J-S15044-24
NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT O.P. 65.37
AMY L. WILLIAMS : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF : PENNSYLVANIA Appellant : : : v. : : : FEMMEPHARMA CONSUMER : No. 2285 EDA 2023 HEALTHCARE, GERIANNE T. : DIPIANO, MICHAEL A. DIPIANO, JR., : FEMMEPHARMA, FEMMEPHARMA : GLOBAL HEALTHCARE, INC., : FEMMEPHARMA HOLDING COMPANY, : INC., BRUCE D. GORCHOW, ANDREA : MCFADDEN, PPM AMERICA CAPTIAL : PARTNERS, LLC, PPM AMERICA : PRIVATE EQUITY FUND, LP :
Appeal from the Judgment Entered August 21, 2023 In the Court of Common Pleas of Montgomery County Civil Division at No(s): 2018-07261
BEFORE: OLSON, J., NICHOLS, J., and COLINS, J. *
MEMORANDUM BY COLINS, J.: FILED DECEMBER 05, 2024
Appellant, Amy L. Williams (Plaintiff), appeals from a judgment entered
in favor of all defendants following a nonjury trial in an action that she brought
against FemmePharma Consumer Healthcare, LLC (FPCH), Gerianne T.
DiPiano, and Michael A. DiPiano, Jr. (collectively, Defendants) for unpaid
salary and other employment-related benefits and compensation allegedly
owed to her by FPCH. For the reasons set forth below, we affirm.
____________________________________________
* Retired Senior Judge assigned to the Superior Court. J-S15044-24
Plaintiff brought this action alleging that she was employed by FPCH as
its president in 2016 and 2017 under a contract agreed to by Ms. DiPiano,
FPCH’s chief executive officer and the chairman of its board of directors, on
behalf of FPCH. Third Amended Complaint ¶¶6-8, 49-57. Plaintiff alleged that
this contract provided that Plaintiff was to be paid an annual salary of
$255,000, an annual stipend of $20,000 for benefits, a ten percent equity
interest in FPCH, a years’ salary as severance pay, and incentive compensation
for deferring payment of the compensation. Id. ¶¶58-59. Plaintiff alleged
that no compensation was paid to her during her employment and that no
severance payment was made to her after FPCH terminated her employment
in early October 2017. Id. ¶¶77-79, 81, 86, 94, 121. Plaintiff asserted a
breach of contract claim against FPCH, a claim for liability under the Wage
Payment and Collection Law (WPCL) 1 against FPCH, Ms. DiPiano, and Mr.
DiPiano, who was also a director of FPCH, and a promissory estoppel claim
against FPCH. Id. ¶¶18, 84-123. Plaintiff also sued several other individuals
and entities and asserted a cause of action for unjust enrichment. Plaintiff,
however, discontinued her claim for unjust enrichment and her claims against
those individuals and entities before the end of the trial in this action.
Defendants disputed that Plaintiff was hired as an employee of FPCH
and alleged that her work for FPCH was as a part-time independent contractor
1 43 P.S. § 260.1 et seq.
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consultant. Defendants’ Answer and New Matter, Answer ¶¶6-8, 49-57, New
Matter ¶21. Defendants denied that FPCH agreed to pay Plaintiff the salary
and benefits that Plaintiff alleged. Id., Answer ¶¶58-59, New Matter ¶¶5-18.
Defendants also alleged that the only compensation that FPCH agreed to pay
Plaintiff for her consulting work consisted of payments of $5,000 per month
and that Plaintiff terminated her work for FPCH by leaving its offices and not
returning. Id., New Matter ¶¶21-22.
In April 2022, four years after this case was brought, Plaintiff served a
notice of deposition seeking to take the deposition of a designee of FPCH and
two of its affiliate companies on various subjects. Amended Notice of
Designee Depositions, attached to Defendants’ Motion for Protective Order as
Exhibit C. This notice of deposition listed subjects of the deposition and
requested documents that included tax returns, financial reports, other
financial documents of FPCH and those affiliate companies and sought
information concerning all shareholders, employees, investors, independent
contractors, members, and consultants of the three companies. Amended
Notice of Designee Depositions, Attachments A and B. Defendants filed a
motion for a protective order to limit the subjects of the depositions to 10 of
the 25 listed topics and the documents to be produced to 6 of the 23 document
requests, which the trial court granted on May 26, 2022. Trial Court Order,
5/26/22.
