1 2 3 4 5
6 7 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 8 WESTERN DISTRICT OF WASHINGTON AT TACOMA 9 10 WASHINGTON ELECTION INTEGRITY CASE NO. 3:21-cv-05726-LK 11 COALITION UNITED et al., ORDER DENYING MOTION TO 12 Plaintiffs, REMAND, GRANTING MOTIONS v. TO DISMISS, AND DENYING JULIE ANDERSON et al., 14 Defendants. 15 16 This matter comes before the Court on Washington Election Integrity Coalition United’s 17 (“WEICU’s”) motion to remand and two motions to dismiss filed by Pierce County and Pierce 18 County Auditor Julie Anderson (“Defendants”). Dkt. Nos. 11, 26, 30. One of the latter motions 19 seeks dismissal of the individual Plaintiffs’ claims, Dkt. No. 11, and the other seeks dismissal of 20 WEICU’s claims, Dkt. No. 30. Because the individual Plaintiffs lack Article III standing and the 21 Court has no supplemental jurisdiction over the remaining state law claims, and because remand 22 to state court would be futile, the Court dismisses the case. 23
24 2 This action is one of several nearly identical actions originally filed in state court by 3 WEICU and numerous pro se plaintiffs in counties across Washington, and one of six such actions 4 that have been removed to this Court.1 Plaintiffs filed their complaint in Pierce County Superior 5 Court on September 21, 2021. Dkt. No. 1-2. Their claims center on the conduct of the November
6 2020 general election in Pierce County, Washington. 7 The individual Plaintiffs2 bring claims against the Pierce County Auditor for (1) using an 8 uncertified voting system; (2) allowing or facilitating fraudulent alterations of the voting results 9 (which Plaintiffs describe as “vote flipping, additions, and/or deletions”); (3) maintaining records 10 of County elector party preference and identifying County electors’ ballots by party preference; 11 (4) giving voters open sleeves to deposit their ballots rather than the “security envelopes” required 12 by state law; and (5) violating the United States Constitution and the Washington State 13 Constitution. Dkt. No. 1-2 at 5–11, 14–16. For each of these alleged “wrongful acts,” the individual 14 Plaintiffs seek declaratory and injunctive relief. Id. They also seek damages against the Auditor
15 for civil rights violations under 42 U.S.C. §§ 1983 and 1988. Id. at 17. WEICU’s sole claim is 16 against the Auditor and Pierce County under Washington’s Public Records Act (“PRA”), Wash. 17 Rev. Code §§ 42.56.001–42.56.900, for wrongfully denying WEICU’s records request for 18 “original ballots, ballot images, spoiled ballots, adjudication records, ballot envelopes, and 19 returned ballots for the Election.” Dkt. No. 1-2 at 12. WEICU seeks to “compel Defendants to 20
21 1 The five other removed actions are Washington Election Integrity Coalition United v. Fell, No. C21-1354-LK; Washington Election Integrity Coalition United v. Kimsey, No. C21-5746-LK; Washington Election Integrity Coalition United v. Wise, No. C21-1394-LK; Washington Election Integrity Coalition United v. Bradrick, No. C21- 22 1386-LK; and Washington Election Integrity Coalition United v. Hall, No. C21-5787-LK. 23 2 The individual Plaintiffs are Kelly Worden, Miriam Worden, Rachel Lynn Kemak, Kirsten Moran, Jeffrey White, Tim McFarlane, Elizabeth McFarlane, June Timmerman, Mike Timmerman, Yancey Creekmore, Gregory Baltmiskis, David Tripp, Steve McCoy, and Timothy Tooker. Dkt. No. 1-2 at 20–21, 25. Plaintiff Kevin Lee Schmadeka 24 voluntarily dismissed his claims on October 25, 2021. See Dkt. Nos. 28, 50. 1 provide access to public records from the Election for a full forensic audit.” Id. 2 Defendants removed the case to this Court on October 1, 2021. Dkt. No. 1. On October 13, 3 2021, Defendants moved to dismiss individual Plaintiffs’ claims under Federal Rules of Civil 4 Procedure 12(b)(2), (4), (5), and (6), noting that they did not move to dismiss WEICU’s sole claim 5 because it was still unrepresented by counsel and thus had not yet made a proper appearance. Dkt.
