OPINION
Justice EAKIN.
Judith Wachs, appellee, is the widow of James Wachs who was killed in an automobile accident while driving a company vehicle on his way to work for appellant American Office [481]*481Systems (AOS). Appellee filed a Workers’ Compensation fatal claim petition seeking benefits. Appellant Donegal Insurance denied coverage, stating decedent was not in the course and scope of his employment at the time of the accident; he was merely en route to work, which typically is not compensable. See Peterson v. WCAB (PRN Nursing Agency), 528 Pa.279, 597 A.2d 1116, 1119 (1991) (“The general rule is that an employer is not liable to the employee for compensation for injuries received off the employer’s premises while the employee is travelling to or from work.”).
Decedent was an office equipment technician who had worked for AOS, but left for approximately three years to work for a competitor; he was recruited back to AOS in 1991. Decedent demanded, as a qualifying condition of his return to AOS, that he be provided a company car. See N.T. Hearing, 10/28/99, at 21 (VP of Service Operations: “The only way he would agree to come back to work for AOS, and it was perfectly clear, is that if he had a company car. Because of the fact, I don’t even think he owned his own car at the time.”). Decedent drove the provided vehicle from his first day of re-employment with AOS until the fatal accident; he took the vehicle home each night and drove it each morning to AOS’s office or a scheduled appointment with a client.
At first, decedent’s work schedule required him to be out of the office about 90% of the time. He typically received a service call list for the following day, and left from home in the company vehicle to the clients’ locations; other times, he would receive an early morning call at home designating which locations he was to visit. This pattern continued until he was promoted to a supervisory position, after which his duties kept him at the home office most of the time; on the day of his death, decedent was traveling to AOS’s home office to repair two fax machines a client had dropped off to be serviced.
Throughout his employment with AOS, decedent was paid an hourly wage which started at 8:00 a.m., and did not include transit time; he was required to be either at the office or at a client’s location by 8:00 a.m. Decedent never carried a pager, company cell phone, nor was he on-call on a 24-hour basis. [482]*482AOS provided decedent with a credit card to pay for the gas and repairs to the company vehicle. At the time of decedent’s rehire, almost all AOS technicians were provided company cars; at the time of his death, decedent was the only technician still driving a company car.
After his death, his widow, filed a fatal claim petition. The Workers’ Compensation Judge (WCJ) denied the petition, finding appellee failed to prove decedent was acting within the course and scope of his employment at the time of his death. The WCJ reasoned decedent was no longer a roving technician but a supervisor who spent most of his time at AOS’s headquarters; decedent had a fixed place of employment. Further, the WCJ credited the testimony of decedent’s immediate supervisor, who stated decedent had no client visits scheduled the day he died and was scheduled to fix two fax machines at the office that morning.
On appeal, the WCAB determined the WCJ’s findings did not support a denial of benefits, and remanded for additional findings of fact and conclusions of law. The WCAB stated: “our independent review of the record reveals that too many of the findings of the WCJ do not appear to support his conclusions....” WCAB Opinion, 8/17/01, at 8. Additionally, the WCAB opined “it would appear that the agreement to provide the Decedent with the automobile (he had the same automobile for his entire period of employment, 1991 through the date of death, October 26, 1998) was an agreement in furtherance of the employer’s business or affairs.” Id.
On remand, the WCJ reiterated and reaffirmed his prior findings of fact and conclusions of law, stating it was clear decedent was en route to AOS’s headquarters at the time of his death. Reasoning decedent was merely in transit to a fixed employment location, and he was not paid for transit time to and from work, the WCJ held decedent was not acting in the scope of his employment or furthering the interests of his employer at the time of the accident—the WCJ again denied appellee’s fatal claim petition. Satisfied the WCJ adequately addressed its previous concerns and properly clarified his findings, the WCAB affirmed.
[483]*483The Commonwealth Court reversed, concluding the WCJ and WCAB overlooked the fact that appellee had adequately-proved decedent obtained the company car as part of his employment contract. Regardless of whether decedent was traveling to AOS’s office or a client location at the time of the accident, the court opined decedent was acting within the scope of his employment because the employment contract exception to the “going and coming rule” applied. See Rox Coal Co. v. WCAB (Snizaski), 768 A.2d 384, 386 (Pa.Cmwlth.2001), affirmed, 570 Pa. 60, 807 A.2d 906 (2002). This Court granted review to determine whether decedent was acting within the scope of his employment at the time of his death, and whether the contract exception to the “going and coming rule” is still viable.
