FILED United States Court of Appeals UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS Tenth Circuit
FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT May 20, 2021 _________________________________ Christopher M. Wolpert Clerk of Court RONALD WEBSTER,
Petitioner - Appellant,
v. No. 21-1048 (D.C. No. 1:19-CV-03475-RM) SCOTT DAUFFENBACH, Warden; (D. Colo.) COLORADO ATTORNEY GENERAL, THE ATTORNEY GENERAL OF THE STATE OF COLORADO,
Respondents - Appellees. _________________________________
ORDER DENYING CERTIFICATE OF APPEALABILITY* _________________________________
Before MATHESON, BRISCOE, and PHILLIPS, Circuit Judges. _________________________________
Petitioner Ronald Webster, a Colorado state prisoner, seeks a certificate of
appealability (COA) to challenge the district court’s denial of his petition for a writ of
habeas corpus under 28 U.S.C. § 2254. Because Webster has failed to satisfy the
standards for issuance of a COA, we deny his request and dismiss this matter.
I
In 2011, Webster was convicted by a jury in Colorado state court of one count of
sexual assault on a child, one count of sexual assault on a child-pattern of abuse, two
* This order is not binding precedent except under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. It may be cited, however, for its persuasive value consistent with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th Cir. R. 32.1. counts of contributing to the delinquency of a minor, and one count of distribution of a
controlled substance. Webster was sentenced to a term of imprisonment of 24 years to
life. On direct appeal, the Colorado Court of Appeals (CCA) affirmed Webster’s
conviction. The Colorado Supreme Court denied certiorari.
Webster filed a postconviction motion under Colorado Rule of Criminal Procedure
35(c), which was denied by a Colorado state court in 2015. The CCA affirmed on
October 25, 2018, and the Colorado Supreme Court denied certiorari on June 3, 2019.
Webster filed the § 2254 petition at issue here on December 9, 2019, raising the
following claims:
1(a). Ineffective assistance of trial counsel for failing to use experts in DNA analysis and child forensic interviewing, and for failing to object to the district court’s ruling allowing unfettered jury access to an audiotape interview.1
1(b). Ineffective assistance of appellate counsel for failing to raise the issues of a DNA confrontation violation and admission of res gestae evidence.
1 This latter claim was initially raised by Webster as one for ineffective assistance of both trial and appellate counsel. See ROA at 15. The State and the district court initially characterized it as a claim related only to appellate counsel. See ROA at 32 (State Pre-Answer Response to Habeas Petition), Dist. Ct. Order for Answer in Part, Dismissal in Part, And State Court Record, ECF No. 17, at 1–2 (June 22, 2020). But upon the State’s recognition that the claim was properly brought against trial counsel—which went unchallenged by Webster—the district court characterized this claim as one for ineffective assistance of trial counsel when it ruled on the merits of the § 2254 petition. See ROA at 308 (State Answer to Petition), 359 (District Court Order). As explained more below, this did not “open the door” to the merits of considering his other claims of ineffective assistance of appellate counsel, as Webster contends. Aplt. Combined Op. Brief and App. for COA at 17. 2 2(a). The trial court erred by giving improper responses to jury questions suggesting it was having trouble reaching a unanimous verdict, in violation of due process, a fair trial, and the right to an impartial jury.
2(b). Ineffective assistance of trial counsel based on the trial-court error as alleged in claim 2(a).
On June 22, 2020, the district court dismissed with prejudice Webster’s 1(b)
claims for ineffective assistance of appellate counsel because the claims were
procedurally defaulted in state court. The district court pointed to the CCA’s decision not
to consider Webster’s claims of ineffective assistance of appellate counsel because he
raised them for the first time on appeal of his Rule 35(c) motion. That decision, the
district court concluded, was an independent and adequate state procedural ground that
barred federal habeas relief.
The district court later denied claims 1(a), 2(a), and 2(b) on the merits on January
19, 2021. Webster seeks a COA only to appeal the June 22, 2020 order dismissing the
1(b) claims as procedurally defaulted.
