Wilmot v. State of New York

297 N.E.2d 90, 32 N.Y.2d 164, 344 N.Y.S.2d 350, 1973 N.Y. LEXIS 1359

• Court: New York Court of Appeals
• Decided: April 25, 1973
• Docket: Claims 49084, 51429
• Status: Published

Opinions

Jones, J.

We affirm the order of the Appellate Division which sustained the award made by the Court of Claims.

In 1958, claimants purchased some 49 acres of land in the Town of Henrietta, just south of the City of Rochester, for development as a regional shopping center. In 1967 they learned that the projected route of the Genesee Expressway would go through their property and that the State contemplated appropriating for that purpose an 11-acre strip of land which would bisect the 49-acre tract, thereby rendering it unsuited for development as a regional shopping center. With the appropriation imminent, claimants entered into an option agreement dated June 1, 1967 to sell to Lenrieh Associates 24 acres comprising the westerly portion of the original tract which would remain after the bisecting appropriation, at a price of $28,000 per acre. Performance by the purchaser was expressly made conditional on the purchaser’s satisfying itself that soil and drainage conditions and zoning restrictions would permit construction of a shopping center, and on the purchaser’s obtaining a firm lease from a supermarket operator covering not less than 20,000 square feet of ground floor retail area within the premises. Specific provisions were contained in that agreement for co-ordination of the sale of the 24-acre parcel with the appropriation by the State.

The actual date of the taking by the State was June 13, 1967, when the State appropriated 11 acres in the middle of the original 49-acre tract. The claimant was then left with two noncontiguous parcels of the original trace — the 24-acre westerly parcel which was subject to the option agreement with Lenrieh Associates, and an approximately 14-acre parcel on the east.

The specified conditions having been met to the purchaser’s satisfaction, Lenrieh Associates exercised its rights to purchase the 24-acre westerly parcel and title was closed on October 12, 1967.

Claimants then instituted the present action to recover damages for the taking of the 11 acres by the State, and for consequential damages to the remaining easterly 14-acre parcel.

The Court of Claims found that the highest and best use of claimants’ property was as a regional shopping center, predicating such finding on the character and potentiality of the original 49-acre tract. On this basis the Court of Claims found a per-acre value of $24,000 for the land appropriated and, using the same figure for pretaking value and an after-taking figure of $15,000 computed consequential damages at $9,000 per acre for the claimants’ remaining easterly 14 acres.¹

The State argues that by negotiating the option agreement with Lenrich Associates looking to the sale of the westerly 24-acre parcel, the claimants themselves frustrated the use of their property for the development of any regional shopping center. The testimony as to use for regional shopping center purposes assumed the availability of 49 acres; there was no testimony that 25 acres would be sufficient for the development of a regional shopping center. The State contends that the Court of Claims should have determined highest and best use on the basis of the remaining 25 acres only, and that accordingly it erred in basing its computations on use for a regional shopping center at $24,000 per acre.

We agree with the Court of Claims. Confronted as that court found them to be with imminent appropriation of a central portion of their land, the claimants in good faith took steps to mitigate their damages by the disposition of the 24-acre westerly parcel. In consequence of this action the State was relieved of all claims for compensation with respect to these .24 acres. Obviously this land was not itself appropriated by the State. The State’s exposure to claims for consequential damage with respect to this parcel, however, was entirely eliminated in consequence of the sale to Lenrich Associates. The present claimants would no longer be owners and were thus foreclosed from asserting any such claim. Lenrich Associates, the new owners to be, on the other hand, had no predicate for any such claim because the State was taking no part of their property. Accordingly, no part of the award made by the Court of Claims includes any compensation by way of either direct or consequential damages, attributable to the 24-acre parcel later conveyed to Lenrich Associates.

The claimants should not be prejudiced because they took steps in the face of imminent appropriation prudently to mitigate damages. ‘ ‘ As Judge Seldeh observed years ago,. there rests on a party seeking damage ‘ the active duty of making reasonable exertions to render the injury as light as possible ’ (Hamilton v. McPherson, 28 N Y 72, 77). * * * the party seeking damages is under the duty to make a ‘ reasonable effort ’ to avoid consequences of the act complained of [People’s Gas & Elec. Co. v. State of New York (189 App. Div. 421, 424)]. It is, indeed, a rule of broad acceptance that ‘ No recovery may be had for losses which the person injured might have prevented by reasonable efforts and expenditures ’ (25 C. J. S., Damages, § 33, p. 698; see, also, 29A C. J. S., Eminent Domain, § 155, p. 655).” (Mayes Co. v. State of New York, 18 N Y 2d 549, at p. 554.)

Had the claimants made no effort to dispose of the westerly 24-acre parcel prior to the taking, there would be no question but what the highest and best Use would have been predicated on the original 49-acre parcel.² It ill becomes the State now to seek in effect to penalize the claimants because they sought (and succeeded) in good faith and with economic common sense to mitigate the consequences of a forced appropriation by the State which was not of their making and may have been most unwelcome to them.

“ The constitutional requirement of just compensation requires that the property owner be indemnified so that he may be put in the same relative position, insofar as this is possible, as if the taking had not occurred ” (City of Buffalo v. Clement Co., 28 N Y 2d 241, at p. 258, citations omitted).

In our view, the courts below were justified in concluding on these facts that the prospective sale to Lenrich Associates was in time³ and substance so clearly referrable to the appropriation as to be incidental to and inseparable from it. Accordingly the Court of Claims properly computed the claimants ’ compensation as of the date of the appropriation based on the character of the property immediately before the appropriation and the appropriation-related sale.

The order of the Appellate Division should be affirmed.

1 . For purposes of this opinion we use rounded figures and have simplified other factual title aspects. Portions of the lands appropriated were subject to water easements. The issue raised on this appeal is unaffected by these details, which in each instance appear appropriately to have been taken into account by the Court of Claims in its computations.

2 . The State also asserts that even on the basis of a 49-acre tract the evidence was insufficient to justify a finding that the highest and best use was as a “ regional shopping center ” rather than for “ industrial, commercial and service uses.” It suffices to note that the record discloses conflicting testimony. We find no sufficient basis to disturb the finding of the Court of Claims here as to highest and best use.

3 . Actually there was an interval of but a single day. The last of the claimants’ acknowledgments on the June 1 agreement was taken on June 12 and the taking by the State occurred on June 13.