[Cite as Wholf v. Tremco, Inc., 2015-Ohio-171.]
Court of Appeals of Ohio EIGHTH APPELLATE DISTRICT COUNTY OF CUYAHOGA
JOURNAL ENTRY AND OPINION No. 100771
WILLIAM WHOLF
PLAINTIFF-APPELLANT
vs.
TREMCO INCORPORATED, ET AL.
DEFENDANTS-APPELEES
JUDGMENT: REVERSED AND REMANDED
Civil Appeal from the Cuyahoga County Court of Common Pleas Case No. CV-12-779194
BEFORE: E.T. Gallagher, J., Celebrezze, A.J., and Stewart, J.
RELEASED AND JOURNALIZED: January 22, 2015 ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLANT
Matthew D. Greenwell Charles V. Longo Charles V. Longo Co., L.P.A. 25550 Chagrin Boulevard Suite 320 Beachwood, Ohio 44122
ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEES
Sue M. Douglas Amy Ryder Wentz Robert M. Wolff Littler Mendelson, P.C. 1100 Superior Avenue, 20th Floor Cleveland, Ohio 44114 EILEEN T. GALLAGHER, J.:
{¶1} Plaintiff-appellant, William Wholf (“Wholf”), appeals an order granting summary
judgment in favor of defendants-appellees, Tremco Incorporated (“Tremco”), Edward Nowak,
and Timothy Sworney (collectively “appellees”). We find merit to the appeal and reverse the
trial court’s judgment.
{¶2} Tremco manufactures and sells roofing installation and weatherproofing services for
buildings such as schools, hospitals, and manufacturing facilities. As part of its warranty
program, Tremco provides on-site roofing inspections and preventative maintenance services,
which are supported through an Online Information System (“OLI”). Wholf worked in
Tremco’s OLI department from January 3, 2006, until his resignation on May 20, 2011.
{¶3} Following his resignation, Wholf filed a complaint against Tremco in which he
asserted two claims. In Count 1, a retaliation claim brought pursuant to R.C. 4112.02(I), Wholf
alleged that (1) he engaged in a protected activity when he reported sexual harassment to
company managers, (2) appellees were aware of the protected activity, (3) appellees took adverse
actions against him, and (4) the protected activity was the cause of Tremco’s adverse actions
against him. Count 2 alleged intentional infliction of emotional distress.
{¶4} Appellees filed a joint motion for summary judgment on Wholf’s claims. The facts,
as set forth in affidavits and deposition testimony, are as follows: Tremco hired Wholf in 2006
as its primary OLI trainer under the title OLI Sales/Customer Support Manager. Employees in
the OLI department receive roof inspection reports from field personnel and enter the
information into online databases that customers may access to review detailed roofing
inspection data and repair recommendations. OLI’s objective is to increase the number of
customers and sales representatives who understand and use the OLI. Wholf was primarily responsible for training customers and Tremco sales representatives on how to use OLI so that
customers could understand and use the system. Wholf was also supposed to identify and
contact customers and sales representatives who would benefit from OLI and offer them training.
{¶5} Wholf reported to the Inspection and Maintenance Service Manager. In 2010,
Tremco hired Edward Nowak (“Nowak”) as the new Inspection and Maintenance Services
Manager. From 2006 through 2010, Wholf received positive performance evaluations from his
previous and current supervisors.
{¶6} Sometime after Nowak joined Tremco, some female employees complained that
Nowak made sexually suggestive comments to them and stared inappropriately at their breasts.
One of the alleged victims was Melissa Wholf (“Melissa”), Wholf’s wife, who worked part time
performing data entry. At a Tremco-sponsored luncheon on November 4, 2009, Nowak stared at
Melissa’s breasts for an extended period of time. Employees at the table commented on
Nowak’s behavior, but he did not seem to hear them and continued staring. Melissa felt
uncomfortable and raised a menu to hide her breasts in an effort to end the situation.
