NOTICE: This opinion is subject to modification resulting from motions for reconsideration under Supreme Court Rule 27, the Court’s reconsideration, and editorial revisions by the Reporter of Decisions. The version of the opinion published in the Advance Sheets for the Georgia Reports, designated as the “Final Copy,” will replace any prior version on the Court’s website and docket. A bound volume of the Georgia Reports will contain the final and official text of the opinion.
In the Supreme Court of Georgia
Decided: January 21, 2026
S25A1496. WELLS v. THE STATE.
PINSON, Justice.
Tobias Raynard Wells was convicted of felony murder and
other crimes in connection with the shooting death of Nashiem Hub-
bard-Etienne. 1 On appeal, he claims that the evidence was not suf-
ficient to support his convictions; that the State misled the jury
1 The shooting happened in the early morning hours of July 16, 2019. On
October 22, 2019, a Fulton County grand jury indicted Wells and four co-de- fendants, Cortez Devon Banks, Johnerton Blake Gilstrap, Dontacus Brantley, and Kamiyah Lashae Street, for malice murder (Count 1), felony murder pred- icated on attempted armed robbery (Count 2), felony murder predicated on ag- gravated assault of Hubbard-Etienne (Count 3), felony murder predicated on aggravated assault of a surviving victim, Roland Pack (Count 4), attempted armed robbery (Count 8), aggravated assault of Hubbard-Etienne (Count 9), aggravated assault of Pack (Count 10), and possession of a firearm during the commission of a felony (Count 11). Banks and Gilstrap were also indicted on additional counts based on their possession of a firearm as, respectively, a first offender probationer and a convicted felon (Counts 5–7, 12–14). Street and Brantley pleaded guilty, but Wells, Banks, and Gilstrap pleaded not guilty and were tried together before a jury from October 11 to 20, 2023. Wells was found not guilty of malice murder and guilty of all other counts. He was sentenced to about a plea deal that one testifying co-defendant received in ex-
change for her testimony; that the State prevented the defense from
calling another co-defendant as a witness by offering him a plea deal
but failing to sentence him; that the trial court instructed the jury
incorrectly about circumstantial evidence; and that the trial court
abused its discretion by failing to sever Wells’s trial from those of
his co-defendants.
These claims fail. The evidence was sufficient for a jury to find
beyond a reasonable doubt that Wells was guilty of felony murder,
at least as a party to the crime, based on his presence at the scene
and his movements and communications with the other perpetrators
before and after the shooting. The State did not mislead anyone
about the plea deal it reached with the testifying co-defendant: the
life in prison for felony murder predicated on the aggravated assault of Hub- bard-Etienne, 30 years in prison for attempted armed robbery, and 20 years in prison for the aggravated assault of Pack, all to be served concurrently, and five years of probation for possession of a firearm during the commission of a felony, to be served consecutively. The remaining counts merged for sentencing or were vacated by operation of law. Wells filed a timely motion for new trial, which he later amended twice through new counsel. After an evidentiary hear- ing, the trial court denied Wells’s motion for new trial on May 6, 2025. Wells filed a timely notice of appeal. His appeal was docketed to the August 2025 term of this Court and submitted for a decision on the briefs. 2 deal was slightly modified after Wells’s trial to avoid imposing a po-
tentially illegal sentence, which was not improper. There is no evi-
dence that the State engineered a plea deal with the non-testifying
co-defendant to prevent him from testifying for the defense, and no
authority to support such a claim. The trial court’s oral and written
instructions to the jury, taken as a whole, correctly informed the jury
about circumstantial evidence. And Wells has not given any reason
that his trial had to be severed. We therefore affirm Wells’s convic-
tions.
1. Evidence at Trial The evidence at trial showed the following.
(a) On the night of July 15 to 16, 2019, Hubbard-Etienne was
shot and killed in the parking garage of an apartment complex in
southwest Atlanta. Hubbard-Etienne had been playing dice, for
money, in an apartment in the complex that evening, and he was
shot as he was leaving after the game had ended. A neighbor called
9-1-1 to report the shooting at 1:39 a.m. At trial, two people who
were also part of the dice game testified about the shooting. One was
3 Roland Pack, who was with Hubbard-Etienne when he was shot.
The other was Kamiyah Street, who participated in, and was later
arrested for, the shooting.
