NOTICE: This opinion is subject to modification resulting from motions for reconsideration under Supreme Court Rule 27, the Court’s reconsideration, and editorial revisions by the Reporter of Decisions. The version of the opinion published in the Advance Sheets for the Georgia Reports, designated as the “Final Copy,” will replace any prior version on the Court’s website and docket. A bound volume of the Georgia Reports will contain the final and official text of the opinion.
In the Supreme Court of Georgia
Decided: January 17, 2024
S23A1179. WEEMS v. THE STATE.
PINSON, Justice.
On the morning of June 3, 2018, a motorist driving down Brom-
ack Drive in Fulton County saw a man lying in the front yard of a
home, covered in blood and shaking back and forth. She called 911,
and the man in the yard, Christopher Welch, was taken to the hos-
pital where he died of blood loss from a gunshot wound to his head.
As part of the investigation of Welch’s shooting, the police entered
the home that Welch was found in front of, and law enforcement
found Welch’s girlfriend, Chloe Dowdy, shot to death in one of the
bedrooms. That bedroom belonged to Rufus Weems, who was later
convicted of two counts of malice murder and other crimes related to Welch’s and Dowdy’s deaths. 1
On appeal, Weems raises several claims. He contends that the
evidence was not sufficient to sustain his convictions as a matter of
constitutional due process, and under OCGA § 24-14-6 because the
State failed to exclude every other reasonable hypothesis of guilt be-
yond a reasonable doubt. He challenges the trial court’s denial of his
motion for new trial on the “general grounds” under OCGA §§ 5-5-
1 The shootings occurred on the morning of June 3, 2018. On September
14, 2018, a Fulton County grand jury returned an indictment charging Weems with malice murder of Dowdy (Count 1), malice murder of Welch (Count 2), felony murder of Dowdy predicated on aggravated assault with a deadly weapon (Count 3), felony murder of Welch predicated on aggravated assault with a deadly weapon (Count 4), felony murder of Dowdy predicated on posses- sion of a firearm by a convicted felon (Count 5), felony murder of Welch predi- cated on possession of a firearm by a convicted felon (Count 6), aggravated as- sault of Dowdy (Count 7), aggravated assault of Welch (Count 8), possession of a firearm during commission of a crime (Count 9), and two counts of possession of a firearm by a convicted felon (Counts 10, 11). At a jury trial from November 4, 2019, to November 14, 2019, the jury returned guilty verdicts on Counts 1- 10 (the State nolle prossed Count 11). The trial court sentenced Weems to con- current life sentences without parole for the malice murders of Dowdy and Welch (Counts 1 and 2); five years without parole, consecutive to Count 2, for possession of a firearm during the commission of a felony (Count 9); and five years without parole, consecutive to Count 9, for possession of a firearm by a convicted felon (Count 10). The remaining counts either merged or were va- cated by operation of law. Weems, through trial counsel, filed a timely motion for new trial on December 5, 2019, which he amended through new counsel multiple times. Weems waived hearing on the motion for new trial and, on March 31, 2023, the trial court denied the motion as amended. Weems filed a timely notice of appeal on April 28, 2023. His appeal was docketed to the Au- gust 2023 term of this Court and submitted for a decision on the briefs. 2 20 and 5-5-21. And he claims the trial court erred by not allowing a
witness to testify remotely and by commenting on the evidence.
Each claim fails. The evidence was sufficient to support
Weems’s convictions as a matter of constitutional due process, and
it authorized the jury to reject Weems’s hypothesis that someone
else was the shooter. As for the trial court’s ruling on the general
grounds, Weems has not established that the trial court applied the
wrong standard, and his argument is otherwise not properly before
us. The trial court was required to deny his motion for remote testi-
mony under the relevant Superior Court rule after the State ob-
jected. And Weems has not shown that the trial court’s repeating of
a witness’s testimony while ruling on an objection was an improper
comment on the evidence. So Weems’s convictions and sentence are
affirmed.
