OPINION
HOLCOMB, J.,
delivered the opinion of the Court,
in which KELLER, P.J., MEYERS, KEASLER, HERVEY, and COCHRAN, JJ. join.
On January 21, 2006, appellant filed a motion for rehearing. We overrule appellant’s request for rehearing, withdraw our initial opinion, and issue this corrected opinion in its stead.
In 1989, appellant was convicted of capital murder and sentenced to death. On direct appeal, a majority of this Court reversed the judgment based on an error in jury selection. Wilson v. State, 863 S.W.2d 59, 60 (Tex.Crim.App.1993). The cause was remanded to the trial court, and in 1994, appellant was again tried and convicted of capital murder. Pursuant to the second jury’s answers to the special issues, appellant was again sentenced to death. On direct appeal from the second conviction and death sentence, we affirmed the judgment of the trial court, and the United States Supreme Court denied appellant’s writ of certiorari. Wilson v. State, 522 U.S. 829, 118 S.Ct.93, 139 L.Ed.2d 49 (U.S.Tex.1997), cert. denied, 540 U.S. 1186, 124 S.Ct. 1409, 158 L.Ed.2d 91 (2004). Both appellant’s state and federal writs of habeas corpus were denied. Ex parte Wilson, WR-40,438-01 (Tex.Crim.App.1999) (not designated for publication); Wilson v. Cockrell, 2003 WL 21766540 (2003), cert. denied sub nom., Wilson v. Dretke, 540 U.S. 1186, 124 S.Ct. 1409, 158 L.Ed.2d 91(2004). Appellant is before this Court now on direct appeal from the trial court’s denial of his request for post-conviction DNA testing under Chapter 64 of the Code of Criminal Procedure. We will affirm.
Our holding requires a thorough recitation of the facts. The victim, who we will refer to by her nickname Maggie, was a five-year-old girl. On the morning of November 30, 1988, Maggie’s body was found face-down on the side of a road in a secluded area of Grand Prairie. Her shorts had been pulled down, exposing her buttocks. It was immediately apparent that she had been run over by a car. A further examination revealed that she had been both vaginally and anally raped, strangled, and suffocated. There were tire marks on her body which reflected two distinct tire patterns. A pair of semen-stained panties were found near Maggie’s body.
Investigators discovered that Maggie, who lived in an apartment complex with her mother, brother, and a live-in baby sitter,1 had been abducted from her bed[483]*483room at night. The window in her bedroom had been broken from the outside. Several pieces of glass recovered from inside and outside Maggie’s bedroom had appellant’s fingerprints on them.
Several witnesses testified that they saw appellant driving a red spray-painted Mercury Cougar on the night of the murder, and in a statement he gave police, appellant admitted to driving the car that evening. The two types of tire tracks found on Maggie’s body were consistent with the two types of tires on the Cougar.2 Thirty-eight human hairs, which were found to be microscopically consistent with Maggie’s hair, were recovered from the undercarriage of the Cougar, and fibers mixed in with those hairs were consistent with the Cougar’s carpet fibers. Nineteen additional hairs were recovered from inside the Cougar, and they were found to be consistent with Maggie’s hair. A chest or pubic hair recovered from Maggie’s genitalia was consistent with a racial group that includes Hispanics; appellant is Hispanic.
Additional evidence in support of the State’s theory involved a similar crime committed by appellant the same evening that Maggie was murdered. Namely, an additional complainant from the same apartment complex testified that appellant broke into her apartment and sexually assaulted her as she slept on the couch. When she awoke, she ordered appellant to leave. The complainant testified that it appeared that appellant had entered through a window. He offered her drugs in exchange for sex; declining, she again ordered appellant to leave, which he did.
There was also testimony from several witnesses who saw appellant drive toward the apartment complex (instead of heading home in the other direction) just before midnight the evening of Maggie’s murder. These witnesses further testified that appellant had been drinking heavily and using cocaine before he departed. When investigators were given appellant’s name by another child living in the apartment complex, a police officer went to appellant’s residence to question him. Upon the officer’s arrival, appellant fled.