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This case was tried to the court without a jury from December 5, 2022
to December 12, 2022. At trial, the primary witnesses and the only witnesses
with knowledge of the communications and alleged agreements on which
Plaintiff’s claims were based were Plaintiff and Ms. DiPiano. Both Plaintiff and
Ms. DiPiano testified that FPCH was in the process of raising money from
investors to launch a new product when Plaintiff’s relationship with the
company began, that FPCH needed to raise capital of $1.5 million to $3 million
to launch the new product, and that no capital was raised while Plaintiff was
working for FPCH. N.T. Trial, 12/5/22 at 121-22, 160, 178, 180-81; N.T. Trial,
12/6/22 at 74, 84-85, 237-39; N.T. Trial, 12/8/22 at 36; N.T. Trial, 12/9/22
at 7, 25-26. It was undisputed that there was no signed writing or exchange
of written communications setting forth the nature or terms of Plaintiff’s work
relationship with FPCH. N.T. Trial, 12/5/22 at 15; N.T. Trial, 12/6/22 at 167-
68, 175-76, 183-85, 212; N.T. Trial, 12/7/22 at 92-93; N.T. Trial, 12/9/22 at
74-75, 93.
Plaintiff testified that Ms. DiPiano orally hired her as president of FPCH
to launch the new product and orally agreed that Plaintiff would be paid an
annual salary of $240,000, later increased to $255,000, and receive an annual
stipend of $10,000 for benefits, later increased to $20,000, a ten percent
equity interest in FPCH, and a years’ salary as severance pay. N.T. Trial,
12/5/22 at 123-24, 170, 172-76, 186, 191; N.T. Trial, 12/6/22 at 61-62, 110-
16, 122-24, 193-95, 198-202; N.T. Trial, 12/7/22 at 118-22. Plaintiff
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admitted that she knew that she could not be paid that compensation until
FPCH raised the necessary capital for the product launch but testified that Ms.
DiPiano assured her that the capital would be raised by early 2016 and that
Plaintiff would receive a bonus or retroactive salary after the capital was
raised. N.T. Trial, 12/5/22 at 122-24, 170-71, 173, 176-80; N.T. Trial,
12/6/22 at 143-45, 195-98; N.T. Trial, 12/7/22 at 118-19, 121-22. Plaintiff
testified that she did not agree to work for FPCH as a consultant and that Ms.
DiPiano made clear that Plaintiff was an employee, unlike the two other
individuals in FPCH’s senior management, who were consultants. N.T. Trial,
12/6/22 at 13-14, 17-18. Plaintiff testified that she began working for FPCH
at the beginning of 2016, that she worked full-time for FPCH, that Ms. DiPiano
exercised control over her work, and that she was terminated effective
October 3, 2017. N.T. Trial, 12/5/22 at 123-28, 130, 132, 134, 139-40, 151-
52, 154, 157, 161, 165-66, 218; N.T. Trial, 12/6/22 at 53, 65, 67-68, 156-
58, 168-69, 210-12.
Ms. DiPiano testified that she did not agree to hire Plaintiff as an
employee of FPCH or agree that Plaintiff would be paid the amounts that she
claimed. N.T. Trial, 12/7/22 at 147, 176-79; N.T. Trial, 12/8/22 at 124-25;
N.T. Trial, 12/9/22 at 54-56. Ms. DiPiano testified that the salary, benefits,
and equity interest that Plaintiff claimed were discussed as possible
compensation that Plaintiff could receive if capital was successfully raised and
the new board of directors chosen by the investors approved hiring her as
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president under such a contract and as the compensation for the position that
would be used in estimating FPCH’s expenses in presentations to possible
investors. N.T. Trial, 12/7/22 at 147-51, 176-79; N.T. Trial, 12/8/22 at 124-
25; N.T. Trial, 12/9/22 at 91-92; N.T. Trial, 12/12/22 at 126. Ms. DiPiano
testified that FPCH had no significant business while Plaintiff was involved with
the company and that she made clear to Plaintiff that FPCH needed to raise
$3 million to start up its business before there could be any such compensation
agreement. N.T. Trial, 12/7/22 at 178, 182-83, 197; N.T. Trial, 12/8/22 at
101, 125, 128-29, 248-49. Ms. DiPiano further testified that raising this
money was one of Plaintiff’s primary responsibilities and that the ability to
raise the money and time within which that would occur were very uncertain.
