Christiancy J.
Carew, the plaintiff below, wishing to order an amount of oysters from Rowe, Schoolfield & Co., of Baltimore, went to the office of the plaintiffs in error, at Detroit, and wrote and delivered for transmission the following message:
“ Rowe, Schoolfield & Co. — Carletm, Baltimore, Md.:
Send immediately (40) forty cases cans, (5) fire sacks kegs. Don’t fail.
J. H. CAREW.” [530]*530and paid for its transmission one dollar and ninety-five cents, the price of an unrepeated message from Detroit to Baltimore.
On the face of the paper upon which the message was written, was printed the following immediately above the written message:
“WESTERN UNION TELEGRAPH CO. — COMMERCIAL MESSAGE.
SEE CONDITIONS ON BACK.
Write plainly. Give fall address. Use no abbreviations or figures. Send the following message, without repeating, subject to above conditions and agreement indorsed on back.”
On the back of the same paper, in full and clear type, was printed the following:
“WESTERN UNION TELEGRAPH COMPANY.
CONDITIONS.
In order to guard against and correct as much as possible some of the errors arising from atmospheric and other causes appertaining to telegraphy, every important message should he repeated by being sent back from the station at which it is received to the station from which it is originally sent. Half the usual price will he charged for repeating the message. And while this company in good faith -will endeavor to send messages correctly and promptly, it will not he responsible for errors or delays in the transmission or delivery, nor for the non-delivery of repeated messages beyond two hundred times the sum paid for sending the message, unless a special agreement for insurance he made in writing, and the amount of risk specified on this agreement, and paid at the time of sending the message. Nor will the company he responsible for any error or delay in the transmission or delivery or for the non-delivery of any unrepeated message beyond the amount paid for sending the same, unless in like manner specially insured, and amount of risk stated thereon and paid for at the time. No liability is assv led for error in cypher or obscure messages. Nor is any liability assumed by this company for any error or neglect of any other company over whose lines this message may he sent to reach its destination. And this company is hereby made the agent of the sender of this message to forward it over the lines extending beyond those of this company.
“No agent or employee is allowed to vary these terms, or to make any other or verbal agreement, nor any promise as to the [531]*531time of performance; and no one but a Superintendent is authorized to make a special agreement. These terms apply through the whole course of this message, on all lines by which it may be transmitted.”
Tbe plaintiff below testified — and. there was no evidence to the contrary — that he never read the above conditions, nor had his attention called to them — that he was not informed, nor did he know that the message passed over the line of any other Company on its way to Baltimore, or that it was necessary to repeat the message in order to hold the Company responsible for mistakes.
The line of this Company extended only to Philadelphia. The message was correctly transmitted to that point, and there correctly delivered to the agent of the line from Philadelphia to Baltimore. But when received at Baltimore the message read “four cases,” instead of “forty,” and the four cases only were sent by Rowe & Co. This action is brought to recover the damages resulting from this error.
The court charged the jury:
“ 1. That the plaintiff was not bortnd by the conditions on the back of the dispatch, ufiless his attention was called to them.
“ 2. That it is immaterial' on which line the error occurred; the defendant having received the pay for the
proper transmission of the dispatch from Detroit to Baltimore.
“ 3. That if the plaintiff’s attention was not called to the necessity of repeating the message in order to secure its correct delivery, he was not bound so to do, to entitle him to recover.”
To each of these charges exception was taken; and the court was requested, but refused, to charge directly the contrary, and that there was a fatal variance between the contract declared upon and that proved (the declaration being upon an absolute undertaking to send to and [532]*532deliver the message at Baltimore). If the printed request on the face of the paper, to “send the message without repeating subject to above conditions and agreement on back,” together with the terms and conditions referred to, constituted or governed the contract for transmission, then the entire charge of the court was wrong, and the plaintiff below had no right to recover.
The competency of the parties to enter into such a contract is not denied; but it is insisted that telegraph companies are common carriers; that carriers cannot limit their common law liability by a mere notice, because the other party has the right to insist upon having his goods carried by them, subject to their common law liability, notwithstanding the notice; that the parties employing them are not bound to pay any attention to such notice; and to exempt the carrier from such liability it must be shown, not only that the notice was brought home to the party dealing with him, but that he actually assented to the terms.