In sum, there was ample physical and circumstantial evidence tying appellant to the murder; he was placed at the scene of the murder; he confessed to driving the red spray-painted car that ran over Maggie’s body; and he committed a similar sex crime, using the same method (entering through a window), just before abducting Maggie.3
Despite the overwhelming evidence connecting appellant to the kidnapping and murder of Maggie, appellant requested that the trial court order additional testing of certain pieces of evidence, including the hair evidence, the anal swab and smear, blood, and tissue samples. The trial court denied his request, finding that “the defendant has failed to meet the requirements of Chapter 64 for forensic DNA testing.”
[484]*484Appellant appeals the trial court’s ruling to this Court and complains (1) that some of the State’s biological evidence, which it admits is still in its possession and has never been tested, would exonerate appellant, and (2) that had the more “sophisticated and discriminating” forms of DNA testing been available during appellant’s second trial, he would not have been convicted. Specifically, appellant avers that the 2003 amendments to Chapter 64 have “abrogated this Court’s more onerous construction of Article 64.03(a)(2)(A),” and if the testing were to show that “it was all the DNA of some other perpetrator, not Wilson, then it is at least more likely than not that Wilson would not have been convicted.” See Act of May 9, 2003, 78th Leg. R.S., ch. 13, § 3, 2003 Tex. Gen. Laws 16; Tex.Code CRim. PROC Ann. art. 64.03(a)(2)(A) (Vernon Supp.2005).
The State responds that appellant is not entitled to additional DNA testing because identity was not an issue in this case, and appellant would not be able to show that he would not have been convicted if the additional testing were performed. The parties agree that our review is de novo. See, e.g., Rivera v. State, 89 S.W.3d 55, 59 (Tex.Crim.App.2002). Applying a de novo standard of review, we conclude that appellant is not entitled to new testing under Chapter 64. Skinner v. State, 122 S.W.3d 808, 813 (Tex.Crim.App.2003).
To be entitled to post-conviction DNA testing under Chapter 64 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, appellant bears the burden of establishing, by a preponderance of the evidence, that he “would not have been convicted if exculpatory results had been obtained through DNA testing.” See Tex.Code Crim. Proc. Ann.
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OPINION
HOLCOMB, J.,
delivered the opinion of the Court,
in which KELLER, P.J., MEYERS, KEASLER, HERVEY, and COCHRAN, JJ. join.
On January 21, 2006, appellant filed a motion for rehearing. We overrule appellant’s request for rehearing, withdraw our initial opinion, and issue this corrected opinion in its stead.
In 1989, appellant was convicted of capital murder and sentenced to death. On direct appeal, a majority of this Court reversed the judgment based on an error in jury selection. Wilson v. State, 863 S.W.2d 59, 60 (Tex.Crim.App.1993). The cause was remanded to the trial court, and in 1994, appellant was again tried and convicted of capital murder. Pursuant to the second jury’s answers to the special issues, appellant was again sentenced to death. On direct appeal from the second conviction and death sentence, we affirmed the judgment of the trial court, and the United States Supreme Court denied appellant’s writ of certiorari. Wilson v. State, 522 U.S. 829, 118 S.Ct.93, 139 L.Ed.2d 49 (U.S.Tex.1997), cert. denied, 540 U.S. 1186, 124 S.Ct. 1409, 158 L.Ed.2d 91 (2004). Both appellant’s state and federal writs of habeas corpus were denied. Ex parte Wilson, WR-40,438-01 (Tex.Crim.App.1999) (not designated for publication); Wilson v. Cockrell, 2003 WL 21766540 (2003), cert. denied sub nom., Wilson v. Dretke, 540 U.S. 1186, 124 S.Ct. 1409, 158 L.Ed.2d 91(2004). Appellant is before this Court now on direct appeal from the trial court’s denial of his request for post-conviction DNA testing under Chapter 64 of the Code of Criminal Procedure. We will affirm.
Our holding requires a thorough recitation of the facts. The victim, who we will refer to by her nickname Maggie, was a five-year-old girl. On the morning of November 30, 1988, Maggie’s body was found face-down on the side of a road in a secluded area of Grand Prairie. Her shorts had been pulled down, exposing her buttocks. It was immediately apparent that she had been run over by a car. A further examination revealed that she had been both vaginally and anally raped, strangled, and suffocated. There were tire marks on her body which reflected two distinct tire patterns. A pair of semen-stained panties were found near Maggie’s body.
Investigators discovered that Maggie, who lived in an apartment complex with her mother, brother, and a live-in baby sitter,1 had been abducted from her bed[483]*483room at night. The window in her bedroom had been broken from the outside. Several pieces of glass recovered from inside and outside Maggie’s bedroom had appellant’s fingerprints on them.