1. The evidence at trial, viewed in the light most favorable to
the verdicts, showed the following. At the time of the shooting,
Weems was staying in a spare room at the home of Lakesha Reed,
who lived with her children, her mother (Carrie Reed) and her
3 brother (James Jordan III) on Bromack Drive in Fulton County. On
the night of June 2, 2018, all of them, including Weems, ordered
pizza and watched a movie at home. By 1:00 a.m. on June 3, 2018,
everyone had gone to bed—Lakesha, Carrie, and Weems in their re-
spective bedrooms (with the children split between Lakesha’s and
Carrie’s rooms) and Jordan on the couch in the living room. In the
early hours of that morning, Jordan woke up because someone was
walking from the hall bathroom to Weems’s room with a flashlight.
Jordan did not see who this was. Separately, Lakesha saw a
stranger, who was using his phone as a flashlight, walk into the hall-
way bathroom that was across from her bedroom. She later identi-
fied the stranger as one of the shooting victims, Christopher Welch.
Still later that morning, close to sunrise, Jordan saw Weems
leave and return with another man and go into Weems’s bedroom.
After Weems’s bedroom door closed, Jordan heard gunshots.
Lakesha and Carrie also heard the gunshots and hid in Carrie’s
bathroom with Jordan and the children. While in the bathroom,
Lakesha and Carrie each looked out a window and saw Weems—
4 who they each described as wearing a white tank top and basketball
shorts—get into his car and drive away. Jordan did not see Weems
when he looked out the window, but he saw Weems’s car driving
away.
Around 7:00 a.m. on June 3rd, Cynthia Johnson drove past
Lakesha’s home, heard gunshots, and saw two men leave the home.
One of the men had a dark complexion and a “low haircut” and was
wearing a white T-shirt and shorts and carrying a handgun; she saw
him get into a car. The other man walked around the side of the
building. After seeing this, Johnson stopped at a gas station for a
few minutes, then got back in her car and drove by Lakesha’s home
again, where she saw Welch lying on the ground, covered in blood
and shaking. Johnson stopped and called 911. She did not think that
Welch was one of the two men she saw leaving the home earlier that
morning. In the meantime, Lakesha, Carrie, and Jordan left their
hiding place in Carrie’s bathroom after they heard a woman outside
the home scream. They saw blood throughout the hallway leading to
the front door.
5 Soon after, the police arrived. Welch was taken to the hospital,
where he died of blood loss from a gunshot wound. At trial, the med-
ical examiner explained that Welch had suffered two gunshot
wounds—one to his hand, which was not fatal, and a second to his
head, which caused him to bleed to death.
As part of the investigation of Welch’s shooting, the police en-
tered Lakesha’s home soon after arriving on June 3rd. Inside, offic-
ers found the body of Chloe Dowdy, Welch’s girlfriend, in Weems’s
bedroom. Like Welch, Dowdy had also suffered two gunshot
wounds—one to her head, which killed her instantly, and a second
to her back.
Jacquelyn Holt testified that Welch and Dowdy had been stay-
ing at her apartment, but she asked them to stay somewhere else on
the night of June 2nd. Around 11:00 p.m. that night, someone drove
Welch to Holt’s house and picked up Dowdy.
Welch’s mother testified that, two or three years earlier, Welch
had brought Weems to her house at least twice, but she did not know
whether the two men had stayed in touch. She last saw Welch on
6 the Wednesday before his death, when he gave her some money. At
that time, she saw that Welch had a large amount of cash in his
backpack. A backpack full of cash was found at the crime scene. Af-
ter the shooting, the Reed family gave law enforcement Weems’s
name. Detective Courtney Murphy testified that Weems also fit
Johnson’s description of the man she saw outside the house with a
handgun. Lakesha, Carrie, and law enforcement tried calling
Weems in the hours after the shooting. Lakesha spoke to Weems
briefly on the phone, and he denied knowing anything about the
shooting and refused to return to her home. Several days after the
shooting, law enforcement found Weems and his car at an aban-
doned apartment building in Jonesboro and arrested him.