6 No. 11 at 1–2. After an attorney entered a notice of appearance on behalf of WEICU, Dkt. No. 25, 7 Defendants moved to dismiss WEICU’s PRA claim under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 8 12(b)(6), Dkt. No. 30. On October 22, 2021, WEICU filed a motion to remand.3 Dkt. No. 26. Then- 9 Plaintiff Kevin Schmadeka also filed a motion to remand, styled as a “Motion to Strike Notice of 10 Removal to Federal District Court.” Dkt. No. 15. None of the other individual Plaintiffs joined in 11 this motion. Eleven days later, Schmadeka moved to withdraw as a plaintiff, citing “irreconcilable 12 differences” with WEICU. Dkt. No. 28 at 1. 14 Oddly, Defendants removed this action on the basis that “this Court has original
15 jurisdiction [over it] under 28 U.S.C. § 1331,” Dkt. No. 1 at 2, and then sought to dismiss the 16 action on the basis that the individual Plaintiffs lack Article III standing to bring their claims, Dkt. 17 No. 11 at 5–8. As Defendants acknowledged, the only other Plaintiff at that time was WEICU, a 18 then-pro se entity not properly before the Court that purported to assert only a state law claim. Dkt. 19 No. 11 at 1–2. 20 28 U.S.C. § 1441 allows a defendant to remove an action filed in state court to federal 21 district court where the federal district court has original jurisdiction. The Ninth Circuit “strictly 22 construe[s] the removal statute against removal jurisdiction,” and “[f]ederal jurisdiction must be 23
3 WEICU had previously filed a “Motion to Strike Notice of Removal” seeking remand. Dkt. No. 17. However, 24 because WEICU filed the motion without being represented by counsel, the Court struck the motion. Dkt. No. 23. 1 rejected if there is any doubt as to the right of removal in the first instance.” Gaus v. Miles, Inc., 2 980 F.2d 564, 566 (9th Cir. 1992). “The ‘strong presumption’ against removal jurisdiction means 3 that the defendant always has the burden of establishing that removal is proper.” Id. Ultimately, if 4 a district court lacks subject matter jurisdiction over a removed action, it usually has the duty to 5 remand it, for “removal is permissible only where original jurisdiction exists at the time of removal
6 or at the time of the entry of final judgment[.]” Lexecon, Inc. v. Milberg Weiss Bershad Hynes & 7 Lerach, 523 U.S. 26, 43 (1998); see 28 U.S.C. § 1441(a). 8 Because the Court lacks subject matter jurisdiction over Plaintiffs’ federal claims, it cannot 9 exercise supplemental jurisdiction over any of Plaintiffs’ state law claims and must either remand 10 or dismiss the entire case. The Court dismisses the Plaintiffs’ claims because remand to state court 11 would be futile. 12 A. Because the Individual Plaintiffs Do Not Have Article III Standing, this Court Lacks Subject Matter Jurisdiction over Their Claims 13 At the outset, the Court recognizes that the right at issue in this case—the right to vote and 14 have that vote counted—is “a fundamental matter in a free and democratic society.” Reynolds v. 15 Sims, 377 U.S. 533, 561–62 (1964). But a voter seeking relief in federal court for alleged violations 16 of constitutional rights must have standing to do so, including “a personal stake in the outcome, 17 distinct from a generally available grievance about government.” Gill v. Whitford, 138 S. Ct. 1916, 18 1923 (2018) (cleaned up). “[A] suit brought by a plaintiff without Article III standing is not a ‘case 19 or controversy,’ and an Article III federal court therefore lacks subject matter jurisdiction over the 20 suit.” Cetacean Cmty. v. Bush, 386 F.3d 1169, 1174 (9th Cir. 2004). Article III’s “case or 21 controversy” requirement thus obligates federal courts to determine, as an initial matter, whether 22 plaintiffs have standing to bring suit. Lance v. Coffman, 549 U.S. 437, 439 (2007). 23 As the party invoking federal jurisdiction, Defendants bear the burden of establishing the 24 1 existence of a case or controversy under Article III. Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife, 504 U.S. 555, 2 561 (1992); see also Tailford v. Experian Info. Sols., Inc., 26 F.4th 1092, 1099 (9th Cir. 2022). 3 “To establish Article III standing, an injury must be ‘concrete, particularized, and actual or 4 imminent; fairly traceable to the challenged action; and redressable by a favorable ruling.’” 5 Clapper v. Amnesty Int’l USA, 568 U.S. 398, 409 (2013) (quoting Monsanto Co. v. Geertson Seed
6 Farms, 561 U.S. 139, 149 (2010)). “For an injury to be ‘particularized,’ it ‘must affect the plaintiff 7 in a personal and individual way.’” Spokeo, Inc. v. Robins, 578 U.S. 330, 339 (2016) (quoting 8 Lujan, 504 U.S. at 560 n.1). The injury must also be “concrete”; “that is, it must actually exist.” 9 Id. at 339–40. Because Defendants themselves argue that the individual Plaintiffs lack Article III 10 standing, Dkt. No. 11 at 7–8, 17–19, they have failed to meet their burden to establish that the 11 Court has subject matter jurisdiction over these claims, see Britton v. Cnty. of Santa Cruz, No. 19- 12 CV-04263-LHK, 2020 WL 4197609, at *4 (N.D. Cal. July 22, 2020). 13 Defendants urge the Court to dismiss Plaintiffs’ claims because they raise only generalized 14 grievances and do not identify any particularized individual injury. Dkt. No. 11 at 7–8, 17–19.
15 These challenges are evaluated under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(1). Maya v. Centex 16 Corp., 658 F.3d 1060, 1067 (9th Cir. 2011). Defendants advance both factual and facial challenges 17 to the individual Plaintiffs’ standing. In reviewing a factual challenge, the court may consider 18 materials beyond the complaint, Savage v. Glendale Union High Sch., 343 F.3d 1036, 1039 n.2 19 (9th Cir. 2003), “weigh the evidence[,] and satisfy itself as to the existence of its power to hear the 20 case,” Mortensen v. First Fed. Sav. & Loan Ass’n, 549 F.2d 884, 891 (3d Cir. 1977). In reviewing 21 a facial attack, however, the inquiry is confined to the allegations in the complaint, and the court 22 assumes all materials allegations in the complaint are true. Savage, 343 F.3d at 1039 n.2. However, 23 “[t]his is not to say that plaintiff may rely on a bare legal conclusion to assert injury-in-fact, or 24 engage in an ‘ingenious academic exercise in the conceivable’ to explain how defendants’ actions 1 caused his injury.” Maya, 658 F.3d at 1068 (internal footnotes omitted) (quoting United States v. 2 Students Challenging Regulatory Agency Procedures (SCRAP), 412 U.S. 669, 689–90 (1973)). 3 The Supreme Court has “consistently held that a plaintiff raising only a generally available 4 grievance about government—claiming only harm to his and every citizen’s interest in proper 5 application of the Constitution and laws, and seeking relief that no more directly and tangibly