{¶7} Tremco’s non-harassment policy defines “harassment” as “any unwelcome or
unsolicited verbal, visual, written, sexual or physical conduct that creates or contributes to a
hostile or offensive work environment.” “Leering” is included as an example of harassment
under the policy. The non-harassment policy provides that “if an employee observes or becomes
aware of actual or perceived harassment of another employee, then the observing employee
should immediately report the matter to a supervisor, manager, or officer (up to and including the
President of the Company).” When harassment is reported, the policy provides that “Tremco
will investigate all complaints promptly, thoroughly and fairly,” and “[n]o retaliation of any kind
* * * will be taken against an employee for making a complaint.” {¶8} On February 9, 2010, Nowak met with Wholf to discuss his inappropriate use of
time spent fixing coworkers’ computers instead of completing his assigned work. During this
meeting, Wholf confronted Nowak about his conduct, which he believed violated Tremco’s
non-harassment policy, and secretly recorded the conversation. According to Wholf, Nowak
ignored the allegations and continued to make inappropriate comments and leer at women’s
breasts. In March 2010, Wholf reported Nowak’s conduct to a Tremco vice president, who
reported the allegations to James Tierney (“Tierney”), Tremco’s former General Counsel and
Vice President of Human Resources. Meanwhile, Lisa Garcia (“Garcia”), another supervisor in
the OLI department, reported harassment allegations from two other women to Tremco’s Human
Resources Manager, Karen Halkovics (“Halkovics”). Tierney informed Halkovics of Wholf’s
complaint at about the same time. As a result, the human resources department led an internal
investigation into the complaint.
{¶9} Halkovics interviewed the alleged victims; Melissa, Garcia, and Val Giampietro to
hear their versions of the facts. She also met with Maureen Greeves, another Tremco manager
who worked with Nowak, to see if she had any similar experiences, but she had not. Halkovics
met with Nowak, informed him of the complaints and advised him that the reported behavior was
unacceptable. Halkovics also counseled Nowak on Tremco’s non-harassment policy. There is
no evidence that any more harassment occurred after Halkovics’s investigation and meeting with
Nowak.
{¶10} Wholf was nevertheless frustrated by what he believed was an inadequate
investigation and reported the harassment to the “NETWORK” in June 2010. According to the
non-harassment policy, the NETWORK is “an independent and autonomous service devoted to
collecting and reporting employee complaints regarding practices and behaviors that may be unethical or in violation of Company policies.” In the NETWORK complaint, Wholf stated that
“Nowak has been making inappropriate and unwelcomed sexual comments” and “has also been
caught starring [sic] at female employee’s breasts.” He further complained that the lack of
investigation may have been impacted by Halkovics’s personal relationship with Jim Solether
(“Solether”).1 A week later, Wholf sent Randall Korach (“Korach”), then President of Tremco,
an anonymous email once again reporting Nowak’s conduct and the ineffectual investigation.
{¶11} In response to the NETWORK complaint and the anonymous emails, Tierney met
with Korach, and spoke with Halkovics and Solether about their alleged affair. Tierney also
retained outside counsel to review Halkovics’s previous investigation. Following the review of
the investigation, Tierney completed a report and sent it to RPM International Inc., Tremco’s
parent company, as required practice when a NETWORK complaint is made.
{¶12} Wholf testified at deposition that after he complained about Nowak’s harassing
behavior, he “felt a backlash” from Nowak beginning in March or April 2010. Wholf asserted
that Nowak reassigned some of his projects to other employees and excluded him from meetings.
Consequently, Wholf informed Todd Sworney (“Sworney”), Tremco’s Drafting Supervisor, that
he believed Nowak was retaliating against him for reporting his harassing behavior even though
Nowak gave Wholf a positive performance evaluation in late May 2010.
{¶13} In November 2010, Solether reorganized the management structure of the
company. The OLI production department was reorganized such that Sworney became the
supervisor of quality control and training personnel, and Garcia became the supervisor of data
entry personnel. Nowak informed Wholf that Sworney would be his new supervisor, and
1 Jim Solether is Tremco’s Director of Business Operations. Wholf believed Halkovic and Solether were involved in a romantic relationship. removed some of Wholf’s core responsibilities and reassigned them to other employees. Prior
to this change, Wholf and Sworney were equally ranked in management. As part of the
reorganization, Wholf’s former job title, OLI Sales-Customer Support Manager, was changed to
OLI Sales-Customer Coordinator. Solether testified that at the time of the reorganization, he
had no knowledge of any harassment complaints lodged against Nowak.
{¶14} On November 5, 2010, Sworney instructed Wholf that, in addition to his regular
duties, he was now required to keep a detailed daily time sheet to account for his time throughout
the day. Sworney’s goal was for Wholf to generate enough outside interest in OLI training that
he could train on a full-time basis. However, Wholf did not meet Sworney’s production goals
and did not increase his training workload. On November 11, 2010, Nowak informed Wholf
that due to budget cuts, Tremco would no longer reimburse his personal cell phone, which he had
used for work-related business.