II
To appeal the district court’s order dismissing certain claims in his § 2254 petition,
Webster must first obtain a COA. 28 U.S.C. § 2253(c)(1)(A). Because the district court
dismissed Webster’s claims on procedural grounds, Webster must show both “that jurists
of reason would find it debatable whether the petition states a valid claim of the denial of
a constitutional right and that jurists of reason would find it debatable whether the district
court was correct in its procedural ruling.” Slack v. McDaniel, 529 U.S. 473, 484 (2000).
3 Because Webster is proceeding pro se, we construe his filings liberally, “but our role is
not to act as his advocate.” Gallagher v. Shelton, 587 F.3d 1063, 1067 (10th Cir. 2009).
Webster first argues that he properly presented his ineffective assistance of
appellate counsel claims to the Colorado courts. He acknowledges that he initially
presented these claims as abuses of discretion by the trial court but maintains that “every
single one of these errors were attributable first to appellate counsel’s failure to raise
them on appeal.” Aplt. Br. at 16. In his view, to conclude that he did not fairly present
these claims to the Colorado courts is “to construe . . . form over substance.” Id. We
disagree. The CCA concluded that the ineffective assistance of appellate counsel claims
that Webster did raise in his Rule 35(c) motion differed from those he raised on appeal of
that motion:
In his postconviction motion, Webster asserted that appellate counsel was ineffective for failing to raise trial counsel’s ineffectiveness; specifically, trial counsel’s (1) being subject to a conflict of interest because his wife worked for the public defender’s office; (2) failing to interview and endorse key witnesses; (3) failing to consult with or call to testify at trial a forensic child interview expert or a DNA expert. In that motion, he also raised, under the heading of abuse of the trial court’s discretion, the trial court’s alleged evidentiary errors in admitting the DNA and res gestae evidence and in allowing access to the recording. But he did not argue that these were issues that appellate counsel should have raised on appeal. He now asserts that we should liberally construe his motion to include the errors he now raises as ineffective assistance claims in his postconviction appeal. We decline to do so.
ROA at 252.
As the CCA highlighted, “abuse of the trial court’s discretion in deciding
evidentiary issues and appellate counsel’s failure to raise those alleged errors on direct
appeal are two distinct issues.” Id. at 253. The CCA therefore declined to consider those
4 claims that Webster raised for the first time on appeal.
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FILED United States Court of Appeals UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS Tenth Circuit
FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT May 20, 2021 _________________________________ Christopher M. Wolpert Clerk of Court RONALD WEBSTER,
Petitioner - Appellant,
v. No. 21-1048 (D.C. No. 1:19-CV-03475-RM) SCOTT DAUFFENBACH, Warden; (D. Colo.) COLORADO ATTORNEY GENERAL, THE ATTORNEY GENERAL OF THE STATE OF COLORADO,
Respondents - Appellees. _________________________________
ORDER DENYING CERTIFICATE OF APPEALABILITY* _________________________________
Before MATHESON, BRISCOE, and PHILLIPS, Circuit Judges. _________________________________
Petitioner Ronald Webster, a Colorado state prisoner, seeks a certificate of
appealability (COA) to challenge the district court’s denial of his petition for a writ of
habeas corpus under 28 U.S.C. § 2254. Because Webster has failed to satisfy the
standards for issuance of a COA, we deny his request and dismiss this matter.
I
In 2011, Webster was convicted by a jury in Colorado state court of one count of
sexual assault on a child, one count of sexual assault on a child-pattern of abuse, two
* This order is not binding precedent except under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. It may be cited, however, for its persuasive value consistent with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th Cir. R. 32.1. counts of contributing to the delinquency of a minor, and one count of distribution of a
controlled substance. Webster was sentenced to a term of imprisonment of 24 years to
life. On direct appeal, the Colorado Court of Appeals (CCA) affirmed Webster’s
conviction. The Colorado Supreme Court denied certiorari.
