Vodonick v. Volkswagen Aktiengesellschaft

Opinion

1 2 3 4 5 IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 6 FOR THE NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 7 8 JOHN VODONICK, Case No. 16-cv-00219-CRB

9 Plaintiff, ORDER GRANTING IN PART 10 v. MOTION FOR ATTORNEYS' FEES AND COSTS 11 VOLKSWAGEN AKTIENGESELLSCHAFT, et al., 12 Defendants. 13 14 Plaintiff John Vodonick opted out of the class action settlements that resolved most 15 civil actions against Volkswagen AG and Volkswagen Group of America. Vodonick later 16 accepted Volkswagen’s Rule 68 offer. As permitted by that offer, he now moves for 17 attorneys’ fees and costs. The Court awards Vodonick $21,175.00 in fees. 18 I. BACKGROUND 19 This Court has previously described the events that are the basis for Vodonick’s 20 claims:

21 Over the course of six years, Volkswagen sold nearly 500,000 Volkswagen– and Audi-branded TDI “clean diesel” vehicles, 22 which they marketed as being environmentally friendly, fuel efficient, and high performing. Consumers were unaware, 23 however, that Volkswagen had secretly equipped these vehicles with a defeat device that allowed Volkswagen to 24 evade United States Environmental Protection Agency (“EPA”) and California Air Resources Board (“CARB”) 25 emissions test procedures. Specifically, the defeat device produces regulation-compliant results when it senses the 26 vehicle is undergoing testing, but operates a less effective emissions control system when the vehicle is driven under 27 normal circumstances. It was only by using the defeat device engine vehicles. In reality, these vehicles emit nitrogen oxides 1 (“NOx”) at a factor of up to 40 times over the permitted limit. 2 In re: Volkswagen “Clean Diesel” Mktg., Sales Practices, & Prod. Liab. Litig., No. 15-md- 3 02672-CRB (JSC), 2016 WL 6248426, at *1 (N.D. Cal. Oct. 25, 2016). The scandal led to 4 numerous government actions and over a thousand civil lawsuits, which were consolidated 5 before this Court by the Judicial Panel on Multidistrict Litigation. Id. at *2. The bulk of 6 the civil actions were resolved in two settlements (one concerning 2.0-liter TDI vehicles 7 and another for 3.0-liter TDI vehicles) approved by the Court. See generally In re: 8 Volkswagen, 2016 WL 6248426; 3.0-Liter Class Action Settlement Approval Order 9 (dkt. 3229). 10 Vodonick opted out of the Class Settlements. See List of Opt-Outs (MDL 11 dkt. 2102-1) at 37. He sued Volkswagen in California Superior Court in October 2015. 12 Brief (dkt. 23-1) at 2. Vodonick requested leave to petition for judicial coordination, 13 which Volkswagen did not oppose. Opp’n (MDL dkt. 7678) at 3. Before Vodonick’s 14 petition was decided, in December 2015, Volkswagen removed the case to the Eastern 15 District of California, which transferred it to the MDL before this Court in January 2016. 16 Id. at 3–4. Once the case was transferred to the MDL, the Court immediately stayed it. 17 (MDL dkt. 2) at 1, 3. The Court denied Vodonick’s subsequent requests for remand. See 18 Orders Denying Remand (MDL dkt. 6126, 7522), (dkt. 21). In April 2020, Vodonick filed 19 a First Amended and Supplemental Complaint, which included Song-Beverly Act, breach 20 of contract, unfair business practices, fraud, and product liability claims. FAC (MDL 21 dkt. 7335) at 1. 22 On June 9, 2020, the Court lifted the stay. (MDL dkt. 7515). The same day, 23 Volkswagen served Vodonick with a Rule 68 offer of $40,000, which Vodonick accepted. 24 Opp’n (MDL dkt. 7278) at 9; Notice of Acceptance (dkt. 22). The offer allowed Vodonick 25 to seek reasonable fees and costs to be determined by the Court. Notice of Acceptance 26 (dkt. 22) at 2. 27 Vodonick now requests $1,143,935 in fees and $2,144 in costs. Brief (dkt. 23-1) at 1 Vodonick is entitled to only a fraction of the fees that he requests. Opp’n (MDL 2 dkt. 7678) at 4–5, 7. 3 II. LEGAL STANDARD 4 When a federal court has subject matter jurisdiction over a case based on diversity 5 of the parties, state law determines a party’s entitlement to attorneys’ fees and costs. 