Street described in detail the planning and execution of the
crime. She testified that she went to play dice in the apartment after
hearing about the game from Pack. In the apartment were Pack and
“about four or five other people” she did not know. After two or three
hours, a disagreement arose about the dice, and Pack decided to end
the game. That decision upset Street, because up to that point Pack
had been doing well and Street had been losing money — mostly to
Pack. So Street wanted to keep playing. But the game ended, so
Street left and drove to another apartment complex where she some-
times hung out.
At the second location, Street met up with Wells, Blake Gil-
strap, Cortez Banks, and Dontacus Brantley. Street told the group
that she had been gambling, that there was “quite a bit of money”
there, and that they could get the money “by robbing them.” The four
men agreed to the plan.
4 The group left in Street’s car. On the way back to the site of the
dice game, the group dropped off Wells and Banks so that Wells
could pick up a jacket to wear as a disguise. Then Street, Gilstrap,
and Brantley continued on to the apartment complex, while staying
in close contact with Wells. At 12:36 a.m., Street texted Wells, “We
on the way to the move,” which referred to the robbery. When Street,
Gilstrap, and Brantley arrived in the parking garage, they saw that
Pack’s car was near the entrance to the complex, “as if he was fixing
to leave,” so Street texted Wells, “We tryna hurry up before they
leave.” Then, when Pack did leave, Street, Gilstrap, and Brantley
followed him in Street’s car. All the while, Street continued sending
updates about their location to Wells, who had caught an Uber with
Banks and was trying to meet them. Phone records showed that
from 12:29 a.m. to 2:24 a.m. — from about an hour before the 9-1-1
call until about an hour afterwards — Street’s phone had 27 incom-
ing, outgoing, or missed calls with Wells’s phone.
The group finally met up at around 1:30 a.m. at a convenience
store near the site of the planned robbery. Wells and Banks got into
5 Street’s car. At this point, Gilstrap and Banks had handguns, and
Brantley had a fake rifle that “looked real.” Street was unsure if
Wells was armed. The five of them continued following Pack, who
returned to the apartment complex.
Street followed Pack as he drove into the parking garage and
parked. When Pack and his passenger — Hubbard-Etienne — got
out of their car, Wells, Gilstrap, Banks, and Brantley got out of
Street’s car, with Gilstrap and Banks carrying their handguns.
While Street was testifying, she was shown still photos taken from
video surveillance footage of the shooting, and she identified Wells,
Gilstrap, Banks, and Brantley in the photos.
When the four men got out of her car, Street started to drive
away, having agreed to “circle around” and then pick the men up
“once they were done.” But she had gone no more than ten feet when
she heard gunshots. She stopped the car, the four men got in, and
the group drove away.
The next day, Street learned from Wells that someone had been
killed during their attempted robbery. She also learned from Wells
6 that surveillance footage of the shooting had been shown on the
news, and that her car was visible in the footage. On Wells’s advice,
Street had her car cleaned to remove any fingerprints. She also
called 9-1-1 to report (falsely) that her car had been stolen. Phone
records showed that at 7:50 a.m. that morning, Street’s phone con-
nected with Wells’s phone for a video call lasting about three
minutes, and then, seconds after that call ended, Street’s phone
called 9-1-1.
When police tracked Street down and interviewed her, she ini-
tially told them that her car had been stolen, and then that she had
lost her keys, but she eventually confessed to her part in the events
of that night. In her confession, she identified Wells, Gilstrap,
Banks, and Brantley as the perpetrators along with herself, alt-
hough at trial she described herself as the “mastermind” of the
crime.
Pack also testified. He said that the dice game had ended with-
out incident, although Street had been “pretty mad” because she had
lost a few thousand dollars to him. Some time after the game ended,
7 Pack and Hubbard-Etienne left to drive to the corner store, which
was near the apartment complex. They stayed there for a few
minutes, bought a few items, and then returned to the complex. As
they drove into the parking garage, Pack noticed a car he had never
seen at the complex before, with people inside who appeared to be
looking at him and Hubbard-Etienne. Pack became suspicious. He
and Hubbard-Etienne got out of the car and started to walk toward
the door out of the garage, heading back to the apartment where
they had been playing dice. The other car then moved from its park-
ing spot and parked next to the door out of the garage. Several
masked figures got out of the car and started walking toward Pack
and Hubbard-Etienne with guns drawn.