6 benefits him than it does the public at large—does not state an Article III case or controversy.” 7 Lance, 549 U.S. at 439 (quoting Lujan, 504 U.S. at 573–74 (1992)); see also Warth v. Seldin, 422 8 U.S. 490, 499 (1975) (“[T]he Court has held that when the asserted harm is a ‘generalized 9 grievance’ shared in substantially equal measure by all or a large class of citizens, that harm alone 10 normally does not warrant exercise of jurisdiction.”). Accordingly, and in recognition “that a 11 person’s right to vote is ‘individual and personal in nature,’” courts have long held that “‘voters 12 who allege facts showing disadvantage to themselves as individuals have standing to sue’ to 13 remedy that disadvantage.” Gill, 138 S. Ct. at 1929 (emphasis added) (quoting Reynolds, 377 U.S. 14 at 561 and Baker v. Carr, 369 U.S. 186, 206 (1962)). As Defendants contend, Plaintiffs fail to
15 show such disadvantage and therefore lack Article III standing. 16 1. Plaintiffs Do Not Allege that They Suffered Any “Concrete, Particularized, and Actual or Imminent” Injury from the Alleged Misconduct by the Auditor 17 Plaintiffs’ claims each follow a similar pattern: they allege a violation of law, ask the Court 18 to declare the Auditor’s duties under the law and enjoin her from violating the law, and then state 19 that they “will suffer irreparable injury” from violations of their constitutional rights: 20 Allegation Requested Declaration/Injunction “Injury” 21 Plaintiffs “are informed and Declare the “Plaintiffs’ rights and the “Plaintiffs will suffer believe” that the Auditor used an duties of Auditor as they pertain to the irreparable injury in that their 22 uncertified voting system. Dkt. No. Uncertified Voting System” in the 2020 fundamental rights under the 1-2 at 5. election and future elections, and Washington State Constitution restrain the Auditor from “conducting and/or United States 23 elections on the Uncertified Voting Constitution . . . will be further System.” Id. at 6. violated.” Id. at 6–7. 24 1 Allegation Requested Declaration/Injunction “Injury” Plaintiffs “are informed and Declare the “Plaintiffs’ rights and the Same as above. See id. at 8. 2 believe” that the Auditor duties of Auditor with regard to the “allow[ed] and/or facilitate[ed] alleged vote flipping, additions and/or 3 electronic manipulation of the deletions before, during and/or after the voting results from the [2020] [2020] Election,” and restrain the Election,” and that “a portion of Auditor from “allowing and/or 4 the state-wide vote flipping, facilitating electronic manipulation of additions and/or deletions occurred the voting results for any election held 5 in the County’s Election overseen in the County.” Id. at 8. by Auditor.” Id. at 7–8. 6 Plaintiffs “are informed and Declare the “Plaintiffs’ rights and the Same as above. See id. at 10. believe” that the Auditor allowed duties of Auditor with regard to the 7 or facilitated (1) maintenance of a alleged party preference conduct,” and record of County voters’ party restrain the Auditor from “allowing preference and (2) identification of and/or facilitating party preference 8 ballots cast by County voters by tracking and/or ballot identification.” party preference. Id. at 9. Id. at 10. 9 Auditor’s conduct violated Declare the “Plaintiffs’ rights and the Same as above, see id. at 16, Plaintiffs’ rights under the Equal duties of Auditor, as they pertain to the and “qualified electors were 10 Protection Clause of the Fourteenth [2020] Election and future elections in denied their fundamental right Amendment of the U.S. the County,” and restrain the Auditor of suffrage without due Constitution and the “privileges from using an uncertified voting process of law” and 11 and immunities” clause of the system, allowing or facilitating the “[q]ualified electors who Washington Constitution. Id. at 15. manipulation of voting results, and voted similarly had the value 12 allowing or facilitating party preference of their votes diluted, and the tracking or ballot identification. Id. at will of said voters denied, 13 16. without due process of law.” Id. at 15. 14 Plaintiffs “are informed and Declare the “Plaintiffs’ rights and the Use of sleeves “violate[s] believe” that the Auditor is relying duties of Auditor in the form of an Plaintiffs’ right to absolute on a Washington regulation order striking the sleeve option” from secrecy in preparing and 15 allowing “a security envelope or the regulation and requiring the Auditor depositing their ballots.” Id. sleeve” to provide “open sleeves” to use a security envelope instead. Id. 16 for voters or “for online printable ballots, no envelope or ‘open sleeve’ at all.” Id. at 11. 17
18 In none of these allegations do Plaintiffs claim that they suffered any “concrete, 19 particularized, and actual or imminent” injury from the Auditor’s alleged misconduct. Although 20 Plaintiffs do not explain their theory of vote dilution, it appears to be based on general allegations 21 of election irregularities that affected the votes of all “qualified electors” in the County. See Dkt. 22 No. 1-2 at 15 (because “Auditor failed to follow state and federal law,” “[q]ualified electors who 23 voted similarly had the value of their votes diluted”). “As courts have routinely explained, vote 24 dilution is a very specific claim that involves votes being weighed differently and cannot be used 1 generally to allege voter fraud.” Bowyer v. Ducey, 506 F. Supp. 3d 699, 711 (D. Ariz. 2020). See 2 also Feehan v. Wis. Elections Comm’n, 506 F. Supp. 3d 596, 609 (E.D. Wis. Dec. 9, 2020) 3 (plaintiff lacked standing where his “alleged injuries are injuries that any Wisconsin voter suffers 4 if the Wisconsin election process were . . . so riddled with fraud, illegality, and statistical 5 impossibility” that its results could not be certified); Martel v. Condos, 487 F. Supp. 3d 247, 253