N.T. Trial, 12/7/22 at 138-39, 182-83; N.T. Trial, 12/8/22 at 94, 128-29, 248-
49, 252-53, 255-57.
Ms. DiPiano testified that all of the senior management of FPCH during
this fund-raising phase worked as consultants and that the agreement with
Plaintiff was that Plaintiff would work as consultant with the title of president
of FPCH. N.T. Trial, 12/7/22 at 55-57, 84-89, 91-93, 139-40, 180, 184-88,
212; N.T. Trial, 12/8/22 at 252-54, 266-68; N.T. Trial, 12/9/22 at 100. Ms.
DiPiano testified that she agreed that Plaintiff would be paid $5,000 per month
for her work for FPCH during this phase after Plaintiff requested that she
receive a retainer before funding was obtained, that Plaintiff was paid $5,000
per month from Ms. DiPiano’s own bank account for the period from April 2016
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through October 2016, and that Plaintiff was later paid an additional $35,000
from Ms. DiPiano for her work in 2017. N.T. Trial, 12/7/22 at 92-93, 155,
157, 198-99; N.T. Trial, 12/8/22 at 123, 280-83; N.T. Trial, 12/9/22 at 5-7,
57-58, 81; N.T. Trial, 12/12/22 at 125-27. Ms. DiPiano testified that Plaintiff
did not work for FPCH on a full-time basis in 2016 and 2017, that she did not
exercise control over Plaintiff’s work, and that Plaintiff’s work for FPCH ended
when Plaintiff walked out of the company’s offices in early October 2017. N.T.
Trial, 12/7/22 at 184, 187, 202; N.T. Trial, 12/8/22 at 25-26, 269; N.T. Trial,
12/9/22 at 30-42, 104-06.
The trial court issued its decision on June 1, 2023. In this decision, the
trial court found Ms. DiPiano’s testimony more credible than Plaintiff’s and
found that the discussions concerning employment and the amounts claimed
by Plaintiff were for a possible prospective contract to be proposed to FPCH’s
post-funding board of directors after the fundraising to launch the product was
obtained, not a present employment agreement. Trial Court Decision ¶¶10-
11, 13, 16, 32, 40. The trial court found that Plaintiff agreed to work for FPCH
as a consultant in the period before funding was obtained and that the only
compensation that FPCH agreed to pay Plaintiff was the $5,000 per month
that Ms. DiPiano paid her. Id. ¶¶15, 21-23. The trial court further found that
the parties understood that Plaintiff was responsible for raising start-up capital
for FPCH before the prospective employment contract could be proposed for
approval and that Plaintiff failed to raise any capital for FPCH. Id. ¶¶11, 13,
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17-19, 24-26. The trial court accordingly held that Plaintiff’s breach of
contract, WPCL, and promissory estoppel claims failed because Plaintiff did
not prove that she had any employment contract with FPCH or that FPCH
breached any agreement with her or promise to her. Id. ¶¶30, 32-37, 40.
Plaintiff filed a timely post-trial motion in which she asserted that the
trial court erred in failing to find that there was a contract to employ Plaintiff
under the terms that she alleged and that there was a promise to pay her in
accordance with those terms and sought judgment notwithstanding the verdict
(JNOV) in her favor on all three of her causes of action. In this post-trial
motion, Plaintiff also asserted that the trial court erred in granting the May
27, 2022 protective order and that the protective order prevented her from
obtaining relevant evidence for trial. Plaintiff’s Post-Trial Motion ¶¶6, 43. On
July 25, 2023, the trial court denied Plaintiff’s post-trial motion, and judgment
was entered in favor of Defendants and against Plaintiff on August 21, 2023.
This timely appeal followed.
Plaintiff raises the following issues in this appeal: (1) whether the trial
court erred in rejecting her claim that she had a contract with FPCH under
which she was hired as an employee at a salary of $240,000 or more per year
plus additional benefits and equity;2 (2) whether the trial court erred in finding
2 Plaintiff states these as two separate issues, her Issues Nos. 1 and 2. We
discuss them as one issue, as they are merely separate arguments on the same issue.