{¶15} In December 2010, Sworney instructed Wholf that he must devote half of his
workday to data entry. Two weeks later, Sworney placed Wholf on a “Performance
Improvement Plan” (“PIP”), because he was not meeting his daily data entry quotas. The PIP
subjected Wholf to more supervision by Sworney and Halkovics. In response, Wholf created an
“action plan” to address concerns raised in the PIP. In the plan, Wholf stated that Sworney was
motivated to issue the PIP by discrimination, retaliation, and workplace harassment. On January
27, 2011, Tremco lowered Wholf’s job grade from level 10 to level 9. Although his salary was
not affected, his bonus eligibility was reduced by the potential amount of $1,300.
{¶16} Wholf complained to Tierney that he believed Sworney was retaliating against him.
Tierney questioned Sworney about Wholf’s retaliation claims and subsequently convinced
Sworney to lower Wholf’s data entry quota from 50 forms per half-day to 40 forms per half-day. Tierney also assigned another Human Resources Manager to work with Sworney and Wholf on
the PIP, instead of Halkovics, whom Wholf did not trust.
{¶17} On February 15, 2011, Sworney informed Wholf that he would be assuming
another employee’s responsibilities while she was on maternity leave. These responsibilities
included closeouts and mail for the OLI department. “Mail” involved receiving large bankers
boxes full of roof-inspection forms, which had to be opened, logged into several databases, and
folders created for each form. Closeouts entail tallying all the time worked on the
roof-inspection forms and closing out that job in various databases. Wholf’s PIP was modified
to reflect these additional responsibilities.
{¶18} On April 15, 2011, Sworney expressed concerns that Wholf was not meeting the
expectations listed in his PIP. On May 3, 2011, Wholf was offered a position with another
company. Wholf submitted a two-week notice to Sworney in which he stated that the
harassment and retaliation against him resulting from his complaints about Nowak forced him to
leave the company.
{¶19} The trial court granted appellees’s motion for summary judgment and found that
Wholf failed to establish that the alleged retaliation was the “but-for” cause of appellees’s
adverse employment action. It also found there was no evidence to support his intentional
infliction of emotional distress claim because appellees’s alleged actions were not “extreme and
outrageous.” Wholf does not appeal the judgment on his intentional infliction of emotional
distress claim. He appeals the judgment in appellees’s favor on his retaliation claim and raises
two assignments of error.
Standard of Review {¶20} We review an appeal from summary judgment de novo. Grafton v. Ohio Edison
Co., 77 Ohio St.3d 102, 105, 671 N.E.2d 241 (1996). The party moving for summary judgment
bears the burden of demonstrating the absence of a genuine issue of material fact as to the
essential elements of the case with evidence of the type listed in Civ.R. 56(C). Dresher v. Burt,
75 Ohio St.3d 280, 292, 662 N.E.2d 264 (1996). Once the moving party demonstrates
entitlement to summary judgment, the burden shifts to the nonmoving party to produce evidence
related to any issue on which the party bears the burden of production at trial. Civ.R. 56(E).
Summary judgment is appropriate when, after construing the evidence in a light most favorable
to the party against whom the motion is made, reasonable minds can only reach a conclusion that
is adverse to the nonmoving party. Zivich v. Mentor Soccer Club, 82 Ohio St.3d 367, 369-370,
696 N.E.2d 201 (1998).
The “But-For” Causation Standard
{¶21} In the first assignment of error, Wholf argues the trial court erroneously applied the
“but-for” causation standard articulated in Univ. of Texas S.W. Med. Ctr. v. Nassar, 570 U.S. __,
133 S.Ct. 2517, 186 L.Ed.2d 503 (2013), to his retaliation claim. He contends the court should
have applied the less stringent “motiving factor” causation standard that he claims courts applied
prior to Nassar.
{¶22} In Nassar, the United States Supreme Court defined the applicable causation
standard for employment retaliation claims brought pursuant to Title VII, 42 U.S.C. 2000 et seq.
(“Title VII”), as amended by the Civil Rights Act of 1991 (“1991 Act”), 105 Stat. 1071. Title
VII defines the term “unlawful employment practice” as discrimination based on any one of
seven prohibited criteria: race, color, religion, sex, national origin, opposition to employment
discrimination, and submitting or supporting a complaint about discrimination. Nassar at 2517. However, five of the seven prohibited discriminatory actions relate to employer actions based on
the employee’s status and are governed by 42 U.S.C. 2000e-2(m) (“2000e-2(m)”). “The text of
§ 2000e-2(m) says nothing about retaliation claims.” Nassar at 2528.
{¶23} Title VII’s anti-retaliation provision appears in 42 U.S. 2000e-3(a) (“2000e-3(a)”)
and states, in relevant part:
It shall be an unlawful employment practice for an employer to discriminate against any of his employees * * * because he has opposed any practice made an unlawful employment practice under this subchapter, or because he has made a charge in any manner in an investigation, proceeding, or hearing under this subchapter.