We do not deem it necessary to discuss the case upon this theory. Our opinion upon its application to carriers will be expressed in the several cases of the Michigan Southern and Northern Indiana R. R. Co., now before us. We are all agreed that telegraph companies, in the absence of any provision of statute imposing such liabilities, are not common carriers, and that their obligations and liabilities are not to'be measured by the same rules; that they do not become insurers against all errors in the transmission or delivery of messages, except so far as by their rules and regulations, or by contract or otherwise, they choose to assume that position, or hold themselves out as such to the public, or to those who employ them. The statute of this state, authorizing such companies, and, to some extent, prescribing their duties and liabilities, imposes no such liability.— Comp. L. Ch. 70.
[533]*533Impartiality and good faith-.are the chief, if not the only, obligations required by the statute so far as relates to the question here involved. Beyond these statute requirements, their obligations must be fixed by considerations growing out of the nature of the business in which they are engaged, the character of the particular transactions which may arise in the course of their business, and the application of the principles of, justice and public policy recognized alike by common senje. and the common law. The statutes of the other states in reference to this branch of business are in the main substantially like our own.
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Christiancy J.
Carew, the plaintiff below, wishing to order an amount of oysters from Rowe, Schoolfield & Co., of Baltimore, went to the office of the plaintiffs in error, at Detroit, and wrote and delivered for transmission the following message:
“ Rowe, Schoolfield & Co. — Carletm, Baltimore, Md.:
Send immediately (40) forty cases cans, (5) fire sacks kegs. Don’t fail.
J. H. CAREW.” [530]*530and paid for its transmission one dollar and ninety-five cents, the price of an unrepeated message from Detroit to Baltimore.
On the face of the paper upon which the message was written, was printed the following immediately above the written message:
“WESTERN UNION TELEGRAPH CO. — COMMERCIAL MESSAGE.
SEE CONDITIONS ON BACK.
Write plainly. Give fall address. Use no abbreviations or figures. Send the following message, without repeating, subject to above conditions and agreement indorsed on back.”
On the back of the same paper, in full and clear type, was printed the following:
“WESTERN UNION TELEGRAPH COMPANY.
CONDITIONS.
In order to guard against and correct as much as possible some of the errors arising from atmospheric and other causes appertaining to telegraphy, every important message should he repeated by being sent back from the station at which it is received to the station from which it is originally sent. Half the usual price will he charged for repeating the message. And while this company in good faith -will endeavor to send messages correctly and promptly, it will not he responsible for errors or delays in the transmission or delivery, nor for the non-delivery of repeated messages beyond two hundred times the sum paid for sending the message, unless a special agreement for insurance he made in writing, and the amount of risk specified on this agreement, and paid at the time of sending the message. Nor will the company he responsible for any error or delay in the transmission or delivery or for the non-delivery of any unrepeated message beyond the amount paid for sending the same, unless in like manner specially insured, and amount of risk stated thereon and paid for at the time. No liability is assv led for error in cypher or obscure messages. Nor is any liability assumed by this company for any error or neglect of any other company over whose lines this message may he sent to reach its destination. And this company is hereby made the agent of the sender of this message to forward it over the lines extending beyond those of this company.
“No agent or employee is allowed to vary these terms, or to make any other or verbal agreement, nor any promise as to the [531]*531time of performance; and no one but a Superintendent is authorized to make a special agreement. These terms apply through the whole course of this message, on all lines by which it may be transmitted.”
Tbe plaintiff below testified — and. there was no evidence to the contrary — that he never read the above conditions, nor had his attention called to them — that he was not informed, nor did he know that the message passed over the line of any other Company on its way to Baltimore, or that it was necessary to repeat the message in order to hold the Company responsible for mistakes.
The line of this Company extended only to Philadelphia. The message was correctly transmitted to that point, and there correctly delivered to the agent of the line from Philadelphia to Baltimore. But when received at Baltimore the message read “four cases,” instead of “forty,” and the four cases only were sent by Rowe & Co. This action is brought to recover the damages resulting from this error.