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that Plaintiff was not an employee of FPCH because it did not consider and
apply the legal test for determining whether a person is an employee; (3)
whether the trial court erred in failing to apply the provisions of the WPCL; (4)
whether the trial court erred in holding that Plaintiff failed to prove her
promissory estoppel claim; and (5) whether the trial court abused its
discretion in granting the protective order. Appellant’s Brief at 4-5. Plaintiff
requests as relief a new trial or other further determinations by the trial court.
Id. at 73-74.3
The first of these issues, Plaintiff’s challenge to the trial court’s rejection
of her contract claim, fails because the trial court’s determinations are factual
findings based on the credibility of conflicting oral testimony. “[I]n the case
of a disputed oral contract, what was said and done by the parties, as well as
what was intended by what was said and done by the parties, are questions
of fact to be resolved by the trier of fact, in this instance the trial court.”
Johnston the Florist, Inc. v. TEDCO Construction Corp., 657 A.2d 511,
516 (Pa. Super. 1995) (en banc). Questions of credibility and conflicts in the
evidence are for the factfinder to resolve, and this Court cannot reweigh the
3 Defendants argue that Plaintiff has waived all of her issues because she sought only JNOV in her post-trial motion, which is different from the relief that she seeks in this Court. We do not agree. If a party has argued an issue that is grounds for a new trial, the fact that the party sought only JNOV does not preclude the court from granting a new trial. McGuire v. Schneider, Inc., 534 A.2d 115, 120 (Pa. Super. 1987), aff’d without opinion, 548 A.2d 1223 (Pa. 1988). The fact that Plaintiff sought JNOV in her post-trial motion, rather than a new trial, therefore does not bar her claims on appeal.
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evidence. Shamnoski v. PG Energy, 858 A.2d 589, 593 (Pa. 2004); United
Environmental Group, Inc. v. GKK McKnight, LP, 176 A.3d 946, 962 (Pa.
Super. 2017).
Plaintiff argues that these fundamental principles do not bar her claim
of error because the trial court allegedly misconstrued a written document,
Plaintiff’s Exhibit 31, and because she was given the title of President of FPCH
and worked for FPCH for 21 months. None of these arguments has merit.
Plaintiff’s Exhibit 31 was not a writing signed by FPCH. Rather, it was
an unsigned employment contract template given by Ms. DiPiano to Plaintiff
for Plaintiff to fill in terms and the only handwriting on the document is
Plaintiff’s. Plaintiff’s Ex. 31; N.T. Trial, 12/5/22 at 172; N.T. Trial, 12/6/22 at
109-10, 192-93; N.T. Trial, 12/8/22 at 127-28, 259-60, 263; N.T. Trial,
12/9/22 at 85. What the parties intended the document to be thus depended
on the credibility of conflicting oral testimony. Plaintiff characterized the
marked-up document as a memorialization of the initial terms of an alleged
oral agreement but admitted that it did not include one of the terms,
severance pay, that she claimed was part of the agreement that the document
allegedly memorialized. N.T. Trial, 12/5/22 at 172-76; N.T. Trial, 12/6/22 at
116, 193-94. Ms. DiPiano testified that the document was a “wish list” of what
Plaintiff wanted to be in a future contract to be proposed to the board of
directors of the FPCH after funding was obtained that would also be used in
projecting expenses in presentations to investors, not a contract governing
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Plaintiff’s relationship with FPCH at the time, and that she gave Plaintiff the
blank template for Plaintiff to fill in what Plaintiff wanted to be in that proposed
future contract. N.T. Trial, 12/7/22 at 147-51, 190; N.T. Trial, 12/8/22 at
124-25, 127-30, 259-64; N.T. Trial, 12/9/22 at 84-85, 91-92. The trial court’s
conclusion that Plaintiff’s Exhibit 31 was not a contract agreed to by FPCH was
thus a resolution of the credibility of conflicting oral testimony, which we may
not disturb, not a construction of a writing.
Neither of the other items of evidence argued by Plaintiff invalidate the
trial court’s findings. While Plaintiff was given the title of president in 2016
and worked under that title in 2016 and 2017, that does not require a finding
that her arrangement with FPCH was an employment rather than a consulting
relationship, let alone show any of the economic terms of that arrangement.