Commenting on this language and the general statutory structure, the Nassar court held that
“Title VII retaliation claims must be proved according to traditional principles of but-for
causation, not the lessened causation test stated in § 2000e-2(m).” Nassar at 2517. The
“but-for” standard requires proof that the unlawful retaliation would not have occurred if the
employee had not engaged in protected anti-discrimination activity. Id. at 2529. The
employee’s protected activity must “have had a determinative influence on the outcome.” Id. at
2525.
{¶24} Ohio courts have held that since Ohio’s antidiscrimination laws contained in R.C.
Chapter 4112 are modeled after Title VII, “federal case law interpreting Title VII * * * is
generally applicable to cases involving alleged violations of R.C. Chapter 4112.” Greer-Burger
v. Temesi, 116 Ohio St.3d 324, 2007-Ohio-6442, 879 N.E.2d 174, ¶ 12. See also Robinson v.
Quasar Energy Group LLC, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 101062, 2014-Ohio-4218, ¶ 18.
{¶25} Nevertheless, Wholf contends R.C. 4112.02 is different from Title VII in several
respects. First, he observes that while Congress intentionally separated status-based
discrimination claims from conduct-based retaliation claims in two separate provisions of Title VII (2000e-2(m) and 2000e-3(a)), both types of claims are set forth in a single section of the
Revised Code (R.C. 4112.02(I)). Wholf argues that Title VII has a complex statutory structure
that distinguishes between “status-based” and “conduct-based” discrimination claims, whereas
Ohio’s anti-retaliation provision is located in the same section that prohibits status-based
discriminatory practices.
{¶26} Second, Wholf argues that R.C. 4112.02 is more broadly worded than its federal
counterpart. Unlike Congress’s 1991 amendment to the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which
adopted a “motiving factor” causation standard, Ohio’s Chapter 4112 does not contain a “mixed
motives” provision. The absence of “mixed motives” language in R.C. 4112.02(I) is central to
our discussion.
{¶27} However, the difference in statutory structure between the federal and Ohio
anti-discrimination statutes has little or no relevance. Indeed, the General Assembly separated
status-based discrimination claims from retaliation claims in separate subsections of R.C.
4112.02. And, despite Wholf’s argument to the contrary, Ohio’s anti-retaliation provision is
nearly identical to Title VII’s anti-retaliation provision. Title VII’s anti-retaliation provision
states, in relevant part:
It shall be an unlawful employment practice for an employer to discriminate against any of his employees or applicants for employment * * * because he has opposed any practice made an unlawful employment practice by this title, or because he has made a charge, testified, assisted, or participated in any manner in an investigation, proceeding, or hearing under this title.
42 U.S.C. 2000e-3(a) (emphasis added). R.C. 4112.02(I) states, in relevant part:
It shall be an unlawful discriminatory practice * * *
(I) For any person to discriminate in any manner against any other person because that person has opposed any unlawful discriminatory practice defined in this section or because that person has made a charge, testified, assisted, or participated in any manner in any investigation, proceeding, or hearing under sections 4112.01 to 4112.07 of the Revised Code.
(Emphasis added.)
{¶28} In contrast to these provisions, Title VII’s “mixed motives” provision, which
applies to status-based discrimination claims, states in relevant part:
Impermissible consideration of race, color, religion, sex, or national origin in employment practices. Except as otherwise provided in this title [42 U.S.C. 2000e et seq.], an unlawful employment practice is established when the complaining party demonstrates that race, color, religion, sex, or national origin was a motivating factor for any employment practice, even though other factors also motivated the practice.
42 U.S.C. 2000e-2(m) (emphasis added).
{¶29} The word “because” appears in both the Ohio and federal anti-retaliation
provisions but does not appear in Title VII’s “mixed motives” provision. Applying the ordinary
meaning of the word “because,” the Nassar court concluded that 2000e-3(a) “makes it unlawful
for an employer to take adverse employment action against an employee ‘because’ of certain
criteria.” Nassar, 133 S.Ct. 2517 at 2528, citing Gross v. FBL Fin. Serv. Inc., 557 U.S. 167, 129
S.Ct. 2343, 174 L.Ed.2d 119 (2009). Therefore, the plain language of R.C. 4112.02(I) provides
a “cause-in-fact” causation standard rather than a mixed-motives standard.