6 (D. Vt. 2020) (“A vote cast by fraud or mailed in by the wrong person through mistake has a 7 mathematical impact on the final tally and thus on the proportional effect of every vote, but no 8 single voter is specifically disadvantaged.”); Paher v. Cegavske, 457 F. Supp. 3d 919, 926 (D. 9 Nev. 2020) (“Plaintiffs’ purported injury of having their votes diluted due to ostensible election 10 fraud may be conceivably raised by any Nevada voter.”); Am. C.R. Union v. Martinez-Rivera, No. 11 2:14-CV-026-AM-CW, 2015 WL 13650011, at *7 (W.D. Tex. Feb. 23, 2015) (speculative 12 complaints of “potential vote dilution are nothing but a generalized grievance about government, 13 complaining that an official should be required to follow the law.”). While Plaintiffs speculate that 14 the Auditor tracked or identified ballots by “party preference,” Dkt. No. 1-2 at 9, they do not
15 suggest that any votes were weighed differently, including their own. Thus, although allegations 16 of vote dilution may create standing in some circumstances, they do not do so here. 17 Similarly, Plaintiffs never assert that they were personally harmed by any of Defendants’ 18 alleged conduct with respect to the use of an uncertified voting system, the manipulation of voting 19 results, the tracking of party preference, or the use of ballot sleeves. See generally Dkt. No. 1-2. 20 Even to the extent that their allegations regarding the use of ballot sleeves, construed charitably, 21 can be interpreted as asserting an injury personal to Plaintiffs, any such injury is too uncertain and 22 speculative to confer Article III standing. Plaintiffs assert that “[t]he open sleeves used by Auditor 23 allow for unfettered access to ballots prior to tabulation, are an invitation to ballot tampering, and 24 violate Plaintiffs’ right to absolute secrecy in preparing and depositing their ballots.” Dkt. No. 1- 1 2 at 11. But the claim that the use of sleeves “allow[s] for,” or is “an invitation to,” a potential 2 violation of ballot secrecy is merely speculation about possible injury that is insufficient to 3 establish an injury-in-fact for purposes of Article III standing. See Clapper, 568 U.S. at 409 (a 4 threatened injury must be “certainly impending” to constitute injury in fact). 5 To the extent Plaintiffs argue more broadly that they maintain an interest in government
6 officials conducting an election in conformity with the Constitution, “they merely assert a 7 ‘generalized grievance’ stemming from an attempt to have the Government act in accordance with 8 their view of the law.” Wis. Voters All. v. Pence, 514 F. Supp. 3d 117, 120 (D.D.C. 2021). See also 9 Lujan, 504 U.S. at 576 (“the public interest in proper administration of the laws” is insufficient to 10 create Article III standing, regardless of “the source of the asserted right”); Wood v. Raffensperger, 11 981 F.3d 1307, 1314 (11th Cir. 2020) (“An injury to the right ‘to require that the government be 12 administered according to the law’ is a generalized grievance.” (quoting Chiles v. Thornburgh, 13 865 F.2d 1197, 1205–06 (11th Cir. 1989))), cert. denied, 141 S. Ct. 1379 (2021); Ickes v. Whitmer, 14 No. 1:22-CV-817, 2022 WL 4103030, at *3 (W.D. Mich. Sept. 8, 2022) (finding that “Plaintiffs
15 likely do not have standing to raise [their] concern about [allegedly uncertified] machines used in 16 the November 2022 election or the possible destruction of records” because they “have only a 17 generalized grievance that would be common among all people who cast a vote in the November 18 2022 election and not a particularized, individual injury”). 19 Plaintiffs also lack standing to assert their claims under 42 U.S.C. §§ 1983 and 1988 20 because those claims are derivative of their other claims, which the Court has already found they 21 lack standing to assert. Sections 1983 and 1988 do not create standing where it is otherwise lacking. 22 See Save Our Valley v. Sound Transit, 335 F.3d 932, 936 (9th Cir. 2003) (“One cannot go into 23 court and claim a ‘violation of § 1983’—for § 1983 by itself does not protect anyone against 24 1 anything.” (quoting Gonzaga Univ. v. Doe, 536 U.S. 273, 285 (2002))); 42 U.S.C. § 1988 (granting 2 discretion to accord attorney’s fees to the “prevailing party” in a suit under § 1983).4 3 Defendants’ motion to dismiss the individual Plaintiffs’ claims was opposed by Plaintiff 4 Tim Tooker, Dkt. No. 40, but Tooker’s opposition fails to demonstrate that he or any of the other 5 individual Plaintiffs have standing. Although the opposition brief acknowledges that there are
6 “more stringent pleading requirements for federal actions” and argues that Defendants improperly 7 removed the case to federal court, id. at 3, it does not otherwise address the standing issue at all. 8 See generally id. 9 Because Plaintiffs have asserted only generalized grievances, the Court finds that Plaintiffs 10 lack Article III standing to assert their federal claims. 11 2. The Court Lacks Supplemental Jurisdiction over Plaintiffs’ State Law Claims 12 WEICU and Defendants dispute whether the Court may exercise supplemental jurisdiction 13 over Plaintiffs’ state law claims. Dkt. No. 43 at 5–7; Dkt. No. 44 at 4–5. 14 Under 28 U.S.C. § 1367(a), a district court “shall have” supplemental jurisdiction over
15 claims that form part of the “same case or controversy” as claims within the court’s original 16 jurisdiction. However, “if the court dismisses [all federal claims] for lack of subject matter 17 jurisdiction, it has no discretion” under Section 1367 to adjudicate the plaintiff’s state-law claims 18 “and must dismiss all claims.” Herman Fam. Revocable Tr. v. Teddy Bear, 254 F.3d 802, 806 (9th 19 Cir. 2001); see also Scott v. Pasadena Unified Sch. Dist., 306 F.3d 646, 664 (9th Cir. 2002) 20