The title itself did not establish employment status because the evidence was
undisputed that in 2016 and 2017 before funds were raised to launch FPCH’s
product, the other senior management of FPCH who had corporate titles were
consultants, not employees. N.T. Trial, 12/6/22 at 13; N.T. Trial, 12/7/22 at
55-57, 84-89, 91-92, 180, 187; N.T. Trial, 12/8/22 at 185, 197-98, 201-06,
226, 267-68; N.T. Trial, 12/9/22 at 100, 189, 194, 197, 199-205, 221.
Plaintiff’s work for FPCH likewise did not show that she was an employee
rather than a consultant or require the trial court to find that her work was an
acceptance of an offer of employment or of the terms that she alleged. The
evidence was disputed as to whether Plaintiff was working full-time on a
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regular basis or whether she was doing part-time work for FPCH, and there
was evidence that she was working under an agreement to pay her a $5,000
per month retainer as a consultant, which the trial court found credible. N.T.
Trial, 12/7/22 at 92-93, 155, 157, 184-87, 198-99; N.T. Trial, 12/8/22 at 123,
269, 280-83; N.T. Trial, 12/9/22 at 5-7, 81; N.T. Trial, 12/12/22 at 125-27;
Trial Court Decision ¶¶13, 15, 21-23.
In her next issue, Plaintiff seeks reversal of the trial court’s
determination that she was a consultant rather than an employee on the
ground that the court did not analyze the criteria set forth by our Supreme
Court in Hammermill Paper Co. v. Rust Engineering Co., 243 A.2d 389
(Pa. 1968), for determining whether a relationship is an employment
relationship or an independent contractor relationship. We conclude that this
issue is barred by waiver.
Where, as here, the trial court has issued an order under Rule 1925(b)
of the Pennsylvania Rules of Appellate Procedure, the appellant must file a
statement that identifies each ruling or error that the appellant intends to
challenge on appeal with sufficient detail to enable the trial court to identify
and address those issues. Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b)(4)(ii); S.S. v. T.J., 212 A.3d
1026, 1030-31 (Pa. Super. 2019). “Issues not included in the [Rule 1925(b)]
Statement and/or not raised in accordance with the provisions of this
paragraph (b)(4) are waived.” Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b)(4)(vii). Vague language that
that does not advise the trial court of the specific issue as to which error is
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claimed does not satisfy Rule 1925(b) and does not preserve any issue for
appeal. Brown v. End Zone, Inc., 259 A.3d 473, 485 (Pa. Super. 2021);
Lineberger v. Wyeth, 894 A.2d 141, 148-49 (Pa. Super. 2006).
While Plaintiff’s Rule 1925(b) statement set forth claims of error
concerning specific factual findings by the trial court and a claim that the
protective order was reversible error, it made no assertion that the trial court
failed to apply the criteria that she now argues and no claim of legal error in
determining whether the facts that the trial court found constituted an
employment relationship. Rather, the only claims of errors of law that her
Rule 1925(b) statement asserted with respect to the trial court’s June 1, 2023
decision were the vague claims that the court “erred in failing to identify and
apply the proper legal principles applicable to Plaintiff’s equitable, statutory,
and common law rights and the claims in Counts I, II, and II [sic] under the
facts established at trial,” the claim that the court “appl[ied] incorrect
principles of law” to allegedly “erroneous facts,” and claims of legal error
concerning other subjects, “common law contract and intertwined applicable
statutory WPCL (43 P.S. Section 260.1 et seq.) compliance provisions,
including with regard to its apparent reasoning on a lack of contract formation
and enforceable promise” and the elements of her promissory estoppel claim.
Statement of Errors Complained of on Appeal at 2.
Rule 1925 is a crucial component of the appellate process because it allows the trial court to identify and focus on those issues the parties plan to raise on appeal. Our courts have recognized that:
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“When a court has to guess what issues an appellant is appealing, that is not enough for meaningful review. When an appellant fails adequately to identify in a concise manner the issues sought to be pursued on appeal, the trial court is impeded in its preparation of a legal analysis which is pertinent to those issues.
In other words, a Concise Statement which is too vague to allow the court to identify the issues raised on appeal is the functional equivalent of no Concise Statement at all.”