Pack testified that he turned and ran. Behind him, the masked
figures opened fire. Pack was not hit. When Pack heard the other
car drive away, he came out of hiding and went back to find that
Hubbard-Etienne had been shot. Pack managed to get Hubbard-
Etienne into the back seat of his car and drove out of the parking
garage “as fast as possible.” As he left the garage, he encountered
8 the Atlanta police, who had come in response to the neighbor’s 9-1-
1 call. By that time, Hubbard-Etienne was dead in Pack’s back seat
from a shot to his back.
(b) In the course of the police investigation, officers looked into
the movements of Pack’s car in the hours before the shooting. A de-
tective searched for the car’s license plate number in a City of At-
lanta database of license-plate-camera recordings, which is availa-
ble only to law enforcement. The database showed that the car was
recorded at an intersection near the crime scene at 1:26:03 a.m. on
the night of the shooting. The detective then searched for other li-
cense plates captured by the same camera around the same time, to
see if anyone was following Pack’s car. That search revealed that
another car passed through the intersection 11 seconds after Pack
did, traveling in the same direction. A further search for that second
license plate number revealed that that same car was driving
around near the scene of the shooting several hours before it hap-
pened, and then again less than an hour before. The detective deter-
mined that the car was registered to Street.
9 Investigators got phone records for Street’s cell phone, as well
as cell-site location information (CSLI) from her phone and the
phones of Wells, Gilstrap, and Banks. The cell phone data, combined
with license-plate-reader images of Street’s car and the video sur-
veillance of the shooting, painted a picture of the group’s movements
and communications on the night of the shooting. At 11:00 p.m., Gil-
strap’s phone made an outgoing call from the vicinity of Wells’s ad-
dress on the west side of Atlanta. At 11:53 p.m., Street’s phone made
two outgoing calls from the area where the dice game was taking
place. A minute later, Street’s phone Facetimed Gilstrap’s phone. At
12:19 a.m., a license plate reader captured Street’s car heading to-
ward Wells’s home. At 12:22 a.m. and 12:27 a.m., Wells’s phone and
Banks’s phone, respectively, made outgoing calls from the area of
Wells’s home. At 12:29 a.m., Street’s phone made an outgoing call,
this time from the area of Wells’s home. At 12:40 a.m., Street’s car
was recorded heading back toward the scene of the shooting. Eight
minutes later, Gilstrap’s phone made a call near the crime scene lo-
cation. At 12:51 a.m. and 1:01 a.m., Wells’s phone and Banks’s
10 phone, respectively, made calls near Wells’s home. Twenty-five
minutes later, Street’s car was recorded passing through an inter-
section 11 seconds behind Pack’s car, as noted above. At 1:34 a.m.,
the two cars were recorded entering the apartment complex where
the shooting took place. At 1:39 a.m. — just when the neighbor was
calling 9-1-1 to report the shooting — Street’s car was recorded leav-
ing the complex. At that same moment, Wells’s phone and Banks’s
phone both made calls from near the scene of the shooting. And
within the next hour, Wells’s, Gilstrap’s, and Banks’s phones all
made calls near Wells’s home.
Later on in their investigation, Wells was interviewed by po-
lice. The officer who conducted the interview testified at trial. The
officer said that Wells waived his Miranda 2 rights and then admit-
ted to being present at the shooting. At first, Wells claimed that he
never got out of Street’s car. But when the officer showed him the
surveillance footage of the robbery and the still photos taken from
2 Miranda v. Arizona, 384 US 436 (1966).
11 the video, Wells identified himself in the video and photos and ad-
mitted that he got out of the car. He still maintained, however, that
he did not have a gun and was not a part of the robbery attempt.
(c) At trial, the State also introduced evidence that Hubbard-
Etienne had fired shots during the incident. When the shooting hap-
pened, Hubbard-Etienne was carrying a gun that belonged to his
mother. At the scene, investigators collected a large number of spent
.40-caliber and 9-millimeter cartridge casings, projectiles, and frag-
ments, and some of the 9-millimeter cartridge casings were later
matched to Hubbard-Etienne’s mother’s gun. Hubbard-Etienne’s
hands tested positive for gunshot primer residue, a substance that
is ejected when a gun is fired.
2. Sufficiency of the Evidence Wells first claims that the evidence was not sufficient to sus-
tain his convictions. We evaluate a due process challenge to the suf-
ficiency of the evidence by “viewing the evidence presented at trial
in the light most favorable to the verdicts, and asking whether any
rational trier of fact could have found the defendant guilty beyond a
12 reasonable doubt.” Henderson v. State, 317 Ga. 66, 72 (2023). “[C]on-
flicts or inconsistencies in the evidence, credibility of witnesses, and
reasonable inferences to be derived from the facts” are for the jury
to resolve. Perkins v. State, 313 Ga. 885, 891 (2022) (quotation marks
omitted).