{¶30} Anti-discrimination jurisprudence further compels this conclusion and informs the
application of the “but-for” standard to employment retaliation claims. The starting point for
analyzing this issue is the United States Supreme Court’s decision in McDonnell Douglas Corp.
v. Green, 411 U.S. 792, 93 S.Ct. 1817, 36 L.Ed.2d 668 (1973), in which the court prescribed “the
order and allocation of proof in a private, non-class action challenging employment discrimination.”2 Id. at 972. In McDonnell Douglas, the Supreme Court outlined the three-step
burden-shifting framework known as the McDonnell Douglas test, which applies in cases where
there is no direct evidence of discrimination.3 Under the McDonnell Douglas framework, the
plaintiff must first establish a prima facie case of discrimination. Id. at 802. If the plaintiff
makes a prima facie case, the burden of production shifts to the employer to articulate some
legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason for the employment decision. Id. at 802-803. If the
employer successfully meets this burden, then the burden shifts back to the plaintiff to show, by a
preponderance of the evidence, that the proffered reason was really a pretext for unlawful
discrimination. Id. at 804.
{¶31} In Texas Dept. Of Community Affairs v. Burdine, 450 U.S. 248, 101 S.Ct. 1089, 67
L.Ed.2d 207 (1981), the court elaborated on the burden shifting framework and explained that
plaintiff’s initial “burden of establishing a prima facie case of disparate treatment is not onerous.”
Id. at 253. The plaintiff is not required to conclusively establish all the elements of his
discrimination claim in the prima facie case because the prima facie case simply creates a
presumption of discrimination that forces the employer to produce evidence of a legitimate,
non-discriminatory reason for the adverse employment action. St. Mary’s Honor Ctr. v. Hicks,
509 U.S. 502, 506, 113 S.Ct. 2742, 125 L.Ed.2d 407 (1993).
{¶32} In Hicks, the court further explained that once the employer produces some
evidence in its defense “(whatever its persuasive effect), * * * the trier of fact proceeds to decide
The McDonnell Douglas framework was adopted by this state in Barker v. 2
Scovill, Inc., 6 Ohio St.3d 146, 451 N.E.2d 807 (1983).
Direct evidence is evidence which, if believed, would prove the existence of a fact in issue 3
without inference or presumption. Mauzy v. Kelly Servs. Inc., 75 Ohio St.3d 578, 583, 664 N.E.2d 1272 (1996). the ultimate question: whether plaintiff has proved that the defendant intentionally discriminated
against him because of his [protected trait].” Id. at 510. Thus, the plaintiff’s burden in the
first stage of the McDonnell Douglas framework is one of production, not persuasion, but the
plaintiff must ultimately prove all the elements of a retaliation claim by a preponderance of the
evidence. McDonnell Douglas at 802-804; Burdine at 253.
{¶33} One of the most important discrimination cases concerning the applicable
causation standard in retaliation cases is Price Waterhouse v. Hopkins, 490 U.S. 228, 109 S.Ct.
1775, 104 L.Ed.2d 268 (1989). In Price Waterhouse, the court was asked to determine whether
a Title VII plaintiff could prevail on a sex discrimination claim if she established that her gender
was a factor in the adverse employment action when the employer was able to demonstrate that
legitimate non-discriminatory factors also played a role. Price Waterhouse presented a situation
where both legitimate and discriminatory reasons, i.e, “mixed motives,” motivated the adverse
employment decision.
{¶34} The Price Waterhouse court held that,
in cases where the plaintiff offers “direct evidence” of unlawful discrimination and evidence as a whole permits a conclusion that both permissible and impermissible considerations played a role in the employer’s decision, the plaintiff need only show that the unlawful motive was a substantial motivating factor in that decision. If the finder of fact concludes that the plaintiff has carried this burden, the burden of persuasion shifts to the defendant to prove that the unlawful motive was not a but-for cause, i.e., that the same action would have been taken, because of legitimate considerations, in the absence of the unlawful motive.
Harris v. Giant Eagle, Inc., 133 Fed.Appx. 288, 296 (6th Cir.2005), quoting Miller v. Cigna
Corp., 47 F.3d 586, 594 (3d Cir.1995)(en banc)(emphasis added in Harris).
{¶35} Thus, the Price Waterhouse court held that once there is direct evidence that the
protected trait was a motivating factor in the adverse treatment of the employee, the employer could escape liability if it could show, by a preponderance of the evidence, that it would have
taken the same action even in the absence of the protected trait or activity. Id. at 249. The
court explained that “[a] court that finds for a plaintiff under this standard has effectively
concluded that an illegitimate motive was a ‘but-for’ cause of the employment decision.” Id.,
citing Mt. Healthy City Bd. Of Edn. v. Doyle, 429 U.S. 274, 97 S.Ct. 568, 50 L.Ed.2d 471 (1977);
Givhan v. W. Line Consol. School Dist., 439 U.S. 410, 417, 99 S.Ct. 693, 58 L.Ed.2d 619 (1979).