The Workers’ Compensation Act (Act) provides that “[e]very employer shall be liable for compensation for personal injury to, or for the death of each employe, by an injury in the course of his employment....” 77 P.S. § 431. Section 301(c)(1) of the Act defines the terms “injury” and “personal injury” “to mean an injury to an employe, regardless of his previous physical condition, arising in the course of his employment and related thereto....” Id., § 411(1). The Act further directs that the term “injury arising in the course of his employment” shall not include:
[A]n injury caused by an act of a third person intended to injure the employe because of reasons personal to him, and not directed against him as an employe or because of his employment; nor shall it include injuries sustained while the employe is operating a motor vehicle provided by the employer if the employe is not otherwise in the course of employment at the time of injury; but shall include all other injuries sustained while the employe is actually engaged in the furtherance of the business or affairs of the employer, whether upon the employer’s premises or elsewhere....
Id.
Generally, the “going and coming rule” holds that an injury or death sustained by an employee traveling to or from [484]*484a place of employment does not occur in the course of employment; thus, it is not compensable under the Act. Biddle v. WCAB (Thomas Mekis & Sons), 539 Pa.343, 652 A.2d 807, 809 (1995); Village Auto Body v. WCAB (Eggert), 827 A.2d 570, 573 (Pa.Cmwlth.2003).
Free access — add to your briefcase to read the full text and ask questions with AI
OPINION
Justice EAKIN.
Judith Wachs, appellee, is the widow of James Wachs who was killed in an automobile accident while driving a company vehicle on his way to work for appellant American Office [481]*481Systems (AOS). Appellee filed a Workers’ Compensation fatal claim petition seeking benefits. Appellant Donegal Insurance denied coverage, stating decedent was not in the course and scope of his employment at the time of the accident; he was merely en route to work, which typically is not compensable. See Peterson v. WCAB (PRN Nursing Agency), 528 Pa.279, 597 A.2d 1116, 1119 (1991) (“The general rule is that an employer is not liable to the employee for compensation for injuries received off the employer’s premises while the employee is travelling to or from work.”).
Decedent was an office equipment technician who had worked for AOS, but left for approximately three years to work for a competitor; he was recruited back to AOS in 1991. Decedent demanded, as a qualifying condition of his return to AOS, that he be provided a company car. See N.T. Hearing, 10/28/99, at 21 (VP of Service Operations: “The only way he would agree to come back to work for AOS, and it was perfectly clear, is that if he had a company car. Because of the fact, I don’t even think he owned his own car at the time.”). Decedent drove the provided vehicle from his first day of re-employment with AOS until the fatal accident; he took the vehicle home each night and drove it each morning to AOS’s office or a scheduled appointment with a client.
At first, decedent’s work schedule required him to be out of the office about 90% of the time. He typically received a service call list for the following day, and left from home in the company vehicle to the clients’ locations; other times, he would receive an early morning call at home designating which locations he was to visit. This pattern continued until he was promoted to a supervisory position, after which his duties kept him at the home office most of the time; on the day of his death, decedent was traveling to AOS’s home office to repair two fax machines a client had dropped off to be serviced.
Throughout his employment with AOS, decedent was paid an hourly wage which started at 8:00 a.m., and did not include transit time; he was required to be either at the office or at a client’s location by 8:00 a.m. Decedent never carried a pager, company cell phone, nor was he on-call on a 24-hour basis. [482]*482AOS provided decedent with a credit card to pay for the gas and repairs to the company vehicle. At the time of decedent’s rehire, almost all AOS technicians were provided company cars; at the time of his death, decedent was the only technician still driving a company car.
After his death, his widow, filed a fatal claim petition. The Workers’ Compensation Judge (WCJ) denied the petition, finding appellee failed to prove decedent was acting within the course and scope of his employment at the time of his death. The WCJ reasoned decedent was no longer a roving technician but a supervisor who spent most of his time at AOS’s headquarters; decedent had a fixed place of employment. Further, the WCJ credited the testimony of decedent’s immediate supervisor, who stated decedent had no client visits scheduled the day he died and was scheduled to fix two fax machines at the office that morning.