Under that standard, the evidence recounted above was more
than sufficient to support Wells’s conviction for felony murder.
Street testified in detail about the crime — including Wells’s role in
its planning and execution — and much of the other trial evidence
was consistent with her testimony. Cell phone evidence confirmed
that the group was in close communication on the night of the shoot-
ing. License plate cameras and CSLI showed the defendants’ move-
ments that night, including their presence in the parking garage
when the shooting happened. Pack’s narrative of the shooting from
the victims’ perspective was largely consistent with what Street de-
scribed. Surveillance footage from the shooting showed four men
jumping out of Street’s car, just as Street said. And Wells even iden-
tified himself to police as one of those men. That evidence authorized
13 a jury to conclude that Wells was one of the perpetrators of the
shooting attack on Hubbard-Etienne and Pack. See Williams v.
State, 315 Ga. 797, 804–05 (2023) (testimony of co-defendant, cor-
roborated by other evidence including testimony from other wit-
nesses and forensic blood evidence, was sufficient to sustain convic-
tion).
The conclusion that the evidence was constitutionally suffi-
cient is not defeated by any of Wells’s several specific arguments
about the evidence in this case. Wells contends, for instance, that
the State did not establish who fired the shot that killed Hubbard-
Etienne and did not show that Wells himself ever had a gun. But a
defendant is guilty of a charged offense if he is a “party thereto,”
which can mean, among other things, that he “[i]ntentionally aid[ed]
or abet[ted] in the commission of the crime.” OCGA § 16-2-20(a) &
(b)(3). And a jury is authorized to find that a defendant aided or
abetted in a crime if it finds that the defendant shared a “common
criminal intent with the direct perpetrators,” which the jury can in-
fer from the defendant’s “presence, companionship, and conduct
14 with other perpetrators before, during, and after the crimes.” Fitts
v. State, 312 Ga. 134, 142 (2021) (quotation marks omitted). The jury
here was authorized to make that finding: Street testified about how
the group collectively decided to rob the dice game, and that, in prep-
aration for that act, Wells stopped to get a jacket to use as a disguise.
Cell phone evidence showed that Wells and Street were in close con-
tact leading up to the shooting. And after the shooting, evidence
showed that Street communicated with Wells about how to get rid
of evidence of the crime. That evidence was sufficient to find that
Wells shared a common criminal intent with the perpetrators, both
as to the attempted robbery and the shooting. See Willis v. State,
315 Ga. 19, 25 (2022) (jury could conclude that defendant was “part
of the group that committed the crimes” when cell phone evidence
showed that he was at the crime scene, that he moved around the
city with the perpetrators after the crimes, and that he was in com-
munication with the other perpetrators throughout the day). Be-
cause the jury could find that Wells shared a criminal intent with
the other perpetrators as to the shooting, the jury could find that he
15 was guilty of aggravated assault, at least as a party to the crime.
See Robinson v. State, __ Ga. __, 921 SE2d 319, 325 (2025) (shooting
at a person is aggravated assault). And the charge of felony murder
did not require the State to prove that Wells intentionally killed
Hubbard-Etienne, only that he intentionally committed a dangerous
felony that foreseeably caused Hubbard-Etienne’s death, either di-
rectly or as a party to the crime, see Eubanks v. State, 317 Ga. 563,
578 (2023), and aggravated assault is such a dangerous felony, see
Sanders v. State, 313 Ga. 191, 198–99 (2022).
Wells also argues that the State did not prove that the co-de-
fendants shot at Hubbard-Etienne before he fired at them — in es-
sence, a self-defense argument. But the evidence recounted above
authorized the jury to conclude that Wells and his co-defendants
went back to the apartment complex to rob their victims and were
the initial aggressors in the encounter. That authorized finding
would in turn authorize the jury to reject a defense of justification.
See OCGA § 16-3-21(b)(2) & (b)(3); Bennett v. State, 320 Ga. 580, 585
(2024) (jury could reject claim of self-defense when evidence showed
16 that defendant was initial aggressor); State v. Brown, 314 Ga. 588,
590–91 (2022) (a defendant is not justified in using deadly force if he
uses it while attempting to commit, committing, or fleeing from a
felony).