2. Weems contends the evidence was not sufficient to support
his two convictions for malice murder or his firearms convictions ei-
ther as a matter of constitutional due process or under OCGA § 24-
14-6.2
2 To the extent Weems challenges the sufficiency of the evidence support-
ing the counts for which he was found guilty but not convicted, those challenges
7 (a) When reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence as a matter
of due process, we view the evidence presented in the light most fa-
vorable to the verdicts to determine whether a rational trier of fact
could have found the defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt.
See Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319 (III) (B) (99 SCt 2781, 61
LE2d 560) (1979). In doing so, we do not “weigh the evidence on ap-
peal or resolve conflicts in trial testimony,” Byers v. State, 311 Ga.
259, 266 (2) (857 SE2d 447) (2021) (citation and punctuation omit-
ted), but instead defer “to the jury’s assessment of the weight and
credibility of the evidence,” Jones v. State, 314 Ga. 692, 695 (878
SE2d 502) (2022) (citation and punctuation omitted).
The evidence here was sufficient as a matter of constitutional
due process to authorize the jury’s guilty verdicts for the two malice
murders, possession of a firearm by a convicted felon, and possession
of a firearm during the commission of a felony. Viewed in the light
most favorable to the jury’s verdicts, the evidence showed that
are moot because they either merged or were vacated by operation of law. See, e.g., Beamon v. State, 314 Ga. 798, 800 (2) n.2 (879 SE2d 457) (2022). 8 Weems knew Welch, Lakesha saw Welch in the house with a flash-
light, Jordan saw someone with a flashlight go into Weems’s room,
multiple gunshots were heard from his room, Dowdy’s body was
found shot to death in the same room, and only Weems emerged
from the room unharmed. Weems also left the scene immediately
after the shooting and while Welch was still alive but bleeding from
his gunshot wounds. As discussed further below, the jury was au-
thorized to reject Weems’s defense that someone else was the
shooter. Together, this evidence was constitutionally sufficient to
authorize the jury to find Weems guilty of the two murders and the
firearms offenses for which he was convicted.3 See Scoggins v. State,
__ Ga. __ (__ SE2d __) (2023).
(b) When a conviction is based on circumstantial evidence, the
3 A certified copy of Weems’s prior conviction for robbery was introduced
at trial. This, in combination with the evidence that Johnson saw Weems with a handgun and other evidence supporting he shot Dowdy and Welch, was suf- ficient to support his conviction for possession of a firearm by a convicted felon. See OCGA § 16-11-131 (a)-(b); Walker v. State, 281 Ga. 157, 165 (10) (c) (certi- fied copies of prior felony conviction combined with evidence supporting con- victions for malice murder and possession of a firearm during commission of a crime were sufficient to support conviction for possession of a firearm by a con- victed felon). 9 State must present sufficient evidence to “exclude every other rea-
sonable hypothesis save that of the guilt of the accused.” OCGA §
24-14-6. Weems contends the evidence that supported his conviction
was entirely circumstantial and the State failed to exclude the hy-
pothesis that an alternative suspect, William Jones, killed Welch
and Dowdy.
During the investigation of the shooting, an individual named
Christina Eaves gave Jones’s name to the police as a possible sus-
pect, but Detective Murphy did not interview Jones. Weems called
Jones to testify at trial. At trial, Jones denied knowing anything
about the shooting at Bromack Drive or any of the individuals in-
volved and said he was with his sister in Auburn, Alabama on the
day of the shooting. He did not know that Eaves had given his name
to the police as a potential suspect in the shooting and said Eaves
was his ex-girlfriend and had been upset about their breakup
around the time of the shooting in June 2018.
The evidence was also sufficient under OCGA § 24-14-6. The
jury was authorized to reject as unreasonable Weems’s hypothesis
10 that Jones was the shooter based on the evidence discussed above as
well as Jones’s testimony, which the jury was free to credit, that he
was in Alabama at the time of the shooting and that his ex-girlfriend
had given his name to police soon after their breakup. 4 See McNabb
v. State, 313 Ga. 701, 710-711 (1) (b) (872 SE2d 251) (2022) (the ev-
idence, though circumstantial, authorized the conviction for malice
murder where testimony established that “other leads and rumors
had proven fruitless” and the person defendant hypothesized had
committed the crime could not have done so because he was in jail
when the crimes were committed).