The court charged the jury:
“ 1. That the plaintiff was not bortnd by the conditions on the back of the dispatch, ufiless his attention was called to them.
“ 2. That it is immaterial' on which line the error occurred; the defendant having received the pay for the
proper transmission of the dispatch from Detroit to Baltimore.
“ 3. That if the plaintiff’s attention was not called to the necessity of repeating the message in order to secure its correct delivery, he was not bound so to do, to entitle him to recover.”
To each of these charges exception was taken; and the court was requested, but refused, to charge directly the contrary, and that there was a fatal variance between the contract declared upon and that proved (the declaration being upon an absolute undertaking to send to and [532]*532deliver the message at Baltimore). If the printed request on the face of the paper, to “send the message without repeating subject to above conditions and agreement on back,” together with the terms and conditions referred to, constituted or governed the contract for transmission, then the entire charge of the court was wrong, and the plaintiff below had no right to recover.
The competency of the parties to enter into such a contract is not denied; but it is insisted that telegraph companies are common carriers; that carriers cannot limit their common law liability by a mere notice, because the other party has the right to insist upon having his goods carried by them, subject to their common law liability, notwithstanding the notice; that the parties employing them are not bound to pay any attention to such notice; and to exempt the carrier from such liability it must be shown, not only that the notice was brought home to the party dealing with him, but that he actually assented to the terms.
We do not deem it necessary to discuss the case upon this theory. Our opinion upon its application to carriers will be expressed in the several cases of the Michigan Southern and Northern Indiana R. R. Co., now before us. We are all agreed that telegraph companies, in the absence of any provision of statute imposing such liabilities, are not common carriers, and that their obligations and liabilities are not to'be measured by the same rules; that they do not become insurers against all errors in the transmission or delivery of messages, except so far as by their rules and regulations, or by contract or otherwise, they choose to assume that position, or hold themselves out as such to the public, or to those who employ them. The statute of this state, authorizing such companies, and, to some extent, prescribing their duties and liabilities, imposes no such liability.— Comp. L. Ch. 70.
[533]*533Impartiality and good faith-.are the chief, if not the only, obligations required by the statute so far as relates to the question here involved. Beyond these statute requirements, their obligations must be fixed by considerations growing out of the nature of the business in which they are engaged, the character of the particular transactions which may arise in the course of their business, and the application of the principles of, justice and public policy recognized alike by common senje. and the common law. The statutes of the other states in reference to this branch of business are in the main substantially like our own.
Telegraph companies, like common carriers, it is true, exercise a public employment, and the former are bound! to send messages for those who apply, and are ready to j pay the usual or settled charges, as the latter are bound J to transport goods for those who seek their services upon' similar terms; and doubtless the same rules for securing! impartiality would apply to both, except as modified by^ statute — see Section 15 of Chapter 70, above cited. But! .beyond this, as relates to the actual transportation of goods in the one case, and the transmission of ideas ini to • 3 > # /■ the other, there is, in the nature of things and the; different means and agencies employed, but very little substantial resemblance; and any analogy must1 be more fanciful than real, and likely to lead to error and injustice. This is not a case which calls upon us for laying down the rules, which must be held to govern as to the degree of skill, care and diligence to be required in the transmission of messages. But doubtless the use of good apparatus and instruments would be required, and reasonable skill, and a high — perhaps the very highest— degree of care and diligence in their operation. And when an error has occurred in the transmission of a message, it may be found that they ought to be held prima facie guilty of negligence, the ontes of proof resting [534]*534upon them to show diligence, the means for doing this being peculiarly within their knowledge and power.
But it would be extremely unjust, and, considering the small amount of compensation for sending a message, would effectually put an end to, this method of correspondence, to hold them absolutely liable as insurers for the entire correctness of all messages transmitted, or to ^told them responsible for all damages which might accrue from an error, especially when only a single transmission without repeating, is relied upon or paid for; or, to deny them all power by rules, regulations or notices to limit their liability even in the case of repeated messages. And it would he equally unreasonable to require them to repeat a message when they are paid only for a single .transmission.