Webster filed a postconviction motion under Colorado Rule of Criminal Procedure
35(c), which was denied by a Colorado state court in 2015. The CCA affirmed on
October 25, 2018, and the Colorado Supreme Court denied certiorari on June 3, 2019.
Webster filed the § 2254 petition at issue here on December 9, 2019, raising the
following claims:
1(a). Ineffective assistance of trial counsel for failing to use experts in DNA analysis and child forensic interviewing, and for failing to object to the district court’s ruling allowing unfettered jury access to an audiotape interview.1
1(b). Ineffective assistance of appellate counsel for failing to raise the issues of a DNA confrontation violation and admission of res gestae evidence.
1 This latter claim was initially raised by Webster as one for ineffective assistance of both trial and appellate counsel. See ROA at 15. The State and the district court initially characterized it as a claim related only to appellate counsel. See ROA at 32 (State Pre-Answer Response to Habeas Petition), Dist. Ct. Order for Answer in Part, Dismissal in Part, And State Court Record, ECF No. 17, at 1–2 (June 22, 2020). But upon the State’s recognition that the claim was properly brought against trial counsel—which went unchallenged by Webster—the district court characterized this claim as one for ineffective assistance of trial counsel when it ruled on the merits of the § 2254 petition. See ROA at 308 (State Answer to Petition), 359 (District Court Order). As explained more below, this did not “open the door” to the merits of considering his other claims of ineffective assistance of appellate counsel, as Webster contends. Aplt. Combined Op. Brief and App. for COA at 17. 2 2(a). The trial court erred by giving improper responses to jury questions suggesting it was having trouble reaching a unanimous verdict, in violation of due process, a fair trial, and the right to an impartial jury.
2(b). Ineffective assistance of trial counsel based on the trial-court error as alleged in claim 2(a).
On June 22, 2020, the district court dismissed with prejudice Webster’s 1(b)
claims for ineffective assistance of appellate counsel because the claims were
procedurally defaulted in state court. The district court pointed to the CCA’s decision not
to consider Webster’s claims of ineffective assistance of appellate counsel because he
raised them for the first time on appeal of his Rule 35(c) motion. That decision, the
district court concluded, was an independent and adequate state procedural ground that
barred federal habeas relief.
The district court later denied claims 1(a), 2(a), and 2(b) on the merits on January
19, 2021. Webster seeks a COA only to appeal the June 22, 2020 order dismissing the
1(b) claims as procedurally defaulted.
II
To appeal the district court’s order dismissing certain claims in his § 2254 petition,
Webster must first obtain a COA. 28 U.S.C. § 2253(c)(1)(A). Because the district court
dismissed Webster’s claims on procedural grounds, Webster must show both “that jurists
of reason would find it debatable whether the petition states a valid claim of the denial of
a constitutional right and that jurists of reason would find it debatable whether the district
court was correct in its procedural ruling.” Slack v. McDaniel, 529 U.S. 473, 484 (2000).
3 Because Webster is proceeding pro se, we construe his filings liberally, “but our role is
not to act as his advocate.” Gallagher v. Shelton, 587 F.3d 1063, 1067 (10th Cir. 2009).
Webster first argues that he properly presented his ineffective assistance of
appellate counsel claims to the Colorado courts. He acknowledges that he initially
presented these claims as abuses of discretion by the trial court but maintains that “every
single one of these errors were attributable first to appellate counsel’s failure to raise
them on appeal.” Aplt. Br. at 16. In his view, to conclude that he did not fairly present
these claims to the Colorado courts is “to construe . . . form over substance.” Id. We
disagree. The CCA concluded that the ineffective assistance of appellate counsel claims
that Webster did raise in his Rule 35(c) motion differed from those he raised on appeal of
that motion:
In his postconviction motion, Webster asserted that appellate counsel was ineffective for failing to raise trial counsel’s ineffectiveness; specifically, trial counsel’s (1) being subject to a conflict of interest because his wife worked for the public defender’s office; (2) failing to interview and endorse key witnesses; (3) failing to consult with or call to testify at trial a forensic child interview expert or a DNA expert. In that motion, he also raised, under the heading of abuse of the trial court’s discretion, the trial court’s alleged evidentiary errors in admitting the DNA and res gestae evidence and in allowing access to the recording. But he did not argue that these were issues that appellate counsel should have raised on appeal. He now asserts that we should liberally construe his motion to include the errors he now raises as ineffective assistance claims in his postconviction appeal. We decline to do so.