21 4 The Court does not consider Defendants’ argument that Plaintiffs failed to serve Auditor Julie Anderson in her personal capacity because the Court has already found that it lacks subject matter jurisdiction to hear the claims naming 22 her as a defendant. See Dkt. No. 11 at 20–21; Sinochem Int’l Co. v. Malaysia Int’l Shipping Corp., 549 U.S. 422, 431 (2007) (“[A] federal court has leeway to choose among threshold grounds for denying audience to a case on the merits.” (cleaned up)). For the same reason, the Court does not reach Defendants’ argument that all individual 23 Plaintiffs other than Timothy Tooker have conceded that the motion to dismiss has merit because they failed to file any opposition. See Dkt. No. 41 at 1–2. Finally, because the Court finds in favor of Defendants on their facial 24 challenges to Plaintiffs’ standing, it does not address their factual challenges. 1 (“[W]ith the dismissal of [plaintiff’s] federal constitutional claim for lack of standing, we have no 2 authority to retain jurisdiction over [his] state law claims.”). 3 Because the Court does not have subject matter jurisdiction over Plaintiffs’ federal claims 4 due to their lack of Article III standing, it has no discretion under 28 U.S.C. § 1367(c) to adjudicate 5 the remaining claims. Without subject matter jurisdiction, the Court is left to either dismiss or
6 remand Plaintiffs’ claims. See Polo v. Innoventions Int’l, LLC, 833 F.3d 1193, 1196–98 (9th Cir. 7 2016). 8 B. Plaintiffs’ Claims Are Dismissed Because Remand Would Be Futile 9 “If at any time before final judgment it appears that the district court lacks subject matter 10 jurisdiction” over a case that has been removed from state court, “the case shall be remanded.” 28 11 U.S.C. § 1447(c); see also Polo, 833 F.3d at 1196 (a district court lacking subject matter 12 jurisdiction “generally must remand the case to state court, rather than dismiss it” (emphasis in 13 original)). Usually, “[r]emand is the correct remedy because a failure of federal subject-matter 14 jurisdiction means only that the federal courts have no power to adjudicate the matter. State courts
15 are not bound by the constraints of Article III.” Polo, 833 F.3d at 1196 (emphasis in original). 16 However, the Ninth Circuit has held that a district court may dismiss a case rather than remand it 17 to state court where it is “certain that a remand to state court would be futile.” Bell v. City of 18 Kellogg, 922 F.2d 1418, 1425 (9th Cir. 1991). Because remand of Plaintiffs’ claims to state court 19 is certain to be futile, the Court dismisses the claims instead of remanding them. 20 1. The Futility Exception 21 There is some doubt about the continued vitality of the futility exception. A few months 22 after the Ninth Circuit decided Bell, the Supreme Court issued an opinion in which it noted that 23 “the literal words of § 1447(c)” give “no discretion to dismiss rather than remand an action” over 24 which a district court lacks original jurisdiction. Int’l Primate Prot. League v. Administrators of 1 Tulane Educ. Fund, 500 U.S. 72, 89 (1991) (quoting Maine Ass’n of Interdependent 2 Neighborhoods v. Comm’r, Maine Dep’t of Hum. Servs., 876 F.2d 1051, 1054 (1st Cir. 1989)). 3 Although the Supreme Court “did not reject the futility doctrine outright,” the Ninth Circuit has 4 expressed concern that “[i]n the wake of International Primate, a number of other circuits have 5 expressly rejected the futility doctrine,” and it “may no longer be good law.” Polo v. Innoventions
6 Int’l, LLC, 833 F.3d 1193, 1197–98 (9th Cir. 2016) (citing Hill v. Vanderbilt Capital Advisors, 7 LLC, 702 F.3d 1220, 1225–26 (10th Cir. 2012) (collecting cases)). Despite this lingering doubt, 8 the Ninth Circuit in Polo declined to overrule Bell: “Polo has not argued that Bell is no longer 9 controlling law, and we decline to so hold sua sponte.” Id. at 1198. The Ninth Circuit reiterated 10 that, under the Bell rule, a district court may dismiss a case “only when the eventual outcome of 11 [the] case after remand is so clear as to be foreordained[.]” Id. 12 Since the 2016 decision in Polo, some district courts in the Ninth Circuit have concluded 13 that the futility exception is now merely “[h]istorical[].” Morgan v. Bank of Am., N.A., No. 2:20- 14 CV-00157-SAB, 2020 WL 3979660, at *2 (E.D. Wash. July 14, 2020); see also Washington v.
15 City of Sunnyside, No. 1:20-CV-3018-RMP, 2021 WL 4197368, at *2 (E.D. Wash. Aug. 26, 2021); 16 Mendoza v. Aldi Inc., No. 219CV06870ODWJEMX, 2019 WL 7284940, at *2 (C.D. Cal. Dec. 27, 17 2019); Alvarado v. Univ. of S. California, No. CV 17-3671-GW(AJWX), 2017 WL 8116092, at 18 *5 (C.D. Cal. Sept. 21, 2017). However, other district courts have continued to apply the exception. 19 See, e.g., Strojnik v. Super 8 Worldwide Inc., No. C21-0927-PHX-DWL, 2022 WL 613227, at *3 20 (D. Ariz. Mar. 2, 2022); Ross v. Hawaii Nurses’ Ass’n Off. & Pro. Emps. Int’l Union Loc. 50, 290 21 F. Supp. 3d 1136, 1148 (D. Haw. 2018); Advocs. for Individuals With Disabilities LLC v. MidFirst 22 Bank, 279 F. Supp. 3d 891, 895 & n.1 (D. Ariz. 2017). 23 There is good reason to embrace the concerns expressed in Polo about the validity of the 24 futility doctrine: as the Supreme Court and other courts have noted, it appears to contradict the 1 mandatory language of 28 U.S.C. § 1447(c). Int’l Primate, 500 U.S. at 89; Esteves v. SunTrust 2 Banks, Inc., 615 F. App’x 632, 636–37 (11th Cir. 2015) (“The Supreme Court has noted that the 3 literal words of § 1447(c) give district courts no discretion to dismiss rather than remand an action 4 when subject-matter jurisdiction is lacking . . . Whether the matter is justiciable under state law is 5 a matter for the state court to decide.”) (cleaned up); Wallace v. ConAgra Foods, Inc., 747 F.3d
6 1025, 1033 (8th Cir. 2014) (“If . . . the case did not originate in federal court but was removed 7 there by the defendants, the federal court must remand the case to the state court from whence it 8 came.” (emphasis in original)); Fent v. Okla. Water Res. Bd., 235 F.3d 553, 557–58 (10th Cir. 9 2000) (“The plain language of § 1447(c) gives no discretion to dismiss rather than remand an 10 action removed from state court over which the court lacks subject-matter jurisdiction.”); 11 Bromwell v. Michigan Mut. Ins. Co., 115 F.3d 208, 214 (3d Cir. 1997) (“In light of the express 12 language of § 1447(c) and the Supreme Court’s reasoning in International Primate, we hold that 13 when a federal court has no jurisdiction of a case removed from a state court, it must remand and 14 not dismiss on the ground of futility.”).5