3. Weems claims that the trial court erred by denying his mo-
tion for new trial on the “general grounds.” See OCGA §§ 5-5-20 (“In
any case when the verdict of a jury is found contrary to evidence and
the principles of justice and equity, the judge presiding may grant a
4 Detective Murphy also investigated another suspect, Zaykeya Clark,
whose name the detective received in connection with a tip about graffiti at a local library. But Murphy determined that Clark was not in the area at the time of the shooting and excluded him as a suspect. To the extent Weems ar- gues on appeal that the State did not exclude his hypothesis that Clark could have been the shooter, Detective Murphy’s testimony that Clark was not pre- sent at or near Bromack Drive at the time of the shooting was sufficient for the jury to reject this hypothesis. 11 new trial before another jury.”); 5-5-21 (“The presiding judge may
exercise a sound discretion in granting or refusing new trials in
cases where the verdict may be decidedly and strongly against the
weight of the evidence even though there may appear to be some
slight evidence in favor of the finding.”). These “general grounds”
statutes require the trial judge to sit as the “thirteenth juror” and
consider conflicts in the evidence, witness credibility, and the weight
of the evidence. King v. State, 316 Ga. 611, 616 (2) (889 SE2d 851)
(2023). We review whether the trial court exercised its discretion as
the thirteenth juror, but the decision to grant a new trial on the gen-
eral grounds is vested solely in the trial court and not subject to our
review. See id.
In its order denying Weems’s motion for new trial, the trial
court ruled that “Defendant’s case is not an exceptional one where
the evidence preponderates heavily against the jury’s verdicts. On
the contrary, the evidence heavily supported the verdicts. Accord-
ingly, the Court declines to exercise its discretion as the ‘13th juror’
to grant Defendant’s request for a new trial under sections 5-5-20
12 and 5-5-21.” This order makes clear that the court applied the cor-
rect standard to this claim, so it did not abuse its discretion in that
respect. See King, 316 Ga. at 616 (2) (concluding that the defendant’s
claim under the general grounds failed because the trial court “found
that ‘the weight of the evidence does not preponderate heavily
against the verdict and the verdict was not contrary to the evidence
or the principles of justice and equity’”). Weems’s argument is oth-
erwise not subject to review by this Court. See id.
4. Weems claims that the trial court erred by denying his re-
quest to present the testimony of Christina Eaves by videoconfer-
ence.
At trial, Weems asked for Eaves to testify by videoconference
under Uniform Superior Court Rule 9.2 (C) (2019). Defense counsel
proffered that Eaves, who had left the State after being subpoenaed
in Georgia, would testify that William Jones, who was also under
subpoena, had confessed to her that he shot Welch and Dowdy. The
version of Uniform Superior Court Rule 9.2 (C) in force at the time
13 of Weems’s 2019 trial provided that witnesses “may testify” by vide-
oconference, but that in a criminal case, “a timely objection shall be
sustained.” Uniform Superior Court Rule 9.2 (C) (2019). The State
objected to Eaves testifying by videoconference because it had con-
cerns about Eaves’s credibility based on earlier conversations and
wanted to be able to confront her in person. So the trial court sus-
tained the State’s objection to the presentation of Eaves’s testimony
by videoconference. The trial court did not rule that Eaves’s testi-
mony was inadmissible, however: the court offered to assist defense
counsel with securing Eaves’s live testimony, including by entertain-
ing a motion for funds to pay her travel expenses or to enforce an
out-of-state subpoena. Weems did not take any of those steps and
did not call Eaves to testify at trial, but he did call Jones as a wit-
ness.