Several witnesses testified that they saw appellant driving a red spray-painted Mercury Cougar on the night of the murder, and in a statement he gave police, appellant admitted to driving the car that evening. The two types of tire tracks found on Maggie’s body were consistent with the two types of tires on the Cougar.2 Thirty-eight human hairs, which were found to be microscopically consistent with Maggie’s hair, were recovered from the undercarriage of the Cougar, and fibers mixed in with those hairs were consistent with the Cougar’s carpet fibers. Nineteen additional hairs were recovered from inside the Cougar, and they were found to be consistent with Maggie’s hair. A chest or pubic hair recovered from Maggie’s genitalia was consistent with a racial group that includes Hispanics; appellant is Hispanic.
Additional evidence in support of the State’s theory involved a similar crime committed by appellant the same evening that Maggie was murdered. Namely, an additional complainant from the same apartment complex testified that appellant broke into her apartment and sexually assaulted her as she slept on the couch. When she awoke, she ordered appellant to leave. The complainant testified that it appeared that appellant had entered through a window. He offered her drugs in exchange for sex; declining, she again ordered appellant to leave, which he did.
There was also testimony from several witnesses who saw appellant drive toward the apartment complex (instead of heading home in the other direction) just before midnight the evening of Maggie’s murder. These witnesses further testified that appellant had been drinking heavily and using cocaine before he departed. When investigators were given appellant’s name by another child living in the apartment complex, a police officer went to appellant’s residence to question him. Upon the officer’s arrival, appellant fled.
In sum, there was ample physical and circumstantial evidence tying appellant to the murder; he was placed at the scene of the murder; he confessed to driving the red spray-painted car that ran over Maggie’s body; and he committed a similar sex crime, using the same method (entering through a window), just before abducting Maggie.3
Despite the overwhelming evidence connecting appellant to the kidnapping and murder of Maggie, appellant requested that the trial court order additional testing of certain pieces of evidence, including the hair evidence, the anal swab and smear, blood, and tissue samples. The trial court denied his request, finding that “the defendant has failed to meet the requirements of Chapter 64 for forensic DNA testing.”
[484]*484Appellant appeals the trial court’s ruling to this Court and complains (1) that some of the State’s biological evidence, which it admits is still in its possession and has never been tested, would exonerate appellant, and (2) that had the more “sophisticated and discriminating” forms of DNA testing been available during appellant’s second trial, he would not have been convicted. Specifically, appellant avers that the 2003 amendments to Chapter 64 have “abrogated this Court’s more onerous construction of Article 64.03(a)(2)(A),” and if the testing were to show that “it was all the DNA of some other perpetrator, not Wilson, then it is at least more likely than not that Wilson would not have been convicted.” See Act of May 9, 2003, 78th Leg. R.S., ch. 13, § 3, 2003 Tex. Gen. Laws 16; Tex.Code CRim. PROC Ann. art. 64.03(a)(2)(A) (Vernon Supp.2005).
The State responds that appellant is not entitled to additional DNA testing because identity was not an issue in this case, and appellant would not be able to show that he would not have been convicted if the additional testing were performed. The parties agree that our review is de novo. See, e.g., Rivera v. State, 89 S.W.3d 55, 59 (Tex.Crim.App.2002). Applying a de novo standard of review, we conclude that appellant is not entitled to new testing under Chapter 64. Skinner v. State, 122 S.W.3d 808, 813 (Tex.Crim.App.2003).
To be entitled to post-conviction DNA testing under Chapter 64 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, appellant bears the burden of establishing, by a preponderance of the evidence, that he “would not have been convicted if exculpatory results had been obtained through DNA testing.” See Tex.Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 64.03(a)(2)(A) (Vernon Supp.2005); Smith v. State, 165 S.W.3d 361, 363-64 (Tex.Crim.App.2005).4 Appellant must also show that identity was or is an issue in the case. See Tex.Code CRIM. Proc. Ann. art. 64.03(a)(1)(A)(i).