Brown, 259 A.3d at 485 (Pa. Super. 2021) (quoting Lineberger). Plaintiff’s
vague references to “proper legal principles” and “incorrect principles of law”
did not in any way advise the trial court that she was claiming any error in
failing to apply the criteria for determining whether a work relationship is an
employment relationship or any error of law on the issue of whether Plaintiff
was an employee or an independent contractor. As a consequence of Plaintiff’s
failure to refer to this issue at all, the trial court was unaware that Plaintiff
was making any claim that it erred in failing to determine whether she was
legally an employee under the facts that it found and did not address the
Hammermill Paper criteria that Plaintiff now faults it for failing to analyze.
Trial Court Opinion at 11-12. Plaintiff’s omission from her Rule 1925(b)
statement of any claim that the trial court erred in failing to determine that
she was an employee therefore waived any claim of error with respect to this
issue.
Plaintiff argues that her failure to include this issue in her Rule 1925(b)
statement does not constitute waiver because Rule 1925(b) provides that
“generality of the [Rule 1925(b)] Statement will not be grounds for finding
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waiver” where “the appellant in a civil case cannot readily discern the basis
for the judge’s decision” and the appellant “preface[s] the [Rule 1925(b)]
Statement with an explanation as to why the Statement has identified the
errors in only general terms.” Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b)(4)(vi). This contention is
without merit. Although Plaintiff did state in her Rule 1925(b) statement that
the trial court’s June 1, 2023 decision “embodies reasoning that on several
issues may be too vague and not discernable to allow accurate framing for
appeal,” Statement of Errors Complained of on Appeal at 1, her
characterization of the trial court’s June 1, 2023 decision is inaccurate.
Contrary to Plaintiff’s assertion, the decision set forth the trial court’s findings,
reasoning, and conclusions in detail and was sufficiently clear and specific to
enable Plaintiff to discern the basis for the trial court’s rejection of her claims
against Defendants and to determine what claims of error she intended to
argue on appeal. Rule 1925(b)(4)(vi) therefore has no applicability to
Plaintiff’s challenges to the trial court’s June 1, 2023 decision and cannot
excuse her failure to specifically raise this claim of error.
Plaintiff’s next two issues both fail because the legal errors of which she
complains are irrelevant in light of the trial court’s supported factual findings.
In the first of these issues, Plaintiff argues that the trial court erred in failing
to apply Sections 3 and 4 of the WCPL, 43 P.S. §§ 260.3, 260.4, governing
employers’ payments of wages and fringe benefits to employees. The WPCL,
however, applies to employees, not to independent contractors. Morin v.
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Brassington, 871 A.2d 844, 849-50 (Pa. Super. 2005). Because the trial
court determined that Plaintiff was not an employee of FPCH, Trial Court
Decision ¶¶12-13, 15, 32-35, and Plaintiff has not shown any ground for
reversing that ruling, Sections 3 and 4 of the WPCL are inapplicable and the
trial court did not err in failing to apply them.
With respect to her promissory estoppel claim, Plaintiff argues that the
trial court erred in failing to recognize that continuing to work in reliance of a
promise of compensation satisfies the reliance element of this cause of action,
see Sullivan v. Chartwell Investment Partners, L.P., 873 A.2d 710, 717-
18 (Pa. Super. 2005), and in ruling that only damages for reliance expenses
are recoverable on a promissory estoppel claim. Neither of these arguments
can constitute grounds for reversal because the trial court found that Plaintiff
failed to prove another element of this claim. Plaintiff was required to prove
as an essential element of her promissory estoppel cause of action that FPCH
made the promise that she seeks to enforce. Crouse v. Cyclops Industries,
745 A.2d 606, 610 (Pa. 2000); V-Tech Services, Inc. v. Street, 72 A.3d
270, 276-77 (Pa. Super. 2013); Sullivan, 873 A.2d at 717-18. The trial court
found that Plaintiff failed to prove that essential element, Trial Court Decision
¶¶10-13, 15-19, 21-26, 40, and that finding, as discussed above, is supported
by the evidence that the trial court found credible. Since Plaintiff failed to
prove the promise on which her promissory estoppel claim depended, any
error with respect to reliance or damages would not change the fact that FPCH
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was entitled to judgment in its favor on this cause of action and need not be
considered by this Court.