15 However, the Ninth Circuit has upheld application of the futility exception in several cases 16 since Bell. See, e.g., Strojnik v. Driftwood Hosp. Mgmt., LLC, No. 21-16060, 2022 WL 1642234, 17
18 5 It also seems counter to the long-established principle that “[w]ithout jurisdiction the court cannot proceed at all in any cause” for a court without jurisdiction to effectively decide the merits of a case. Ex parte McCardle, 74 U.S. (7 19 Wall.) 506, 514 (1868). This is especially true where defendants have engaged in the “dubious strategy” of removing the case on the basis that the federal court “has original jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1331,” Dkt. No. 1 at 2, only to then move to dismiss on the basis that the plaintiffs’ claims “do[] not state an Article III case or controversy,” Dkt. 20 No. 11 at 8 (cleaned up). See Collier v. SP Plus Corp., 889 F.3d 894, 895–97 (7th Cir. 2018) (noting that defendants’ “dubious strategy” of removing on the basis that “the district court had federal-question jurisdiction” and then 21 “mov[ing] to dismiss the complaint under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(1) for lack of Article III standing” “resulted in a significant waste of federal judicial resources, much of which was avoidable.”); Perna v. Health One 22 Credit Union, 983 F.3d 258, 273 (6th Cir. 2020) (“there is something ‘anomalous’ about the [defendant] removing this suit to federal court on the ground that the court had jurisdiction and then arguing to the very same court that it lacks jurisdiction”); Zanotti v. Invention Submission Corp., No. 18-CV-5893 (NSR), 2020 WL 2857304, at *11 23 (S.D.N.Y. June 2, 2020) (“[I]f InventHelp Defendants were truly concerned about expense and the preservation of judicial resources, their litigation strategy would not have involved invoking this Court's jurisdiction only to 24 immediately challenge it on standing grounds.”). 1 at *1 (9th Cir. May 24, 2022) (“The district court properly denied [plaintiff’s] motion to remand 2 the actions to state court because remand would have been futile.”); Glob. Rescue Jets, LLC v. 3 Kaiser Found. Health Plan, Inc., 30 F.4th 905, 920 n.6 (9th Cir. 2022) (“A narrow ‘futility’ 4 exception to this general rule permits the district court to dismiss an action rather than remand it if 5 there is ‘absolute certainty’ that the state court would dismiss the action following remand.”);
6 Marshall v. Motel 6 Operating LP, 825 F. App’x 527, 528 (9th Cir. 2020) (“[W]e have recognized 7 a futility exception to the remand mandate in § 1447(c)[.]”); Rodriguez v. U.S. Healthworks, Inc., 8 813 F. App’x 315, 316 (9th Cir. 2020) (noting that the futility doctrine applies “when a district 9 court has ‘absolute certainty’ that a state court would ‘simply dismiss the action on remand’” 10 (quoting Polo, 833 F.3d at 1198)). Because the Ninth Circuit explicitly declined to overrule Bell 11 in Polo and has continued to apply the doctrine after Polo, the Court concludes that Bell remains 12 binding precedent and therefore addresses whether it is certain that remand would be futile. 13 2. Dismissal of Plaintiffs’ Claims on Remand Is Effectively “Foreordained” 14 In this case, dismissal of Plaintiffs’ claims upon remand is effectively “foreordained.” Polo,
15 833 F.3d at 1198. This action is one of eight nearly identical actions originally filed in state court 16 in counties across Washington, six of which were removed to this Court. See supra at 2 n.2 (listing 17 removed cases); see also Dkt. No. 53 at 29–46, 68–87. Both of the cases that remained in state 18 courts have already been dismissed, although appeals are currently pending. See Wash. Election 19 Integrity Coal. United v. Beaton, No. 21-2-50572-11 (Wash. Sup. Ct. Dec. 13, 2021), appeal filed 20 sub nom. Wash. Election Integrity Coal. United v. Franklin Cnty., No. 391574 (Wash. Ct. App. 21 Div. III Sept. 6, 2022); Wash. Election Integrity Coal. United v. Schumacher, No. 21-2-00042-22 22 (Wash. Sup. Ct. Mar. 28, 2022), appeal filed sub nom. Schulz v. Schumacher, No. 388841 (Wash. 23 Ct. App. Div. III May 4, 2022). In Schumacher, the court concluded that “Plaintiffs’ election 24 claims are untimely and barred by statute and the equitable doctrine of laches, that the respective 1 Plaintiffs each lack standing to bring the election claims alleged, . . . that Plaintiffs fail to state an 2 election claim upon which relief may be granted,” and “that Plaintiffs fail to state a claim upon 3 which relief may be granted under the Public Records Act.” No. 21-2-00042-22, slip. op. at 2 (Mar. 4 28, 2022). The court further found that “Plaintiffs’ claims are frivolous and advanced without 5 reasonable cause, are not well grounded in fact or warranted by existing law or a good faith
6 argument for the extension, modification, or reversal of existing law or the establishment of new 7 law, and were interposed for improper purposes.” Id. Similarly, in Beaton, the court found that, 8 “for the reasons stated in Defendants’ Motion, Plaintiffs lack standing and have failed to state a 9 claim upon which relief can be granted.” No. 21-2-50572-11, slip. op. at 1 (Dec. 13, 2021). 10 The claims in the complaints that were dismissed in Schumacher and Beaton are nearly 11 identical to the claims in this case: Beaton contained a nearly identical claim for use of an 12 uncertified voting system, and Beaton and Schumacher both included nearly identical claims of 13 allowing or facilitating vote flipping, additions and/or deletions, party preference tracking, and 14 federal and state constitutional violations premised on those claims, as well as PRA claims. See