{¶36} In response to Price Waterhouse, Congress passed the 1991 Act, which added the
“motivating factor” language to 2000e-2(m) and lowered the plaintiff’s evidentiary burden in
Title VII employment discrimination cases. As previously stated, under the 1991 Act, courts
could find liability for plaintiffs who could demonstrate a protected trait was a motivating factor
in the adverse employment action even though the employer could also demonstrate it would
have taken the same action regardless of the protected trait. 42 U.S.C. 2000e-2(m). Therefore,
while an employer could completely avoid Title VII liability under Price Waterhouse if it could
demonstrate a legitimate, non-discriminatory reason for the adverse employment action, the
employer could no longer escape liability under the 1991 Act under the same circumstances.
{¶37} It was clear the 1991 Act applied to status-based discrimination claims, but
Congress did not indicate that it applied to retaliation claims. Most courts continued to apply
the standard articulated in Price Waterhouse to retaliation claims because retaliation claims were
not included in 2000e-2(m), which contains the “motivating factor language.” See Kubicko v.
Ogden Logistics Serv., 181 F.3d 544 (4th Cir.1999); McNutt v. Bd. of Trustees, 141 F.3d 706 (7th
Cir.1998); Woodson v. Scott Paper Co., 109 F.3d 913, 932-936 (3d Cir.1997), cert. denied, 139
L.Ed.2d 230, 118 S. Ct. 299 (1997); Tanca v. Nordberg, 98 F.3d 680, 682-685 (1st Cir.1996),
cert. denied, 137 L.Ed. 2d 333, 117 S.Ct. 1253 (1997); Riess v. Dalton, 845 F.Supp. 742, 744-745 (S.D. Cal.1993); Norbeck v. Bais Elec. Power Coop, 215 F.3d 848 (8th Cir.2000). See
also Lewis v. Young Men’s Christian Assn., 208 F.3d 1303, 1305 (11th Cir.2000) (holding that
the 1991 Act does not apply to a dual motive retaliation claim under ADEA).4
{¶38} Until recently, Ohio courts have not defined a particular causation standard to be
applied in either status-based or conduct-based discrimination actions, and no Ohio court has
expressly held that retaliation claims survive where there is evidence that legitimate factors
played a role in the adverse employment action. And no Ohio court defined the “but-for”
causation standard until the Tenth District released Smith v. Ohio Dept. of Public Safety, 10th
Dist. Franklin No. 12AP-1073, 2013-Ohio-4210.
{¶39} Nevertheless, Ohio case law preceding Nassar applied the “but-for” causation
standard to retaliation claims. Wharton v. Gorman-Rupp Co., 309 Fed.Appx. 990, 998-999 (6th
Cir.2009). In Wharton, the Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals, applying Ohio law, held that in
order for a plaintiff to prevail on a retaliation claim brought pursuant to R.C. 4112.02(I), she
must establish that her protected activity was the reason for the adverse employment action taken
against her.
{¶40} The employee in Wharton conceded that her retaliation claim was based on
circumstantial evidence. The court applied the McDonnell-Douglas framework and concluded
that the employee established her prima facie case of retaliation. It also determined there were
A few courts applied the motivating factor standard to retaliation claims brought pursuant 4
to 42 U.S.C. 2000e-3(a). See, e.g., Veprinsky v. Fluor Daniel, Inc., 87 F.3d 881 (7th Cir.1996); Beinlich v. Curry Dev. Inc., 4th Cir. No. 94-1465, 1995 U.S.App. LEXIS 12109 (May 22, 1995); Heywood v. Samaritan Health Sys., 902 F.Supp. 1076 (D. Ariz. 1995). However, these cases were criticized or later reversed within their own circuits. For example, the Seventh Circuit overruled Veprinsky and adopted a “but for” causation standard. See, e.g., Serwatka v. Rockwell Automation, Inc., 591 F.3d 957 (7th Cir.2010). In Woodson, the Third Circuit also criticized Veprinsky, along with Beinlich and Heywood for lack of analysis. See Woodson, 109 F.3d 913, 915 at n.27. genuine issues of fact as to whether the employer’s stated reason for the adverse employment
action was a pretext. Wharton at 999. Accordingly, the Sixth Circuit reversed the district
court’s order granting summary judgment to the employer.
{¶41} The Wharton court, like most Ohio courts, did not discuss the causation element of
the prima facie case in any detail. Instead, it determined that the employer could be held liable
because it failed to produce evidence of a nondiscriminatory motive for the adverse action. Had
the employer established a legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason for its action, it would have
avoided liability under R.C. 4112.02(I). Id. at 999. Thus, the Wharton court was still applying
the “but-for” causation standard articulated in Price Waterhouse to retaliation claims when it
released its decision in 2009.