In her final claim of error, Plaintiff challenges the trial court’s 2022
protective order and argues that it prevented her from obtaining relevant
testimony and documents that she needed for trial. Our review of this issue
is limited to determining whether the trial court abused its discretion in
granting the protective order. Bensinger v. University of Pittsburgh
Medical Center, 98 A.3d 672, 682 (Pa. Super. 2014) (standard of review
when determining the propriety of a discovery order is whether the trial court
committed an abuse of discretion); De Lage Landen Financial Services,
Inc. v. Urban Partnership, LLC, 903 A.2d 586, 592 (Pa. Super. 2006)
(same).
Plaintiff has not shown that the trial court’s protective order improperly
limited her discovery. The protective order applied only to a corporate
designee deposition and permitted discovery with respect to all of the subjects
and documents in Plaintiff’s notice that related to Plaintiff or her work for FPCH
or to Ms. DiPiano’s authority over FPCH’s management and its hiring,
supervising, and terminating employees and independent contractors. Trial
Court Order, 5/26/22; Amended Notice of Designee Depositions Attachment
A ¶¶1, 10-11, 19-20, 23, 25, Attachment B ¶¶1, 5, 19-20. In addition, the
protective order specifically permitted discovery of documents and subjects
relating to “[t]he factual averments and denials in the pleadings, declarations,
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and discovery responses in this case, including those of all parties” and
discovery of FPCH’s policies and procedures regarding employees and
independent contractors. Trial Court Order, 5/26/22; Amended Notice of
Designee Depositions Attachment A ¶¶1, 15, 18, Attachment B ¶¶1, 9. In
contrast, the items as to which the order denied discovery sought broad
categories of documents and information that encompassed non-parties and
sought discovery of those items and matters regardless of any connection to
Plaintiff or her claims in this case. Amended Notice of Designee Depositions
Attachment A ¶¶2-9, 12-14, 16-17, 22, 24, Attachment B ¶¶2-4, 6, 8, 10-18,
21-23.
Plaintiff argued to the trial court that some of these latter discovery
requests denied by the protective order were relevant to respond to
Defendants’ averments in specific paragraphs of their Answer and New Matter
concerning FPCH’s finances when Plaintiff was working for the company and
Plaintiff’s failure to raise capital, were relevant to Defendants’ claim, set forth
in their Answer and New Matter, that Plaintiff was an independent contractor,
and were relevant to the issue of Ms. DiPiano’s authority to hire Plaintiff.
Plaintiff’s Answer to Defendants’ Motion for Protective Order at 11-20. The
protective order, however, did not deny Plaintiff discovery on any of those
topics, as it allowed the discovery requests that sought documents and
information concerning the factual basis for claims in Defendants’ Answer and
New Matter, Plaintiff’s work for FPCH, including the “functions, services, job
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duties, scope of work, management responsibilities” of that work and FPCH’s
supervision of the that work, FPCH’s policies and procedures regarding
employees and independent contractors, and Ms. DiPiano’s authority. Trial
Court Order, 5/26/22; Amended Notice of Designee Depositions Attachment
A ¶¶1, 10-11, 15, 18, 23, 25, Attachment B ¶¶1, 9.
Plaintiff also asserted that the items as to which discovery was denied
were relevant to her unjust enrichment claim, her damages claim for a 10%
equity interest, and WPCL issues. Plaintiff’s Answer to Defendants’ Motion for
Protective Order at 11-20. Any denial of discovery on these issues could not
have any effect on the trial court’s decision in this case. Plaintiff voluntarily
discontinued her unjust enrichment claim during trial. Stipulation and Order,
12/9/22; N.T. Trial, 12/8/22 at 134-36. The trial court did not address the
damages or WPCL issues because it found that Plaintiff had failed to prove
that she was an employee of FPCH, failed to prove that there was any contract
or promise under which Plaintiff would receive an equity interest, and failed
to prove that FPCH breached any contract with her or promise to her. Trial
Court Decision ¶¶2 n.2, 8-13, 15, 23, 29-37, 40. Therefore, even if Plaintiff’s
discovery was restricted on these topics, such an error would be harmless.
Bensinger, 98 A.3d at 683-84 (denial of discovery was harmless where the
discovery was relevant only on an issue that was not a basis of the trial court’s
judgment).
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For the foregoing reasons, we conclude that none of Plaintiff’s issues
merits relief. Accordingly, we affirm the trial court’s judgment in favor of
Defendants.
Judgment affirmed.
Date: 12/5/2024
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