Finally, Wells argues that there was no evidence that any prop-
erty was taken from the victims. But Wells was convicted of at-
tempted armed robbery, which required the State to prove only that
Wells intended to commit armed robbery and that he “perform[ed]
any act which constitute[d] a substantial step toward the commis-
sion of the crime.” OCGA § 16-4-1. As discussed above, the evidence
was sufficient for the jury to conclude that Wells shared a common
criminal intent to rob Hubbard-Etienne and Pack and that he took
substantial steps to commit that act.
In sum, the evidence was more than sufficient to sustain
Wells’s convictions at least as a party to the crime. This claim of
error therefore fails.
17 3. Due Process Claim about Street’s Plea Deal Wells next claims that the State violated his right to due pro-
cess under Brady v. Maryland, 373 US 83 (1963), and Giglio v.
United States, 405 US 150 (1972), by concealing from the jury and
the defense the favorable terms of Street’s plea deal.
(a) Before trial, in 2021, Street agreed to a negotiated plea deal.
Under the deal, Street would plead guilty to all charges and provide
truthful testimony against her co-defendants. In exchange, the State
agreed to recommend a sentence of 25 years in prison, consisting of
concurrent 20-year sentences for malice murder, attempted armed
robbery, and the aggravated assault of Pack, and a consecutive five-
year sentence for possession of a firearm during the commission of a
felony. The 20-year sentence for malice murder represented a down-
ward reduction from the statutory minimum life sentence for that
offense. See OCGA § 16-5-1(e)(1) (“A person convicted of the offense
of murder shall be punished by death, by imprisonment for life with-
out parole, or by imprisonment for life.”); OCGA § 17-10-6.1(e) (“In
the court’s discretion, the judge may depart from the mandatory
18 minimum sentence specified in this Code section for a person who is
convicted of a serious violent felony when the prosecuting attorney
and the defendant have agreed to a sentence that is below such man-
datory minimum.”).
At trial, Street testified for the State, as described at length
above. At the end of her testimony, the State asked Street about her
plea deal. Street confirmed that she had pleaded guilty to “[a]ll of
the charges,” including murder. She further testified that, as a re-
sult of her deal, she would serve 25 years in prison.
After trial, in October 2023, Street, having fulfilled her part of
the plea deal, returned to the court for sentencing. However, in the
meantime, this Court had issued a decision, Polanco v. State, 313
Ga. 598 (2022), which included a concurring opinion arguing that a
trial court is not authorized by statute to impose a sentence of less
than life in prison for murder. See id. at 600–01 (Ellington, J., con-
curring). 3 The prosecutor noted at Street’s sentencing hearing that,
as a result of the Polanco concurrence (although it is not binding
3 We express no opinion here on whether this theory is correct.
19 precedent), “many prosecutors and defense bar and judges stopped
that practice of sentencing a defendant to less than life” for murder.
That change in practice implicated Street’s plea deal, because,
again, the deal provided that she would be sentenced to 20 years for
malice murder. At Street’s sentencing hearing, the parties and the
trial court acknowledged that the original plea deal might now be
illegal, and they discussed how the court could impose a legal sen-
tence under the theory articulated in the Polanco concurrence that
would “achieve[ ] essentially the same thing that both sides bar-
gained for.”
Ultimately, all involved agreed that Street would plead guilty
to voluntary manslaughter rather than murder, and the rest of her
original plea deal would not be affected. Street would be sentenced
to the same 25-year total sentence as under her original deal. The
court conducted a plea colloquy with Street about the revised deal,
and then it imposed the agreed-on sentence.
(b) Due process requires the State to disclose to the defense ev-
idence that is favorable to the accused. See Brady, 373 US at 87.
20 That may include evidence (like a favorable plea deal) that the de-
fense might use to impeach a State witness. See Giglio, 405 US at
154–55; Sauder v. State, 318 Ga. 791, 807 (2024). And we have rec-
ognized that a defendant generally may tell the jury about a wit-
ness’s plea deal, which bears on the witness’s credibility. See, e.g.,
Quintanar v. State, 322 Ga. 61, 70–71 (2025).
Those rules were not broken here. When Street testified about
her plea deal at trial, she accurately described the deal as it existed
at the time. It was not until later that the deal was altered. And
Wells has presented no evidence that the State withheld knowledge
that the change was coming, or that there was any other deal that
was not disclosed before or during trial. To the contrary, the record
shows that the parties and the trial court altered the deal at Street’s
sentencing hearing — after the trial — to avoid imposing a sentence
that might be void under the reasoning of the Polanco concurrence.