{¶42} In 2013, the United States Supreme Court decided Nassar, 570 U.S. __, 133 S.Ct.
2517, 186 L.Ed.2d 503, and held that Title VII retaliation claims must be proved according to
traditional principles of but-for causation, not the lessened causation test stated in 2000e-2(m).
Id. at 2533. Despite Wholf’s argument to the contrary, the “but-for” standard articulated in
Nassar is not a new standard; it is a clarification of the standard that has been applied in
retaliation cases since the Supreme Court decided Price Waterhouse in 1989. See, e.g., Lascu v.
Apex Paper Box Co., 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 95091, 2011-Ohio-4407, ¶ 27 (once employer has
articulated a valid, nondiscriminatory rationale for retaliatory action, burden shifts to employee
“to prove that discrimination was the real reason for the discharge.”); Wittman v. Akron, 9th Dist.
Summit No. 21375, 2003-Ohio-5617 (expressly applying Price Waterhouse to retaliation claim).
{¶43} It is important to note that Nassar does not mention the term “prima facie case,”
nor does it refer to the McDonnell Douglas burden shifting framework. However, as
previously explained, the plaintiff’s evidentiary burden of establishing a prima facie case in the first step of the burden-shifting analysis is one of production, not persuasion, and it is not
“onerous.” Burdine, 450 U.S. at 255-256. Burdine has not been overruled by any United
Supreme Court decision. Therefore, pursuant to Burdine, the plaintiff is not required to
conclusively prove all the elements of his claim at the prima facie stage of the burden-shifting
analysis. Under Nassar, the plaintiff must ultimately prove, by a preponderance of the
evidence, that the plaintiff’s protected activity was the determinative factor in the employer’s
adverse employment action.
{¶44} As previously stated, Title VII’s “mixed motives” provision applies to
“status-based” discrimination claims. That is not the issue here. Wholf has brought a
retaliation claim pursuant to R.C. 4112.02(I), which is almost identical to 2000e-3(a).
Therefore, federal case law interpreting that section, including the “but-for” causation standard
defined in Nassar, is applicable to Wholf’s retaliation claim.
{¶45} Accordingly, the first assignment of error is overruled.
Prima Facie Case of Retaliation
{¶46} In the second assignment of error, Wholf argues the trial court erred in summarily
dismissing his retaliation claim because he produced sufficient evidence to establish a genuine
issue of material fact that appellees retaliated against him because of his participation in
protected activities in violation of R.C. 4112.02(I). This assigned error calls for the application
of the “but-for” causation standard within the McDonnell Douglas–Burdine burden shifting
framework.
{¶47} There is no dispute that Wholf engaged in protected activity when he reported
sexual harassment, or that appellees knew he engaged in protected activity. Nor do appellees
challenge the adverse employment action element of Wholf’s retaliation claim. The sole issue is whether Wholf established the requisite causal connection between the protected activity and the
adverse action to survive summary judgment. As previously stated, Wholf was not required to
conclusively establish the causation element of his claim at the first stage of the McDonnell
Douglas test; he was only required to produce evidence demonstrating that appellees took
adverse employment action against him because of his participation in protected activity.
{¶48} Appellees argue Wholf cannot establish the causation element of his prima facie
case because the adverse action occurred before the protected activity. Appellees contend
Wholf’s surreptitious recording of his February 9, 2010 meeting with Nowak established that the
protected activity occurred after the alleged retaliatory acts. Wholf accuses Nowak on the
recording of retaliating against him by “lea[ving] [him] out of everything,” and pushing “him
out” of “[a]nything to do with training.” Therefore, appellees conclude, the recording proves
Nowak began excluding Wholf from projects and meetings before he engaged in any protected
activity.
{¶49} However, Wholf continued to engage in protected activity over the next several
months and endured additional adverse employment actions. After Wholf confronted Nowak
about the harassment at the February 9, 2010 meeting, he reported the harassment to a vice
president of the company in March 2010. (Wholf Depo. 84, Tierney Depo. 34.) Despite
Wholf’s generally positive performance evaluation in May 2010, Wholf testified that he was
suspicious of the evaluation and questioned Nowak’s motive for some of the favorable remarks.
He explained:
Well * * * obviously, you can see I got some exceeds in here, successfuls. * * * [w]ork is performed as assigned and is done on time, you know. So overall, a good review. Understand, though, Ed’s a very smart man. Now, it would have been dumb for him to give me a completely bad review and then say, Well, it’s just — that’s how I view your work.