On appeal, the WCAB determined the WCJ’s findings did not support a denial of benefits, and remanded for additional findings of fact and conclusions of law. The WCAB stated: “our independent review of the record reveals that too many of the findings of the WCJ do not appear to support his conclusions....” WCAB Opinion, 8/17/01, at 8. Additionally, the WCAB opined “it would appear that the agreement to provide the Decedent with the automobile (he had the same automobile for his entire period of employment, 1991 through the date of death, October 26, 1998) was an agreement in furtherance of the employer’s business or affairs.” Id.
On remand, the WCJ reiterated and reaffirmed his prior findings of fact and conclusions of law, stating it was clear decedent was en route to AOS’s headquarters at the time of his death. Reasoning decedent was merely in transit to a fixed employment location, and he was not paid for transit time to and from work, the WCJ held decedent was not acting in the scope of his employment or furthering the interests of his employer at the time of the accident—the WCJ again denied appellee’s fatal claim petition. Satisfied the WCJ adequately addressed its previous concerns and properly clarified his findings, the WCAB affirmed.
[483]*483The Commonwealth Court reversed, concluding the WCJ and WCAB overlooked the fact that appellee had adequately-proved decedent obtained the company car as part of his employment contract. Regardless of whether decedent was traveling to AOS’s office or a client location at the time of the accident, the court opined decedent was acting within the scope of his employment because the employment contract exception to the “going and coming rule” applied. See Rox Coal Co. v. WCAB (Snizaski), 768 A.2d 384, 386 (Pa.Cmwlth.2001), affirmed, 570 Pa. 60, 807 A.2d 906 (2002). This Court granted review to determine whether decedent was acting within the scope of his employment at the time of his death, and whether the contract exception to the “going and coming rule” is still viable.
The Workers’ Compensation Act (Act) provides that “[e]very employer shall be liable for compensation for personal injury to, or for the death of each employe, by an injury in the course of his employment....” 77 P.S. § 431. Section 301(c)(1) of the Act defines the terms “injury” and “personal injury” “to mean an injury to an employe, regardless of his previous physical condition, arising in the course of his employment and related thereto....” Id., § 411(1). The Act further directs that the term “injury arising in the course of his employment” shall not include:
[A]n injury caused by an act of a third person intended to injure the employe because of reasons personal to him, and not directed against him as an employe or because of his employment; nor shall it include injuries sustained while the employe is operating a motor vehicle provided by the employer if the employe is not otherwise in the course of employment at the time of injury; but shall include all other injuries sustained while the employe is actually engaged in the furtherance of the business or affairs of the employer, whether upon the employer’s premises or elsewhere....
Id.
Generally, the “going and coming rule” holds that an injury or death sustained by an employee traveling to or from [484]*484a place of employment does not occur in the course of employment; thus, it is not compensable under the Act. Biddle v. WCAB (Thomas Mekis & Sons), 539 Pa.343, 652 A.2d 807, 809 (1995); Village Auto Body v. WCAB (Eggert), 827 A.2d 570, 573 (Pa.Cmwlth.2003). However, such an injury or death will be considered to have been sustained in the course of employment and thus is compensable under the Act if one of the following exceptions applies:
1) claimant’s employment contract includes transportation to and from work;
2) claimant has no fixed place of work;
3) claimant is on a special mission for employer; or
4) special circumstances are such that claimant was furthering the business of the employer.
Biddle, at 809 (citation omitted); Rox Coal, at 386; Wells Fargo Co. v. WCAB (Pacheco), 764 A.2d 1147, 1150 (Pa.Cmwlth.2000); City of Philadelphia v. WCAB (Stewart), 728 A.2d 431, 432 (Pa.Cmwlth.1999).
The claimant bears the burden of proving “the injury arose in the course of employment and was related thereto.” Olszewski v. WCAB, 167 Pa.Cmwlth. 521, 648 A.2d 1255, 1257 (1994) (citing Krawchuk v. Philadelphia Elec. Co., 497 Pa. 115, 439 A.2d 627 (1981)). Whether an employee is acting within the course and scope of his employment at the time of his injury or death is a question of law and is renewable de novo. See Empire Kosher Poultry v. WCAB (Zafran), 154 Pa.Cmwlth.276, 623 A.2d 887, 889 (1993).