15 generally Second Amended Verified Complaint, Schumacher, No. 21-2-00042-22 (Wash. Sup. Ct. 16 Jan. 18, 2022) (“Schumacher Complaint”); First Amended Verified Complaint, Beaton, No. 21-2- 17 50572-11 (Wash. Sup. Ct. Oct. 11, 2021) (“Beaton Complaint”). Substantial portions of all three 18 complaints appear to be copied verbatim from one another. See generally Schumacher Complaint; 19 Beaton Complaint; Dkt. No. 1-2. 20 Although there are some differences between the allegations in each of these cases, those 21 differences are minor and could not plausibly justify a different outcome. For example, some of 22 the allegations in Beaton and Schumacher are absent from the complaint in this case: in Beaton, 23 plaintiffs included in their allegations of vote manipulation that “for several weeks during the 24 Election, Auditor experienced problems with the signature verification system used to verify ballot 1 envelope signatures, including without limitation, lost access to the state-supplied signature 2 database.” Beaton Complaint at 7; see also Schumacher Complaint at 5 (nearly identical 3 allegation). In Schumacher, plaintiffs also alleged that “the Auditor’s office experienced a 4 ransomware attack that, among other things, blocked access to County computers and election 5 systems which continued to be shut down through certification of the Election.” Schumacher
6 Complaint at 4–5. These allegations are made in addition to all the same allegations made in the 7 complaint in this case, and for purposes of remand futility amount to an inconsequential difference. 8 The complaint in this case does contain a claim that is not present in either Beaton or 9 Schumacher: Plaintiffs argue that the “Auditor failed to provide electors with security envelopes 10 to conceal ballots for the Election,” and that the “open sleeves used by Auditor . . . violate 11 Plaintiffs’ right to absolute secrecy in preparing and depositing their ballots.” Dkt. No. 1-2 at 11. 12 But dismissal of this claim on remand is just as assured as that of the claims that have already been 13 specifically considered and rejected in Schumacher and Beaton. This is because all of Plaintiffs’ 14 state law claims other than the PRA claim share a common defect: they depend upon Section
15 29A.68.013 of the Revised Code of Washington (“Section 13”) as a vehicle for Plaintiffs’ 16 requested relief. Dkt. No. 1-2 at 5, 7, 9–10, 12. As relevant here, Section 13 states that a judge 17 “shall, by order, require any person charged with error, wrongful act, or neglect to forthwith correct 18 the error, desist from the wrongful act, or perform the duty and to do as the court orders” where an 19 affidavit of an elector demonstrates that “[a]n error or omission has occurred or is about to occur 20 in the official certification of any . . . election,” or that certain wrongful acts have been performed 21 by, or a neglect of duty has occurred on the part of, an election officer. Wash. Rev. Code § 22 29A.68.013. Importantly, Section 13 sets a strict time limit: the elector’s affidavit “shall be filed 23 with the appropriate court no later than ten days following the official certification of the . . . 24 1 election.” Id. The complaint was filed on September 21, 2021, well past ten days after the 2 certification of the 2020 general election. Dkt. No. 1-2 at 2. 3 Plaintiffs do not allege that they complied with the time limit for filing actions under 4 Section 13. Rather, they argue that the 10-day limitations period does not apply to their claims 5 because they “are not seeking de-certification of the Election.” Dkt. No. 1-2 at 4. But the plain
6 language of Section 13 makes no exceptions, nor is relief under the section limited to de- 7 certification of the election. See Wash. Rev. Code § 29A.68.013. Plaintiffs expressly seek 8 injunctive relief under Section 13, and they are therefore required to satisfy Section 13’s 9 requirements before they may obtain any such relief. See In re Feb. 14, 2017, Special Election on 10 Moses Lake Sch. Dist. #161 Proposition 1, 413 P.3d 577, 580 (Wash. Ct. App. 2018) (the statute 11 “demands that an election contest be filed within ten days of the election’s certification”); see also, 12 e.g., Reid v. Dalton, 100 P.3d 349, 354 (Wash. Ct. App. 2004) (“Filing an action for declaratory 13 judgment, rather than one for direct relief, d[oes] not avoid the statute of limitation” for an election 14 challenge; “[w]here . . . a special statute of limitation applies, even a declaratory judgment action
15 is subject to the same statutory limitation.”). There is no colorable argument that Plaintiffs have 16 brought or can bring valid claims under Section 13.6 17 3. The Dismissal of WEICU’s PRA Claim Is Also “Foreordained” 18 WEICU’s PRA claim is also doomed under Washington law because Washington courts 19 have already decisively rejected its legal theory. WEICU seeks to “compel Defendants to provide 20 access to public records from the Election for a full forensic audit,” and asserts that a records 21 request it made under the PRA in August 2021 for “original ballots, ballot images, spoiled ballots, 22
6 Plaintiffs’ claims under the Washington State Constitution must also fail because the Washington Supreme Court 23 has “clearly established that the right to contest an election ‘rests solely upon, and is limited by, the provisions of the statute relative thereto,’” Becker v. Cnty. of Pierce, 890 P.2d 1055, 1058 (Wash. 1995) (quoting Quigley v. Phelps, 24 132 P. 738, 738 (Wash. 1913))—here, Section 13. 1 adjudication records, ballot envelopes, and returned ballots” was wrongly denied on the grounds 2 that the documents being requested were exempt by statute. Dkt. No. 1-2 at 12. 3 Under the PRA, “[a]n agency may lawfully withhold production of records if a specific 4 exemption applies.” White v. Clark Cnty. (White I), 401 P.3d 375, 378 (Wash. Ct. App. 2017). 5 “There are three sources of PRA exemptions: (1) enumerated exemptions contained in the PRA
6 itself, (2) any other statute that exempts or prohibits disclosure, and (3) the Washington 7 Constitution.” Id. (cleaned up). The “other statute” exemption is found in Section 42.56.070(1) of 8 the Revised Code of Washington: “Each agency, in accordance with published rules, shall make 9 available for public inspection and copying all public records, unless the record falls within the 10 specific exemptions of . . . this chapter, or other statute which exempts or prohibits disclosure of 11 specific information or records.” Washington courts have squarely held that both Section 12 29A.60.110 of the Revised Code of Washington and Section 434-261-045 of the Washington 13 Administrative Code create a statutory exemption for ballots and ballot images under the “other 14 statute” exemption. White I, 401 P.3d at 378–80.