And while, in settled weather, or, when the normal condition or operation of the electrical currents is not affected by any temporary or local disturbance, a single transmission by a skillful operator may be relied upon, as a general rule, and for matters of comparatively small importance, yet it must be well known to most men (if, not to all who have such a degree of intelligence as to be likely to resort to this mode of correspondence), that the electrical state of the atmosphere is liable to sudden and violent changes, extending over areas of greater or less extent, which cannot be foreseen or guarded against, and which materially affect the currents transmitted from a battery along the wires, and for a time render the operation of the instruments uncertain and unreliable; that these disturbances often affect distant portions of the line or of a connecting line, while their influence may be scarcely felt or not felt at all at the station from which a message is sent, and that therefore to insure entire and uniform correctness, the only safe method is to have the message verified by repeating it back to the station from which it was sent.
[535]*535The regulation therefore of most, if not all telegraph companies operating extensive lines, allowing messages to be sent by single transmission for a lower rate of charge, and requiring a larger compensation when repeated, must be considered as highly reasonable, giving to their customers the option of either mode, according to the importance of the message, or any other circumstance which may affect the question.
And as the compensation ought always to be in proportion to the risk assumed, the provision in these' regulations in reference to insurance, must be regarded also as just and reasonable.
As the statute of this state (and of the other states so far as we have examined them) requires them to receive dispatches from and for other telegraph lines, and to tz'ansmit, etc., it is but z-easonable, when the same message is to pass over the lines of more than one company, that each should be responsible only for the errors occurring on its own line; and the receipt of the money by the company first transmitting the message, as the agent of the other lines, is much more for the convenience of the person sending the message, than for that of the company.
Such being the reasonable and settled rules, regulations and usage of this company, it was, we think, for the plaintiff, before sending his message, to acquaint himself with those rules, regulations and usages, and the terms upon which messages would be sent. And in the absence of any special inquiry by him upon the subject, the natural inference would seem to be, either that he already knew and assented to such rules, regulations or usages, or that he intended to assent to them whatever they might be.
But to give to all who should wish to send messages full information upon these matters, in an authentic and reliable form, which could not so well be done verbally [536]*536by special explanations • to each applicant, this company has very properly printed their rules and regulations upon the very paper upon which each message is to be written; and upon the very face of the paper immediately preceding the blank space on which the message is written, is the printed request to send the message j “ subject to above conditions and agreement indorsed -on ! back.” The signature of the message becomes also an adoption of, and signature to this request. The party sending the message fills up and signs the printed blanks; and, in form, at least, it is as much his contract as if he had written the whole printed conditions or a contract in which they were inserted with his own hand.
This printed matter on the face of the paper could hardly escape the attention of any one not naturally or purposely blind, who should write a message upon the paper. He must at least know that there is some printed matter on the face of the paper, and he must be held to know that it has been placed there for some purpose connected with the message. It is therefore no excuse for him to say he did not read this printed matter before his eyes. It was gross carelessness on his part if he did not.
The printed blank, before the message was written upon it, was a general proposition to all persons of the terms and conditions upon which messages would be sent. By writing the message under it, signing and delivering it for transmission, the plaintiff below accepted the proposition, and it became a contract upon those terms and \conditions. Breese v. United States Telegraph Co., 45 Barb., 274, a parallel case, in all material respects, with the reasoning of which we are fully satisfied. See also Lewis v. Great Western Railway Co., 5 H. & W., 867; Bryant v. Telegraph Co., 1 Daly, 578 ; McAndrews v. Telegraph Co., 33 Eng. L. and Eq., 180.
The conditions on the back of the message, it is true, did not state where the line of this company terminated, [537]*537nor Avhat other line the message must pass over. But the reference to the terms of sending over other lines, Avas sufficient, if the plaintiff deemed it of any importance to him, to put him upon enquiry, when the fact would at once have been ascertained.
The contract, which the evidence tended to show, was for a single transmission by the company over its own line without repetition, and for delivering the message as the agent of the plaintiff to the next line in its course to Baltimore; a contract which the evidence tended to show had been fully complied with. The contract, therefore, was essentially different from that declared upon. The charge was erroneous upon all the points stated in the record.
The judgment must be • reversed, with costs, and a new trial awarded.
Campbell and Coolet JJ. concurred.
Martin Ch. J. was not present.