Appellants contend the employment contract exception to the “going and coming rule” is inapplicable because “there was no actual written employment contract in place between the decedent and the Employer that provided for transportation.” Appellants’ Brief, at 17 (emphasis deleted). Appellants argue it was merely customary and cost-effective at AOS, at the time of decedent’s rehire, for technicians to receive company cars; nothing in decedent’s employment contract specifically provided that he be provided one. Upon rehire, decedent signed a one-year employment contract which was not updated
[485]*485throughout his subsequent seven-year employment with AOS. See Janis v. AMP, Inc., 856 A.2d 140, 147-48 (Pa.Super.2004) (employee’s continuation of employment after expiration of contract term results in renewal by implication of same contract, under same terms and conditions). Included with the contract was an employee manual which contained a provision for a company car; decedent’s contract did not designate that his employment was contingent on him receiving a company car.
Although not memorialized in decedent’s written employment contract, a reviewing court must look at the totality of the circumstances to determine whether an employee’s contract did, in fact, provide for transportation to and from work. See Olszewski, at 1257 (to prove employment contract exception, claimant must produce “contract or unequivocal testimony that such provision [for transportation] did in fact exist....”); Empire Kosher Poultry, at 890 (customary in industry to provide transportation to and from work, and employer adhered to custom); Unity Auto Parts, Inc. v. WCAB (Bigley), 148 Pa.Cmwlth.4, 610 A.2d 1071, 1074-75 (1991) (court considered whether oral agreement existed to provide transportation as part of employment contract); Sylvester v. Peruso, 286 Pa.Super. 225, 428 A.2d 653, 655 (1981) (employment contract for transportation can be “either expressly or impliedly”).
Here, appellee offered unequivocal testimony, accepted by the WCJ as fact-finder, that decedent conditioned his reemployment with AOS with the requirement that he be provided a company car. In its opinion, the WCJ found:
As a result [sic] interview meetings were conducted and the witness [VP of Service Operations] was authorized by the President [of AOS] to offer an agreement to the decedent with the understanding between the decedent and the employer that the only way he would return to work for AOS would be if he had a company car which served the purpose of providing transportation going back and forth to work.
[486]*486WCJ Opinion, 7/31/00, at 6. Further, decedent was issued the vehicle from his first day of employment and drove it continuously until his death, more than seven years later. The only time decedent did not drive the vehicle was when he was on vacation or when the vehicle was being repaired, at AOS’s expense. Based on this evidence, and the continuity of conduct throughout decedent’s employment, appellee established that decedent’s use of the company vehicle was pursuant to his employment contract. The contract exception to the “going and coming rule” was satisfied.
Regardless of whether appellee proved decedent’s use of the company vehicle was incident to his employment contract, appellants argue the General Assembly in 1993 amended § 301(c)(1) of the Act to abrogate the common law employment contract exception to the “going and coming rule” by inserting the language: “nor shall it include injuries sustained while the employe is operating a motor vehicle provided by the employer if the employe is not otherwise in the course of employment at the time of injury.” 77 P.S. § 411(1). Appellants allege the General Assembly sought to eliminate this exception by requiring employees actually be in the process of furthering the employer’s interests at the time of injury; driving to a fixed place of employment, appellants contend, is not acting in the scope of one’s employment.
The Commonwealth Court in Rox Coal, supra, dismissed an identical argument, holding: “Although Employer would have us interpret the phrase inserted into section 301(c)(1) as eliminating the employment contract exception to the “going and coming rule”... we soundly reject Employer’s position.” Rox Coal, at 389. The court reasoned the General Assembly’s insertion of the restrictive language actually reaffirmed what the courts had already recognized and had enforced: employees injured while driving a company vehicle are not entitled to Workers’ Compensation benefits unless they are acting within the scope of their employment at the time of injury or can prove an exception to the “going and coming rule.” The court stated the inserted phrase dispelled any doubts about an automatic entitlement to benefits from an injury sustained in a [487]*487company vehicle. Id., at 390; see Unity Auto Parts, Inc., at 1075 (“the fact that the claimant was injured while traveling home in the employer’s vehicle does not automatically support a conclusion of law that the injury occurred in the course of employment”).
Based on the plain meaning of § 301(c)(1), we accept the reasoning of the Commonwealth Court in this case and Rox Coal that the employment contract exception to the “going and coming rule” is still viable. Further, because appellee established by substantial evidence that decedent’s negotiated employment contract included transportation to and from work via a company car, and decedent was killed on his way to work in that car, we affirm the Commonwealth Court’s order granting fatal death benefits to appellee.
Order affirmed. Jurisdiction relinquished.
Chief Justice CAPPY and Justices NIGRO and BAER are with the opinion.
Justice SAYLOR files a dissenting opinion in which Justice CASTILLE and Justice NEWMAN join.