So instead, since it was almost review time anyways when this started, I get an appropriate review, which is * * * good, and then I start getting pushed off of projects, transferred to a new supervisor. And then within, you know, a month or so of being * * * under Tim Sworney, I’m on a performance evaluation.
{¶50} When asked what problems Wholf was having before his evaluation, he explained:
Just the avoidance. You know, I felt like I was starting to get pushed out of some projects, but not formally. You know, it just felt like a little backlash from my conversation with him.
{¶51} Wholf was frustrated by what he believed was an inadequate response to Nowak’s
harassment. In June 2010, Wholf made a NETWORK complaint about Nowak, Solether, and
Halkovics to the Ethic and Compliance Employee Hotline. (Wholf Depo. 160.) This was the
first time Wholf complained about Solether and Halkovics’s conduct. The NETWORK
complaint alleged not only Nowak’s sexual harassment but also Halkovics’s failure to properly
investigate Wholf’s original complaint because her investigation “may have been impacted by a
personal relationship between Karen Halkovics and Jim Solether.” A week later, Wholf sent the
President of Tremco an anonymous email once again reporting Nowak’s conduct and the feeble
investigation.
{¶52} Following Wholf’s complaints, in October 2010, Nowak informed Wholf that his
title was going to be changed from manager to coordinator, a label that signifies less
responsibility. At this time, Nowak (1) removed Wholf from his position as “Project Leader on
all OLI enhancements,” (2) removed Wholf as the “Project Leader on EDGE (Electronic Data
Gathering Equipment) Project,” and (3) removed Wholf as the “liaison to [the] IT Department
from Sales Representatives & Customers.” (Nowak Depo. at 114-123, Wholf Depo. at 204-207,
218-221.) {¶53} Nowak also added the phrase “perform other duties as assigned” to Wholf’s job
description, and Sworney, formerly Wholf’s equal, became his immediate supervisor. Sworney
required Wholf to keep a daily time log to account for every minute of his workday. No one else
within the OLI production department was required to keep daily time sheets. Pursuant to the
new job description, Wholf was responsible for mail and closeouts in addition to daily data entry
quotas. Wholf testified that these assignments could not realistically be completed by the end of
each workday. When Wholf failed to meet Sworney’s expectations, he was placed on a PIP.
Therefore, despite appellees’ argument to the contrary, there is evidence to show that adverse
employment action was taken after Wholf first complained in February 2010.
{¶54} Obviously, the less time that passes between the protected activity and the
retaliatory action, the more conspicuous the causal connection. Nevertheless, “retaliation has
been found when termination followed the protected activity by over one year.” Smith v.
Superior Prod., 10th Dist. Franklin No. 13AP-690, 2014-Ohio-1961, ¶ 33, citing Harrison v.
Metro. Govt. Of Nashville, 80 F.3d 1107, 1119 (6th Cir.1996), overruled on other grounds by
Jackson v. Quanex Corp., 191 F.3d 647, 667 (6th Cir.1999).
{¶55} Several months elapsed between Wholf’s first complaint of harassment to Nowak
in February 2010 and his apparent demotion from manager to coordinator and data entry worker
in November 2010. However, Wholf continued to lodge complaints against Nowak and made
his first complaints against Halkovics and Solether during this nine-month period. Indeed,
appellees’ retaliatory acts became increasingly more harsh as Wholf persisted with his
complaints. We therefore find there is a genuine issue of material fact as to whether appellees
retaliated against Wholf because of his protected activity. {¶56} Wholf established his prima facie case of retaliation by producing evidence of his
protected activity and of the adverse employment actions that were taken against him because of
those activities. The trial court erroneously imposed the burden on Wholf to conclusively prove
the causation element in his prima facie case, when his initial burden only required production of
some evidence as to each element of the prima facie case. Therefore, the trial court misapplied
the “but-for” standard of causation in this case, and as a result, erroneously concluded that Wholf
failed to establish his prima facie case of retaliation in the first stage of the McDonnell Douglas
analysis.
{¶57} The second assignment of error is sustained.
{¶58} Judgment reversed and remanded to the trial court for further proceedings.
It is ordered that appellant recover from appellees costs herein taxed.
The court finds there were reasonable grounds for this appeal.
It is ordered that a special mandate be sent to the common pleas court to carry this
judgment into execution.
A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to Rule 27 of the
Rules of Appellate Procedure.
EILEEN T. GALLAGHER, JUDGE
FRANK D. CELEBREZZE, JR., A.J., and MELODY J. STEWART, J., CONCUR