OPINION
HARTZ, Judge.
The disposition of this appeal turns on whether the New Mexico statute authorizing municipalities to enact ordinances establishing merit systems, NMSA 1978, Section 3-13-4 (Repl.1985), permits such ordinances to apply to municipal officers. We hold that it does not and therefore reverse.
Wilma Webb was appointed clerk-treasurer of the ViEage of Ruidoso Downs in 1982 by Mayor J.C. Day. In 1986 Mayor J.C. Harris appointed a new clerk-treasurer. Webb then sued the VElage for damages for wrongful termination. The district court ruled in her favor, awarding $25,676.46. The essential facts were not contested at trial. The dispute concerned the legal authority of the VElage to terminate Webb.
The district court ruled that Webb was covered by the Village’s merit system ordinance and that pursuant to the ordinance she had a contract of employment with the VElage. Because Webb’s termination was not in compliance with the merit system ordinance, the court concluded that the termination was wrongful. The ViEage does not dispute that it failed to comply with its merit system ordinance in terminating Webb. Also, we assume, without deciding, that the ordinance by its terms covers Webb. Our reason for reversal is that Webb was a municipal officer and the New Mexico statute authorizing municipalities to enact merit system ordinances for municipal employees does not authorize such ordinances to cover municipal officers.
Webb’s strongest argument to the contrary derives from the language of NMSA 1978, Section 3-ll-6(D) (Repl.1985), which states:
Subject to the limitation of a merit system ordinance adopted as authorized in Section 3-13-4 NMSA 1978:
(1) the governing body may discharge an appointed official or employee by a majority of all the members of the governing body;
(2) the mayor may discharge an appointed official or employee upon the approval of a majority of all the members of the governing body; or
(3) the mayor may suspend an appointed official or employee untE the next regular meeting of the governing body at which time the suspension shall be approved or disapproved by a majority of all the members of the governing body. If the suspension of the appointed official or employee is disapproved by the governing body, the suspended appointed official or employee shall be paid the compensation he was entitled to receive during the time of his suspension.
This paragraph provides for the discharge of “an appointed official or employee,” but conditions the power of discharge by making it “[sjubject to the limitation of a merit system ordinance.” Webb contends that this means that the right to discharge an appointed official “is clearly subject to the limitations of a Merit System Ordinance.”
On the other hand, Section 3-13 — 4(A) states: “Any municipality may establish by ordinance a merit system for the hiring, promotion, discharge and general regulation of municipal employees.” (Emphasis added.) Section 3-13 — 4 makes no reference to public officials or officers.
Both Section 3-ll-6(D) and Section 3-13-4 were enacted by 1965 New Mexico Laws, Chapter 300. Because the language of Sec-. tion 3-ll-6(D) establishes that the drafters of the legislation were well aware of the distinction between municipal officials and municipal employees, one must question why Section 3-13 — 4 mentions only employees, and not officials or officers, if merit system ordinances are authorized to include the latter.
Moreover, the implication of the language in Section 3-11-6(D) that merit system ordinances apply to appointed officials is not as strong an implication as Webb suggests. To avoid totally the inference drawn by Webb, the legislature would have needed to replace Section 3-11-6(D) by two paragraphs. One would relate to appointed officials, the other would relate to employees. The language of the two paragraphs would otherwise be identical except that the paragraph related to appointed officials would not include the introductory language: “Subject to the limitation of a merit system ordinance.” The obvious disadvantage of this two-paragraph alternative to Section 3-11-6(D) is that it repeats so much language. The drafters could quite reasonably prefer the course actually chosen — combining appointed officials and employees in one paragraph — simply for economy of language. The present language of Section 3-11-6(D) would certainly be superi- or to the two-paragraph alternative if the drafters felt that their use of only the term “employees” in Section 3-13-4 would make clear that merit systems would not cover appointed officials and therefore would preclude any inference that the reference to merit system ordinances in Section 3—11—6(D) meant that such ordinances covered appointed officials.
Construing the word “employees” in Section 3-13-4 as not including appointed officers conforms to common usage. “Provisions referring to ‘employees’ are generally held not to include officers.” Charles S. Rhyne, The Law of Local Government Operations § 13.2, at 220 (1980) [hereinafter “Rhyne”]; accord L.S. Tellier, Annotation, Constitutional or Statutory Provision Referring to “Employees” as Including Public Officers, 5 A.L.R.2d 415, 416 (1949) (“[T]he term ‘employee,’ or ‘workman,’ used in a constitutional, statutory, or charter provision in referring to those performing services for a state or political subdivision thereof, is seldom construed so as to include public officers unless the provision in question expressly so stipulates.”); cf. Candelaria v. Board of County Comm’rs, 77 N.M. 458, 423 P.2d 982 (1967) (distinguishing “public officer” and “workman”). This general rule specifically applies to the construction of merit system ordinances. In Sioux Falls Municipal Employees Ass’n v. City of Sioux Falls, 89 S.D. 298, 233 N.W.2d 306 (1975), the court unanimously held that a city ordinance establishing a civil service system was invalid to the extent that it attempted to include officers. State law permitted ordinances establishing civil service systems for “municipal employees, policemen, and firemen.” Id. 233 N.W.2d at 309;1 see Black v. Sutton, 301 Ky. 247, 191 S.W.2d 407, 409-10 (1945) (Merit system “statute should not be extended to officers under the guise that they are employees for the all too apparent purpose of perpetuating them in office.”); Cathy v. Prober, 195 A.D.2d 999, 600 N.Y.S.2d 561 (1993) (town building inspector “was not a public employee, but a public officer”); Gamblin v. Town of Bruceton, 803 S.W.2d 690, 692-93 (Tenn.Ct.App.1990) (town recorder was a public officer and not entitled to the benefit of town’s employee personnel policies established by ordinance).