Without showing that the State withheld useful impeachment evi-
dence, Wells cannot succeed on a due process claim under Brady or
Giglio. See Sauder, 318 Ga. at 807.
21 And Wells’s claim fails for another reason. To prevail on a
Brady claim, a defendant must show a reasonable probability that
the outcome of his trial would have been different if the favorable
evidence had been disclosed to the defense. See id. But Wells has not
shown that he was reasonably likely to have been found not guilty if
the jury had known about Street’s revised plea deal. The revised
deal was not materially different from the one that Street described
at trial. Wells emphasizes that she told the jury she had pleaded
guilty to murder but actually pleaded guilty to voluntary man-
slaughter. But Street was actually sentenced to 25 years in prison,
just as she told the jury she would be. The marginal impeachment
value of knowing that Street would technically have a different of-
fense of conviction, when her prison sentence was not changed, was
not likely to have made a difference to the jury. Cf. Moore v. State,
315 Ga. 263, 270 (2022) (counsel could reasonably have determined
that a State witness “did not materially underrepresent the benefit
he received by testifying” when the witness truthfully told the jury
he would be sentenced under a plea deal to 35 years, to serve 30, but
22 misstated his maximum sentencing exposure as life plus 75 years
rather than life without parole); Benton v. Hines, 306 Ga. 722, 725
(2019) (defendant was not prejudiced by counsel’s failure to ask a
witness about the maximum sentence the witness faced, because the
jury already knew the witness “received a significant benefit in ex-
change for pleading guilty and testifying for the State”).
Because Wells cannot show that the State misled him or the
jury about Street’s plea deal or withheld any relevant information,
this claim fails.
4. Due Process Claim about Brantley’s Plea Deal Wells also raises a due process claim under Brady about the
State’s plea deal with the other co-defendant who pleaded guilty,
Brantley. Wells contends, in essence, that the State engineered the
deal to keep Brantley from giving testimony that would help the de-
fense.
(a) In 2021, Brantley agreed to a plea deal similar to Street’s.
Like Street, Brantley pleaded guilty to all charges, including mur-
der, and the State recommended a sentence of 25 years in prison,
23 consisting of 20 years for murder, a concurrent 20 years for the ag-
gravated assault of Pack, and a consecutive five years for possession
of a firearm during the commission of a felony. In exchange, Brant-
ley agreed to testify truthfully and consistently with Street’s testi-
mony and the other trial evidence. Because Brantley’s reduced sen-
tence was “dependent on what testimony he provides, if any,” in the
trial of his co-defendants, Brantley was not sentenced before that
trial.
In the end, the State decided not to call Brantley as a witness.
But the defense noticed an intent to call him. When the defense did
so, however, Brantley’s counsel explained to the court that Brantley
now wanted to revoke his plea of guilty, and that if he were called to
testify, he would exercise his right to remain silent under the Fifth
Amendment to the United States Constitution — a right that was
still available to him because he had not yet been sentenced. See
Mitchell v. United States, 526 US 314, 326 (1999). The State then
added that if Brantley testified for the defense and “[went] off the
rails” — that is, if he testified inconsistently with Street’s testimony
24 or the trial evidence — then he would lose the benefit of his plea deal
and would be exposed to a life sentence. The defense acknowledged
that it could not offer Brantley the same kind of deal or protection
that the State could.
The court observed that the situation was “unusual.” But after
confirming with Brantley that he would indeed plead the Fifth if
called, the court decided not to allow that to happen “in front of the
jury,” and Brantley did not testify. After the trial, Brantley was sen-
tenced under a modified plea deal that, like Street’s modified deal,
allowed him to plead guilty to voluntary manslaughter rather than
murder so that he could receive the sentence he bargained for with-
out running afoul of the reasoning of the Polanco concurrence.
At the motion-for-new-trial hearing, the prosecutor explained
that Brantley’s testimony was “not necessary,” because Street’s tes-
timony was comprehensive and well-corroborated, and that Brant-
ley was a less credible witness because he had maintained his inno-
cence until he was offered a plea deal. The prosecutor therefore
made a “strategic decision that the risks of putting him on the stand
25 outweighed any benefit.” The prosecutor testified that the State was
not trying to coerce Brantley not to testify for the defense. Brantley
himself did not testify at the motion-for-new-trial hearing.
