitrator may be entered in any court having jurisdiction. The initiating party 2 shall give written notice to the other party of its decision to arbitrate by 3 providing a specific statement setting forth the nature of the dispute, the amount involved, the remedy sought, and the hearing locale requested. The 4 initiating party shall be responsible for all filing requirements and the payment 5 of any fees according to the rules of the applicable regional office of the American Arbitration Association. The arbitrator shall award to the 6 prevailing party, if any, as determined by the arbitrator, all of its costs and 7 expenses including attorney’s fees, arbitrator's fees, and out-of-pocket expenses of any kind. The consideration of the parties to be bound by 8 arbitration is not only the waiver of trial by jury, but also the waiver of any 9 rights to appeal the arbitration finding.

10 11 Doc. No. 10-4 (“Ex. 2”) at 19–20 (emphasis added). 12 Because Plaintiff does not dispute that she signed a membership contract with 13 Morgan Run, see Doc. No. 12 at 7–8, and based on the analysis supra regarding 14 incorporation by reference of the Bylaws, the Court finds that Plaintiff assented to the 15 contract and the arbitration clause contained in the Bylaws. 16 Next, Defendants argue that “[t]he Court’s consideration of the second gateway 17 question—whether the agreement covers the dispute—is limited in this instance by the 18 presence of the delegation clause.” Doc. No. 10-1 at 17. Specifically, Defendants argue 19 that the “Bylaws incorporate the AAA rules, which evidence the parties’ clear and 20 unmistakable intent to delegate arbitrability.” Id. Relatedly, Defendants urge that 21 “[b]ecause the parties delegated arbitrability . . . Plaintiff’s unconscionability arguments 22 [] may only be decided by the arbitrator.” Doc. No. 14 at 7 (citing Henry Schein, Inc. v. 23 Archer & White Sales, Inc., 139 S. Ct. 524, 530 (2019)). Plaintiff argues that the 24 arbitration provision is invalid because it is procedurally and substantively 25 unconscionable. Doc. No. 12 at 10–12. Plaintiff did not respond to Defendants’ 26 delegation argument. 27 “[I]ncorporation of the AAA rules constitutes clear and unmistakable evidence that 28 contracting parties agreed to arbitrate arbitrability.” See Brennan v. Opus Bank, 796 F.3d 1 1125, 1130 (9th Cir. 2015). Here, the arbitration provision states that claims not “within 2 the jurisdiction of the small claims court shall be settled by binding arbitration 3 administered by the American Arbitration Association in accordance with its rules.” See 4 Ex. 2 at 19–20. Accordingly, the Court concludes that the issue of arbitrability— 5 including unconscionability and whether the agreement encompasses the dispute at 6 issue—was delegated to an arbitrator. The Court therefore declines to address Plaintiff’s 7 argument that the arbitration provision is unconscionable. 8 Accordingly, the Court GRANTS Defendants’ motion to compel Plaintiff to 9 arbitrate her claims against Morgan Run. Because the arbitration provision does not 10 expressly provide for class arbitration, see Ex. 2 at 19–20, the Court compels individual 11 arbitration.3 12 2. Arbitration of Claims Against Defendant ClubCorp 13 Defendants argue that the Court should compel arbitration as to Defendant 14 ClubCorp under a theory of equitable estoppel or because it is a third-party beneficiary of 15 the agreement between Plaintiff and Defendant Morgan Run. Doc. No. 10-1 at 12, 15– 16 17. Plaintiff did not respond to either of these arguments in her opposition. 17 Defendant ClubCorp is not a signatory to the membership contract. Nonetheless, 18 there are “two circumstances” in California when a nonsignatory may enforce an 19 arbitration clause under the doctrine of equitable estoppel: 20 (1) when a signatory must rely on the terms of the written agreement in 21 asserting its claims against the nonsignatory or the claims are “intimately 22 founded in and intertwined with” the underlying contract, and

23 (2) when the signatory alleges substantially inter-dependent and concerted 24 misconduct by the nonsignatory and another signatory and “the allegations of 25

26 3 Class-wide arbitration sacrifices the efficiency and cost benefits of “traditional individualized 27 arbitration.” Lamps Plus, Inc. v. Varela, 139 S. Ct. 1407, 1416 (2019). “Neither silence nor ambiguity provides a sufficient basis for concluding that parties to an arbitration agreement agreed to undermine 28 1 interdependent misconduct [are] founded in or intimately connected with the obligations of the underlying agreement.” 2