15 Section 434-261-045 of the Washington Administrative Code “unambiguously requires 16 that ballots be kept in secure storage at all times other than during processing, duplication, 17 inspection, and tabulation and states that they can only be accessed in accordance with RCW 18 29A.60.110 and 29A.60.125.” White I, 401 P.3d at 379–80 (emphasis in original). And Section 19 29A.60.110 of the Revised Code of Washington “unambiguously requires that tabulated ballots be 20 kept in sealed containers and can be opened by the canvassing board only in . . . specified 21 situations”: (1) as part of the canvass, (2) to conduct recounts, (3) to conduct a random check under 22 RCW 29A.60.170, (4) to conduct an audit under RCW 29A.60.185, or (5) by order of the superior 23 court in a contest or election dispute. White I, 401 P.3d at 379 (emphasis in original); see also 24 Wash. Rev. Code § 29A.60.110(2). None of these situations apply here. WEICU lacks the 1 authority to conduct a recount, random check, or audit. And, as discussed above, Plaintiffs failed 2 to file a timely election contest. Wash. Rev. Code § 29A.68.013; see also Becker, 890 P.2d at 1058. 3 Thus, WEICU’s arguments are without merit: Section 29A.60.110 of the Revised Code of 4 Washington does not authorize unsealing, and Section 434-261-045 of the Washington 5 Administrative Code—which provides procedures for handling damaged ballots—expressly states
6 that “ballots must be sealed in secure storage at all times, except during duplication, inspection by 7 the canvassing board, tabulation, or to conduct an audit under RCW 29A.60.185.” All of the 8 records WEICU requested fall under the “other statute” exemption. 9 WEICU makes several other arguments in support of its PRA claim, but those arguments 10 have already been rejected by Washington courts or are clearly contrary to existing law. First, 11 WEICU relies on its own interpretations of the Washington Constitution to argue that ballots 12 should be disclosed, but Washington courts have already rejected those interpretations and have 13 also held that Washington’s election statutes provide the sole means of contesting an election. See 14 Becker, 890 P.2d at 1058 (holding that the state constitution does not create an independent right
15 of action, and the election statutes are the only means of contesting an election). Second, WEICU 16 argues that the Washington Constitution “guarantees secrecy only in the preparation and deposit 17 of ballots, and says nothing about secrecy following an election.” Dkt. No. 1-2 at 12 (emphasis in 18 original). But under the PRA, “tabulated ballots are exempt in their entirety from disclosure.” 19 White I, 401 P.3d at 380. Third, WEICU argues that the Washington Constitution “does not 20 prohibit public access to unidentifiable ballots after an election.” Dkt. No. 1-2 at 12. Courts have 21 rejected this proposition, too: “RCW 29A.60.110 and WAC 434-261-045 provide categorical 22 exemptions, not conditional ones,” and “no amount of redaction will transform the ballots into 23 some other type of record.” White I, 401 P.3d at 380; see also White v. Skagit Cnty. (White II), 355 24 P.3d 1178, 1185 (Wash. Ct. App. 2015) (“The constitutional mandate of absolute secrecy could 1 not be adequately accomplished by just having government employees use their own discretion as 2 to what is identifying on a ballot and what needs redaction.” (emphasis in original)). Fourth, 3 WEICU cites various Washington statutes and regulations permitting access to ballots or ballot 4 images, Dkt. No. 1-2 at 13, but those statutes and regulations only permit access under a limited 5 set of specified circumstances that do not exist here, as already explained. Finally, WEICU asserts
6 that “[n]umerous courts outside of Washington State have ruled that ballots are public records and 7 subject to inspection,” id., but Washington courts have found such cases unpersuasive because 8 “they were decided within different statutory frameworks and under different factual 9 circumstances,” White II, 355 P.3d at 1184. And these courts’ interpretation of the statutory 10 framework at issue here weighs decisively against WEICU’s claims. For these reasons, it is a 11 “foreordained” conclusion that WEICU’s PRA claim would be dismissed on remand, as the 12 virtually identical claims in Schumacher and Beaton already have been. 13 In sum, remand of Plaintiffs’ claims would be futile: dismissal of the claims is 14 “foreordained” because they are clearly foreclosed by Washington law. Polo, 833 F.3d at 1198.
16 For the reasons stated above, the Court DENIES WEICU’s motion to remand, Dkt. No. 26, 17 and GRANTS Defendants’ motions to dismiss Plaintiffs’ claims, Dkt. Nos. 11, 30, without 18 prejudice. See Collier, 889 F.3d at 897 (a suit dismissed for lack of jurisdiction cannot also be 19 dismissed with prejudice). The Washington State Democratic Central Committee’s Motion to 20 Intervene, Dkt. No. 8, is DENIED as moot. 21 Dated this 30th day of September, 2022. 22 A 23 Lauren King United States District Judge 24