(b) Wells claims that there were two different “due process vi-
olations” relating to Brantley’s plea deal. First, he claims, as he did
with Street, that the State improperly failed to inform the jury and
the defense about the “actual” terms of the plea deal, because the
terms of the deal were changed after Wells’s trial to benefit Brant-
ley. As an initial matter, Wells has cited no authority to support his
contention that the State must disclose to the defendant and the jury
the terms of a plea deal that the State has reached with a non-testi-
fying co-defendant — and we are aware of none. Wells relies instead
on Giglio and Napue v. Illinois, 360 US 264 (1959), but both of those
decisions address the defendant’s due process rights with respect to
State witnesses. See Giglio, 405 US at 154–55 (jury is entitled to
know of “any understanding or agreement as to a future prosecu-
tion” between the State and a witness, because any such agreement
or understanding would be “relevant to his credibility”); Napue, 360
26 US at 269–70 (State may not knowingly use false testimony to ob-
tain a conviction, even if the false testimony “goes only to the credi-
bility of the witness”). And even if the State was obligated to disclose
the terms of Brantley’s plea deal, Wells’s claim still fails, for the
same reasons that his claim about Street’s plea deal fails. That is,
Wells has not shown that the State withheld information about
Brantley’s deal during Wells’s trial, and he has not established a
reasonable probability that the result of his trial would have been
different if the jury had been told about Brantley’s deal. See Sauder,
318 Ga. at 807.
Wells also suggests that the State deliberately “set up” the plea
deal, and then withheld sentencing Brantley until after Wells’s trial,
to prevent Brantley from testifying for the defense. To the extent
that this argument can be understood as a claim of prosecutorial
misconduct, Wells must show both “actual misconduct” and “demon-
strable prejudice to his right to a fair trial.” Pierce v. State, 319 Ga.
846, 864 (2024) (quotation marks omitted). And Wells has shown
neither. First, he has not provided any evidence of a deliberate “set
27 up.” He gives no support at all for his claim that the State never
intended to call Brantley and that it agreed to a plea deal purely to
maintain leverage over him and prevent him from testifying for the
defense. And Wells also has not shown “demonstrable prejudice”
from Brantley’s failure to testify. Brantley did not testify at the mo-
tion-for-new-trial hearing about what he might have said at trial,
and Wells does not even suggest in his briefing what Brantley’s trial
testimony would have been. Wells therefore has not shown that
Brantley’s testimony would have been helpful to him. In short, Wells
has not shown evidence of either “actual misconduct” or “demonstra-
ble prejudice,” so the claim fails. See id.
5. Jury Instruction about Circumstantial Evidence Wells next contends that the trial court instructed the jury in-
correctly about circumstantial evidence. In Wells’s view, the court’s
instruction allowed the jury to find Wells guilty even if the evidence
was entirely circumstantial and did not exclude every reasonable hy-
pothesis other than Wells’s guilt. See OCGA § 24-14-6.
(a) During the jury charge, the trial court instructed the jury
28 about evidence. The court told the jury, among other things, that
“[y]ou would be authorized to convict only if the evidence, whether
direct, or circumstantial, or both excludes all reasonable theories of
innocence, and proves the guilt of the accused beyond a reasonable
doubt.” Shortly after that, the court said: “To authorize a conviction
on circumstantial evidence, the proved facts must not only be con-
sistent with the theory of guilt, but must also exclude other reason-
able theories other than the guilt of the accused.” After the jury re-
tired, the court asked counsel if there were any objections to the in-
structions. Wells said that the second of these instructions had omit-
ted the crucial word “every,” as in, the evidence “must exclude every
other reasonable theory other than the guilt of the accused.” The
court asked whether Wells wanted the court to re-instruct the jury.
The court noted that the jury would get a written copy of the instruc-
tions that included the word “every,” and that, “taken as a whole,
it’s absolutely clear what the actual law is.” Wells declined to have
the jury re-instructed. He told the court: “If they are going to get a
written copy, that will be fine. Wanted to note my objection.”
29 (b) As an initial matter, although Wells declined the trial
court’s offer to re-instruct the jury, we assume without deciding that
this claim of error is preserved for our review. Cf. Woodard v. State,
296 Ga. 803, 810 (2015) (defendant waived appellate review of trial
court’s pattern jury instruction about self-defense when the defend-
ant requested the pattern instruction, participated in a discussion
of the part of the instruction challenged on appeal, and then, “de-
spite their awareness and discussion of [the issue on appeal], did not
withdraw the request that the court give the full self-defense pattern
instruction”).