3 4 Kramer, 705 F.3d at 1128–29 (quoting Goldman, 173 Cal. App. 4th at 219, 221). Where 5 the claims against the signatory and nonsignatory are intertwined, allowing the plaintiff 6 to evade arbitration with the nonsignatory would undermine the efficiency of arbitration 7 and run the risk of duplicative decisions. See Amisil Holdings Ltd. v. Clarium Capital 8 Mgmt., 622 F. Supp. 2d 825, 840 (N.D. Cal. 2007) (“[W]here a lawsuit against non- 9 signatories is inherently bound up with claims against a signatory, the court should 10 compel arbitration in order to avoid denying the signatory the benefit of the arbitration 11 clause, and in order to avoid duplicative litigation which undermines the efficiency of 12 arbitration.”). 13 The Court concludes Plaintiff is compelled to arbitrate her claims against 14 Defendant ClubCorp under either prong of the Ninth Circuit’s equitable estoppel test. As 15 to the first prong, even if the Court allowed Plaintiff to proceed in this Court with her 16 claims against Defendant ClubCorp, Plaintiff would still need to “rely on the terms of the 17 written agreement” in asserting her claims. Kramer, 705 F.3d at 1128. The membership 18 application—which incorporates by reference the Bylaws—is the foundation of 19 Plaintiff’s Complaint. Plaintiff alleges that the “the CLUB treated the male members 20 more favorable than its female counterparts”, and it is the Bylaws that set forth the 21 “services and privileges . . . of Defendant’s business establishment” that Plaintiff alleges 22 were provided disparately to men and women. Compl. ¶¶ 1, 13. As to the second prong, 23 both of Plaintiff’s claims allege “substantially interdependent and concerted misconduct” 24 between Defendant Morgan Run—a signatory—and Defendant ClubCorp—a 25 nonsignatory. See generally Compl. Indeed, Plaintiff herself does not differentiate the 26 Defendants’ actions in her Complaint. Plaintiff alleges that both Defendants “own[] and 27 [o]perate the CLUB” and thereafter refers to both Defendants as a monolith for all factual 28 allegations in her Complaint. Id. ¶¶ 7–8, 12–31. For example, Plaintiff alleges “[t]he 1 CLUB held sex specific nightly tennis events on separate nights during the week. The 2 CLUB provided more favorable amenities and benefits during the men’s night tennis 3 events as compared to the women’s night tennis events.” Id. ¶ 14. Similarly, the claims 4 do not differentiate between Defendants. Id. ¶¶ 47–73. Without a reasonable basis for 5 segregating Plaintiffs’ allegations into arbitrable and non-arbitrable claims, all of 6 Plaintiffs’ claims against all of the Defendants must be arbitrated. See In re TFT-LCD 7 (Flat Panel) Antitrust Litig., 2014 WL 1395733, at *4 (N.D. Cal. 2014) (compelling 8 “arbitrat[ion] against all five NEC defendants . . . [where] the complaint often refers to 9 the five defendants collectively as ‘NEC.’”); see also Victorio v. Sammy’s Fishbox Realty 10 Co., LLC, No. 14 Civ. 8678 (CM), 2015 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 61421, at *42 (S.D.N.Y. 2015) 11 (citing Smith/Enron Cogeneration Ltd. P’ship, Inc. v. Smith Cogeneration Int’l, Inc., 198 12 F.3d 88, 98 (2d Cir. 1999)) (“Where a plaintiff treats all defendants as a single unit in his 13 complaint, it further supports estopping that plaintiff from shielding himself from 14 arbitrating with certain defendants.”). 15 Accordingly, consistent with the reasoning supra Section I.C.1, the Court 16 GRANTS Defendants’ motion to compel Plaintiff to arbitrate her claims, on an 17 individual basis, against ClubCorp. 18 3. Arbitration-Related Discovery 19 In the alternative, Plaintiff requests leave to conduct arbitration-related discovery 20 on “(1) whether Plaintiff received a copy of the Bylaws at the time when she signed the 21 membership agreement, and (2) whether the arbitration agreement is unconscionable.” 22 Doc. No. 12 at 13. 23 As described supra Section I.C.1, whether Plaintiff received a copy of the Bylaws 24 at the time she signed the membership contract is not decisive of any issue. Additionally, 25 as is also described supra Section I.C.1, the arbitration agreement delegates arbitrability 26 to the arbitrator. Accordingly, the Court DENIES Plaintiff’s discovery request. 27 28 1 4. Stay or Dismissal 2 “A district court may either stay the action or dismiss it outright when, as here, the 3 || court determines that all of the claims raised in the action are subject to arbitration.” 4 || Johnmohammadi v. Bloomingdale’s, Inc., 755 F.3d 1072, 1074 (9th Cir. 2014). 5 || Notwithstanding this discretion, the Ninth Circuit’s preference is for district courts to 6 || “stay[] an action pending arbitration rather than dismissing it.” MediVas, LLC v. 7 || Marubeni Corp., 741 F.3d 4, 9 (9th Cir. 2014). The parties proffer no reason for the 8 || Court to depart from the Ninth Circuit’s preference in this instance. Accordingly, the 9 || Court STAYS this action pending completion of the arbitration. See 9 U.S.C. § 3. 10 II. MOTION TO DISMISS AND STRIKE 1] In light of the Court’s decision regarding Defendants’ motion to compel, the Court 12 || declines to rule on Defendants’ motion to dismiss and strike. 13 III. CONCLUSION 14 Based on the foregoing, the Court GRANTS Defendants’ motion to compel 15 arbitration and STAYS this action pending completion of arbitration. See 9 U.S.C. § 3. 16 || The Court therefore declines to rule on Defendants’ motion to dismiss and motion to 17 ||strike and DIRECTS the Clerk of Court to terminate that motion. See Doc. No. 11. 18 The parties shall proceed immediately to arbitration and shall file a joint report 19 || regarding the status of the arbitration every ninety (90) days until the arbitration is 20 ||complete. The first status report shall be filed no later than ninety (90) days from the date 21 || of this Order. 22 IT IS SO ORDERED. 23 Dated: June 30, 2023

25 HON. MICHAEL M. ANELLO %6 United States District Judge 27 28