The State argues that appellant is not entitled to the relief he seeks because identity is not and was not an issue in this case.5 This is a point well-taken because [485]*485appellant has never challenged the issue of identity. In none of appellant’s various direct and post-conviction appeals, in neither of his trials, nor here, does appellant claim that the State was prosecuting the wrong man. See id. art. 64.03(a)(1)(B). Rather, he avers he is entitled to new testing or retesting of evidence because there may have been an additional man involved in the abduction, rape, and murder of Maggie. Even if there was another person who aided appellant and has successfully evaded prosecution after all these years, it would have no effect whatsoever on appellant’s conviction and sentence. See Tex. Pen.Code Ann. § 7.02(a)(2). In addition to the fingerprint evidence implicating appellant, there was ample evidence from a variety of sources showing that appellant had a history of abduction and sexual assault, that he was driving the car which ran over Maggie, that he was seen at the apartment complex shortly before Maggie was abducted, and he committed a sexual assault against another victim at the same apartment complex on the same evening. Even if we accept the premise that identity is an issue, the above-mentioned overwhelming evidence shows that the trial court did not err in denying relief. See id. art. 64.03(a)(1)(B) (2005); Skinner v. State, 122 S.W.3d at 813; see e.g., Bell v. State, 90 S.W.3d 301, 308 (Tex.Crim.App.2002).
As noted, appellant’s conviction of capital murder was based on murder committed in the course of a kidnapping. See Tex. Pen.Code Ann. § 19.03(a)(2). Therefore, whether testing on the semen, hairs, or the anal swab would indicate that Maggie was raped by another person, presumably a party to the kidnapping, would be wholly irrelevant. See Kitchens v. State, 823 S.W.2d 256, 258 (Tex.Crim.App.1991); Tex. Pen.Code Ann. § 7.02(a)(2).6
Similarly, appellant’s request to test the blood found in Maggie’s bedroom and on some of the glass recovered from inside and outside her bedroom, again, would not affect the result in this case. That is, if newer, more discriminating DNA testing showed that another perpetrator was involved, that finding would not exonerate appellant because it would show nothing more than there was another party to the crime, at best. See Tex. Pen. Code Ann. § 7.02(a)(2); Whitaker v. State, 160 S.W.3d 5, 9 (Tex.Crim.App.2004). Appellant’s fingerprints were located on the panes of glass in a way that indicated he removed the glass from its frame (finger and thumb prints placed on opposite sides of the perimeter of the pane of glass). This evidence, coupled with the fact that Maggie’s babysitter testified that he had never allowed appellant into Maggie’s room, placed appellant at the scene of the abduction. Thus, further testing of the blood found in Maggie’s room would not be [486]*486favorable to appellant. See Whitaker, 160 S.W.3d at 9.
Blood-typing tests were performed on some of the blood stains found in Maggie’s room and they matched Maggie’s blood-type. See id. Similarly, if DNA testing showed the remaining blood was not appellant’s or Maggie’s, but that of some other person, the fingerprint evidence independently established that appellant abducted Maggie from her bedroom. This evidence is sufficient to show that appellant could not have met his burden for DNA testing under the more relaxed standard of Chapter 64. See Act of May 9, 2003, 78th Leg. R.S., ch. 13, § 3, 2003 Tex. Gen. Laws 16; Tex.Code CRIM. PROC Ann. art. 64.03(a)(2)(A) (Vernon Supp.2005).
Also wholly without merit is appellant’s assertion that newer tests should be conducted on the 19 hairs found inside and 38 hairs found lodged outside the car appellant was seen driving the night of the murder. The initial tests, conducted near the time of the second trial, showed that all of the recovered hairs were consistent with Maggie’s hair. In addition to all the other evidence inculpating appellant, a newer more discriminating test on these hairs would not produce evidence that would exonerate appellant. In any event, if the tests showed that the hairs belonged to some other person, evidence still supported that appellant was at the scene of the abduction and he was driving the car that ran over Maggie.7 Kitchens v. State, 823 S.W.2d at 258.
In conclusion, even if we were to order that all the evidence be retested, and all the results were consistent with appellant’s theory (that the tests would show an additional perpetrator was involved in the crime), appellant could not meet his burden of establishing, by a preponderance of the evidence, that he would not have been convicted of murder in the course of kidnapping. Tex.Code CRIM. PROC. Ann. art. 64.03(a)(2)(A) (Vernon Supp.2005). We affirm the ruling of the trial court.
JOHNSON, J., filed a concurring opinion.
PRICE and WOMACK, JJ., dissent.