When a defendant has objected to a jury instruction, we review
the instruction de novo. See Campbell v. State, 320 Ga. 333, 347
(2024). In that review, we consider the court’s oral and written in-
structions as a whole to determine whether there was error. See
Taylor v. State, 316 Ga. 17, 20 (2023); Murray v. State, 295 Ga. 289,
294–95 (2014) (considering written jury instructions together with
oral instructions in determining that instructions as a whole cor-
rectly informed the jury about the law).
30 Here, the trial court’s instructions, taken as a whole, correctly
informed the jury about circumstantial evidence. Under Georgia
statutory law, a conviction that rests on circumstantial evidence
alone cannot stand unless the evidence “exclude[s] every other rea-
sonable hypothesis save that of the guilt of the accused.” OCGA § 24-
14-6. That is just what the trial court’s oral and written instructions
told the jury. Even if the court omitted the word “every” in the part
of the instructions that Wells challenges, the court had told the jury
before that it could not find Wells guilty unless the evidence “ex-
cludes all reasonable theories of innocence.” And the court’s written
instructions corrected the misstatement even in the instruction that
Wells challenges. Taken together, then, the instructions correctly
told the jury that it could not find Wells guilty unless the evidence
excluded all other reasonable theories. Because the jury was
properly instructed about the law, this claim of error fails. See Wil-
son v. State, 315 Ga. 728, 735–36 (2023) (no error in failing to give
requested instruction about proximate cause in felony murder trial
31 because the court’s instructions, taken together, “adequately in-
formed the jury about the principles of proximate cause that applied
to this case”); Atkins v. State, 310 Ga. 246, 252–53 (2020) (no error
in presenting jury with arguably misleading verdict form when the
court properly instructed the jury on the charged offenses, the
State’s burden of proof, and the presumption of innocence).
6. Failure to Sever Trials Finally, Wells contends that the trial court should have severed
his trial from those of his co-defendants, Banks and Gilstrap, be-
cause, in Wells’s view, Banks’s and Gilstrap’s attorneys had a con-
flict of interest. We review a trial court’s decision on a motion to
sever for abuse of discretion. See Campbell, 320 Ga. at 339.
(a) Wells had two trials in this case. Before the first one, Wells
moved to sever his trial from those of his co-defendants. At a pre-
trial hearing, the State indicated its intent to try Wells and Street
separately from the other co-defendants, and so the trial court
granted the motion to sever, as the State had consented. Wells was
32 then apparently tried separately in November 2021. The full tran-
script and outcome of that proceeding are not in the record here, but
one way or another, Wells got a second trial. At that second trial —
the one that resulted in his convictions here — he was tried jointly
with Gilstrap and Banks. Wells did not move to sever the second
(b) As with Wells’s previous claim of error, we assume without
deciding that his claim about severance is preserved for appellate
review, even though he never moved to sever this trial in the trial
court.
When multiple defendants are jointly indicted for a felony
where the State does not seek the death penalty, the defendants
“may be tried jointly or separately at the discretion of the trial
court.” OCGA § 17-8-4(a). The factors to be considered when ruling
on a motion to sever are (1) the likelihood of confusion of the evi-
dence and law, (2) the possibility that evidence against one defend-
ant may be considered against another defendant, and (3) the pres-
ence or absence or antagonistic defenses. See Terrell v. State, 313
33 Ga. 120, 129 (2022).
Wells has not shown that those (or any other) factors required
his trial to be severed. The basis for severance here, in Wells’s view,
was that the lawyers of his two co-defendants had a conflict of inter-
est between them, in that they were law partners who “had con-
ferred together to develop their defense strategy” and “did work on
other criminal cases together.” Wells contends, without much expla-
nation, that that relationship violated certain of the Georgia Rules
of Professional Conduct. But even if Wells could show that his co-
defendants’ counsels’ professional relationship amounted to an “ac-
tual conflict of interest” that “significantly and adversely affected”
their performance, see Hall v. Jackson, 310 Ga. 714, 720 (2021) (quo-
tation marks omitted) — which he has not done — he has provided
no support at all for his claim that that conflict somehow implicated
his right to effective, conflict-free counsel. And we are aware of none.
Wells also has not shown that any conflict between his co-defend-
ants’ lawyers gave rise to confusion of the evidence and law, the pos-
sibility that evidence against one defendant would be considered
34 against another, or antagonistic defenses. See Terrell, 313 Ga. at
129. In sum, he has not shown that his trial was required to be sev-
ered, and so this claim fails.
Judgment affirmed. All the Justices concur.