Weems now argues that the trial court abused its discretion by
denying his request under Rule 9.2 (C) (2019), but the plain lan-
guage of that rule does not give a trial court discretion to overrule a
14 timely objection to a request to have a witness testify by videocon-
ference. See Uniform Superior Court Rule 9.2 (C) (2019) (“In any
pending matter, a witness may testify via video conference. . . . In
any criminal matter, a timely objection shall be sustained.”). Weems
offers no contrary reading of the rule. Instead, Weems cites the
COVID-19 pandemic as support for granting his request. But his
trial predated the implementation of COVID-19-related precautions
in Georgia courts. See Order Declaring Statewide Judicial Emer-
gency (Ga. Mar. 14, 2020). And in any event, at no point during the
period the COVID-19-related emergency orders were in effect were
the rules amended to allow additional remote testimony over objec-
tion in criminal trials. See id. Instead, the version of Rule 9.2 (C)
that was operative during Weems’s trial remained in effect until
that Rule was amended effective March 1, 2023. 5
Weems also contends that not having Eaves’s testimony likely
affected the verdict and deprived him of a meaningful opportunity
5 As amended, Rule 9.2 still requires trial courts to sustain an objection
to a witness testifying by video in a criminal trial. Uniform Superior Court Rule 9.2 (D) (2) (2023). 15 to present a complete defense in violation of his due process rights
under the federal and state constitutions. But this constitutional
claim was neither raised nor ruled on below, so it is not properly
before us. See Mahdi v. State, 312 Ga. 466, 468 (1) (863 SE2d 133)
(2021).
5. Weems contends that the trial court erred by improperly
commenting on the evidence in violation of his state and federal due
process rights, as well as Georgia law, citing OCGA § 17-8-57 (a) (1)
(“It is error for any judge, during any phase of any criminal case, to
express or intimate to the jury the judge’s opinion as to whether a
fact at issue has or has not been proved or as to the guilt of the ac-
cused.”).6 Weems did not raise any of these claims below. As a result,
his constitutional due process claim is not properly before us, see
Mahdi, 312 Ga. at 468 (1), and we review his statutory claim for
plain error. See OCGA § 17-8-57 (b) (“[F]ailure to make a timely ob-
6 Weems also cites OCGA § 9-10-7, but that statute applies only in civil
cases. 16 jection to an alleged violation of [OCGA § 17-8-57 (a) (1)] shall pre-
clude appellate review, unless such violation constitutes plain error
which affects substantive rights of the parties.”). To show plain er-
ror, he must show that the alleged error (1) was not affirmatively
waived, (2) was obvious beyond reasonable dispute, and (3) affected
his substantial rights, “which ordinarily means showing that it af-
fected the outcome of the trial.” Moore v. State, 315 Ga. 263, 272-273
(4) (882 SE2d 227) (2022) (citation omitted). If the defendant makes
this showing, then this Court may exercise its “discretion to remedy
the error only if the error ‘seriously affected the fairness, integrity,
or public reputation of judicial proceedings.’” Id. at 273 (4) (quoting
Hawkins v. State, 304 Ga. 299, 302 (3) (818 SE2d 513) (2018)) (alter-
ation accepted).
At trial, Jordan testified that he “heard a lady screaming after
6:30.” The prosecutor then asked, “And what do you mean by that?”
Defense counsel objected to the question. In addressing the objec-
tion, the trial court said, “Why don’t you ask a more narrow question.
There didn’t seem to be ambiguity in the answer. He said he heard
17 a lady scream after 6:30.” Weems argues that the trial court’s final
statement restating the witness’s testimony was an improper com-
ment on the evidence.
The trial court’s statement did not obviously violate OCGA §
17-8-57 (a) (1) because the trial court did not appear to express or
intimate an opinion about the evidence or whether a fact at issue
was proven. Instead, the court simply repeated the witness’s testi-
mony nearly verbatim in the course of sustaining Weems’s objection
to the follow-up question, stated that the testimony was not ambig-
uous, and directed the State to rephrase its question. See, e.g., Ses-
sions v. State, 304 Ga. 343, 348 (3) (818 SE2d 615) (2018) (“We have
previously explained that the remarks of a judge explaining a reason
for his ruling are neither an expression of opinion nor a comment on
the evidence.”) (punctuation and citation omitted). Absent obvious
error, this claim fails.
Judgment affirmed. All the Justices concur.