In addition, there is good reason to believe that the legislature made a deliberate choice in Section 3-13-4 when it referred only to “employees,” and not appointed officials, as being covered by municipal merit system ordinances.
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OPINION
HARTZ, Judge.
The disposition of this appeal turns on whether the New Mexico statute authorizing municipalities to enact ordinances establishing merit systems, NMSA 1978, Section 3-13-4 (Repl.1985), permits such ordinances to apply to municipal officers. We hold that it does not and therefore reverse.
Wilma Webb was appointed clerk-treasurer of the ViEage of Ruidoso Downs in 1982 by Mayor J.C. Day. In 1986 Mayor J.C. Harris appointed a new clerk-treasurer. Webb then sued the VElage for damages for wrongful termination. The district court ruled in her favor, awarding $25,676.46. The essential facts were not contested at trial. The dispute concerned the legal authority of the VElage to terminate Webb.
The district court ruled that Webb was covered by the Village’s merit system ordinance and that pursuant to the ordinance she had a contract of employment with the VElage. Because Webb’s termination was not in compliance with the merit system ordinance, the court concluded that the termination was wrongful. The ViEage does not dispute that it failed to comply with its merit system ordinance in terminating Webb. Also, we assume, without deciding, that the ordinance by its terms covers Webb. Our reason for reversal is that Webb was a municipal officer and the New Mexico statute authorizing municipalities to enact merit system ordinances for municipal employees does not authorize such ordinances to cover municipal officers.
Webb’s strongest argument to the contrary derives from the language of NMSA 1978, Section 3-ll-6(D) (Repl.1985), which states:
Subject to the limitation of a merit system ordinance adopted as authorized in Section 3-13-4 NMSA 1978:
(1) the governing body may discharge an appointed official or employee by a majority of all the members of the governing body;
(2) the mayor may discharge an appointed official or employee upon the approval of a majority of all the members of the governing body; or
(3) the mayor may suspend an appointed official or employee untE the next regular meeting of the governing body at which time the suspension shall be approved or disapproved by a majority of all the members of the governing body. If the suspension of the appointed official or employee is disapproved by the governing body, the suspended appointed official or employee shall be paid the compensation he was entitled to receive during the time of his suspension.
This paragraph provides for the discharge of “an appointed official or employee,” but conditions the power of discharge by making it “[sjubject to the limitation of a merit system ordinance.” Webb contends that this means that the right to discharge an appointed official “is clearly subject to the limitations of a Merit System Ordinance.”
On the other hand, Section 3-13 — 4(A) states: “Any municipality may establish by ordinance a merit system for the hiring, promotion, discharge and general regulation of municipal employees.” (Emphasis added.) Section 3-13 — 4 makes no reference to public officials or officers.
Both Section 3-ll-6(D) and Section 3-13-4 were enacted by 1965 New Mexico Laws, Chapter 300. Because the language of Sec-. tion 3-ll-6(D) establishes that the drafters of the legislation were well aware of the distinction between municipal officials and municipal employees, one must question why Section 3-13 — 4 mentions only employees, and not officials or officers, if merit system ordinances are authorized to include the latter.
Moreover, the implication of the language in Section 3-11-6(D) that merit system ordinances apply to appointed officials is not as strong an implication as Webb suggests. To avoid totally the inference drawn by Webb, the legislature would have needed to replace Section 3-11-6(D) by two paragraphs. One would relate to appointed officials, the other would relate to employees. The language of the two paragraphs would otherwise be identical except that the paragraph related to appointed officials would not include the introductory language: “Subject to the limitation of a merit system ordinance.” The obvious disadvantage of this two-paragraph alternative to Section 3-11-6(D) is that it repeats so much language. The drafters could quite reasonably prefer the course actually chosen — combining appointed officials and employees in one paragraph — simply for economy of language. The present language of Section 3-11-6(D) would certainly be superi- or to the two-paragraph alternative if the drafters felt that their use of only the term “employees” in Section 3-13-4 would make clear that merit systems would not cover appointed officials and therefore would preclude any inference that the reference to merit system ordinances in Section 3—11—6(D) meant that such ordinances covered appointed officials.