ROA at 252.
As the CCA highlighted, “abuse of the trial court’s discretion in deciding
evidentiary issues and appellate counsel’s failure to raise those alleged errors on direct
appeal are two distinct issues.” Id. at 253. The CCA therefore declined to consider those
4 claims that Webster raised for the first time on appeal. The CCA’s rule that it will not
consider issues raised for the first time on appeal is an independent and adequate state
procedural bar. Hickman v. Spears, 160 F.3d 1269, 1271 (10th Cir. 1998) (“A state
procedural ground is independent if it relies on state law, rather than federal law, as the
basis for the decision. For the state ground to be adequate, it must be strictly or regularly
followed and applied evenhandedly to all similar claims.” (quotations and citations
omitted)); People v. Goldman, 923 P.2d 374, 375 (Colo. App. 1996) (“Allegations not
raised in a [Rule] 35(c) motion or during the hearing on that motion and thus not ruled on
by the trial court are not properly before this court for review.”); People v. Stovall, 284
P.3d 151, 153 (Colo. App. 2012) (applying Goldman and declining to consider claims not
raised in Rule 35(c) motion before the trial court); People v. Chipman, 370 P.3d 330, 335
(Colo. App. 2015) (same). We therefore conclude that reasonable jurists could not debate
whether the district court’s procedural ruling on that ground was correct.
Webster next contends that when the district court later considered his claim
regarding the jury access to an audiotape interview, it opened the door to consider his
procedurally defaulted claims relating to “DNA confrontation and res gestae” evidence.
But upon our review of the record, it is clear that the district court only considered the
audiotape interview claim after the state highlighted—and Webster did not challenge—
that it was more properly understood as a claim for ineffective assistance of trial counsel,
not appellate counsel. See ROA at 308 (State Answer to Petition), 359 (District Court
Order). The district court considered that claim, even though it was procedurally
defaulted, pursuant to the Supreme Court’s decision in Martinez v. Ryan. In that decision,
5 the Supreme Court held that “[w]here, under state law, claims of ineffective assistance of
trial counsel must be raised in an initial-review collateral proceeding, a procedural default
will not bar a federal habeas court from hearing a substantial claim of ineffective
assistance at trial if, in the initial-review collateral proceeding, there was no counsel or
counsel in that proceeding was ineffective.” 566 U.S. 1, 17 (2012). But “Martinez applies
only to ‘a prisoner’s procedural default of a claim of ineffective assistance at trial,’ not to
claims of deficient performance by appellate counsel. Banks v. Workman, 692 F.3d 1133,
1148 (10th Cir. 2012) (quoting Martinez, 566 U.S. at 9). Therefore, Martinez cannot
serve as cause to consider Webster’s procedurally defaulted claims for ineffective
assistance of appellate counsel.
III
Webster’s request for a COA is DENIED, his request to proceed in forma pauperis
is GRANTED,2 and the matter is dismissed.
Entered for the Court
Mary Beck Briscoe Circuit Judge
2 Given the confusion over the re-classification of the audiotape access claim and the district court’s ultimate consideration of that claim subject to Martinez, we cannot say that Webster’s appeal—though ultimately without merit—was frivolous. Because Webster has demonstrated an inability to pay, we grant his motion to proceed in forma pauperis. McIntosh v. U.S. Parole Comm’n, 115 F.3d 809, 812–13 (10th Cir. 1997). 6