Construing the word “employees” in Section 3-13-4 as not including appointed officers conforms to common usage. “Provisions referring to ‘employees’ are generally held not to include officers.” Charles S. Rhyne, The Law of Local Government Operations § 13.2, at 220 (1980) [hereinafter “Rhyne”]; accord L.S. Tellier, Annotation, Constitutional or Statutory Provision Referring to “Employees” as Including Public Officers, 5 A.L.R.2d 415, 416 (1949) (“[T]he term ‘employee,’ or ‘workman,’ used in a constitutional, statutory, or charter provision in referring to those performing services for a state or political subdivision thereof, is seldom construed so as to include public officers unless the provision in question expressly so stipulates.”); cf. Candelaria v. Board of County Comm’rs, 77 N.M. 458, 423 P.2d 982 (1967) (distinguishing “public officer” and “workman”). This general rule specifically applies to the construction of merit system ordinances. In Sioux Falls Municipal Employees Ass’n v. City of Sioux Falls, 89 S.D. 298, 233 N.W.2d 306 (1975), the court unanimously held that a city ordinance establishing a civil service system was invalid to the extent that it attempted to include officers. State law permitted ordinances establishing civil service systems for “municipal employees, policemen, and firemen.” Id. 233 N.W.2d at 309;1 see Black v. Sutton, 301 Ky. 247, 191 S.W.2d 407, 409-10 (1945) (Merit system “statute should not be extended to officers under the guise that they are employees for the all too apparent purpose of perpetuating them in office.”); Cathy v. Prober, 195 A.D.2d 999, 600 N.Y.S.2d 561 (1993) (town building inspector “was not a public employee, but a public officer”); Gamblin v. Town of Bruceton, 803 S.W.2d 690, 692-93 (Tenn.Ct.App.1990) (town recorder was a public officer and not entitled to the benefit of town’s employee personnel policies established by ordinance).
In addition, there is good reason to believe that the legislature made a deliberate choice in Section 3-13-4 when it referred only to “employees,” and not appointed officials, as being covered by municipal merit system ordinances. Typically, merit system ordinances do not govern appointed officials. Professor Reynolds has written:
The merit system in effect in most municipalities involves the classification of the various positions by a local civil service commission. This commission has great discretion in classifying the various kinds of municipal employment, and its designations will be judicially overturned only upon a strong showing of arbitrary or capricious action. But certain government workers are exempt from the civil service: elected officials necessarily are exempt, and so in general are most workers who are considered officers rather than employees. Certainly, the civil service provisions are inapplicable to all officers who have a definite term of office, or who are heads of departments.
Osborne M. Reynolds, Jr., Handbook of Local Government Law § 88, at 264-65 (1982) (footnotes omitted); see 3 Charles R.P. Keating & Gail A. O’Gradney, The Law of Municipal Corporations § 12.76 (3d ed. 1990); Rhyne, supra, § 13.52, at 285. The policy behind the exemption of appointed officials from merit system ordinances is stated in Carlson v. Bratton, 681 P.2d 1333, 1336 (Wyo.1984):
[T]o force the winner of a political election to be saddled with a member of his immediate executive staff with whom he cannot work, is to block the efficiency of that political system. The governing body itself is of course a check on the powers of the mayor’s office; but the legislature recognized the necessity for the mayor to retain control over his or her policy making employees.
In sum, we conclude that Section 3-13-4 authorizes only merit system ordinances that apply to employees. Municipalities have no authority to protect appointed public officers through such ordinances.
We recognize that often there may be difficulty in determining whether a particular position is an appointed office. See Pollack v. Montoya, 55 N.M. 390, 393-94, 234 P.2d 336, 338-39 (1951) (stating test for determining whether public employment is a public office). Here, however, there is no such difficulty. NMSA 1978, Section 3-12-4 (Repl.1985), states:
A. The governing body of each municipality shall provide for the office of clerk, treasurer and police officer. The offices of clerk and treasurer may be combined and one person appointed to perform both functions.
B. The governing body may also provide for the office of an attorney.
C. The governing body may provide for deputy appointed officials who may exercise the powers granted the appointed officials.
This statute, which was also enacted by New Mexico Laws 1965, Chapter 300, expresses a legislative determination that the position of municipal clerk-treasurer is an office. Given that the clerk-treasurer often occupies the highest full-time position in a municipal government for which the mayor and council members serve only part-time, the characterization of the position as an office is appropriate. The legislature could reasonably decide that each elected administration should have the authority to select the individual in charge of the day-to-day administration of municipal government.
We conclude that Webb, as Village clerk-treasurer, was an appointed official to whom the Village had no authority to apply its merit system ordinance. Because Webb’s theory of recovery was founded on her being covered by the merit system ordinance, we' reverse the district court judgment and remand for entry of judgment in favor of the Village.
IT IS SO ORDERED.
BLACK, J., concurs. CHAVEZ, J., dissents.