6 Mangold v. Cal. Pub. Util. Comm’n, 67 F.3d 1470, 1478 (9th Cir. 1995). Under California 7 law, “in any action on a contract, where the contract specifically provides for an award of 8 attorney fees and costs, which are incurred to enforce that contract[,]. . .” the prevailing 9 party is entitled to reasonable attorneys’ fees. Cal. Civ. Code § 1717. 10 If a plaintiff is entitled to attorneys’ fees, California determines the amount using 11 the lodestar method, which “first calculates the number of hours reasonably spent 12 multiplied by the reasonable hourly rate for each billing professional, and then . . . 13 adjust[s] the amount based on various relevant factors to ensure the fee reflects the fair 14 market value of the attorney services for the particular action.” K.I. v. Wagner, 225 Cal. 15 App. 4th 1412, 1425 (Cal. Ct. App. 2014) (internal quotation marks and alterations 16 omitted). It is the prevailing party’s burden to show that the fees it seeks are reasonable. 17 Nightingale v. Hyundai Motor Am., 31 Cal. App. 4th 99, 104 (Cal. Ct. App. 1994). 18 In the absence of a state law provision that allows for the award of costs “as a part 19 of substantive, compensatory damages scheme,” Rule 54(d) of the Federal Rules of Civil 20 Procedure governs an award of costs in federal district court. See Champion Produce, Inc. 21 v. Ruby Robinson Co., 342 F.3d 1016, 1022 (9th Cir. 2003); Clausen v. M/V NEW 22 CARISSA, 339 F.3d 1049, 1065 (9th Cir. 2003). Rule 54 allows the prevailing party to 23 recover costs, not including attorneys’ fees, unless a federal statute, court order, or other 24 federal rule provides otherwise. Fed. R. Civ. P 54(d)(1). 25 26 27 1 III. DISCUSSION 2 A. Attorneys’ Fees 3 Vodonick seeks $1,143,935 in attorneys’ fees. Brief (dkt. 23-1) at 3. Volkswagen 4 argues that Vodonick is not entitled to fees because he has not established a basis for fee- 5 shifting. Opp’n (MDL dkt. 7678) at 2. Vodonick argues that he is entitled to fees because 6 he is the prevailing party under “. . . Calif. Code of Civil. Proc. § 1021.5, Calif. Civ. Code 7 §§ 1717, 1790, et. seq., 1780(e), and the Unfair Business Practices and False Advertising 8 Act of Calif. Bus. and Prof. Code 17200, 17500, et. seq.” Motion (dkt. 23) at 3. 9 1. Entitlement to Fees 10 Under Section 1717 of the California Civil Code, “in any action on a contract, 11 where the contract specifically provides for an award of attorney fees and costs, which are 12 incurred to enforce that contract[,]. . .” the prevailing party is entitled to reasonable 13 attorneys’ fees. Cal. Civ. Code § 1717. 14 Vodonick alleges that the vehicle lease agreement between Volkswagen and 15 Vodonick “contained a provision providing that the prevailing party would have his 16 reasonable attorney fees as additional damages.” See Reply (dkt. 26) at 2–3; Amended and 17 Supplemental Complaint (MDL dkt. 7335) ¶ 16. Vodonick argues that because he asserted 18 breach of contract as a cause of action, this litigation is “[an] action on a contract, where 19 the contract specifically provides for an award of attorney fees and costs.” Cal. Civ. Code 20 § 1717; Reply (dkt. 26) at 2–3. Although Vodonick did not attach the lease agreement to 21 his complaint or his motion for attorneys’ fees, Volkswagen did not directly dispute that 22 Vodonick’s lease agreement contains an attorneys’ fee provision. See generally Opp’n 23 (MDL dkt. 7678). Thus, California Civil Code Section 1717 provides a basis upon which 24 Vodonick is entitled to recover attorneys’ fees.1 25 1 Vodonick is not entitled to fees on any other basis. Vodonick did not discuss Section 1021.5 of 26 the California Code of Civil Procedure beyond a singular reference to it in his motion and thus did not carry his burden to establish entitlement to fees under Section 1021.5. See Ebbetts Pass Forest 27 Watch v. Dep’t of Forestry & Fire Prot., 187 Cal. App. 4th 376, 381 (2010). Nor does Vodonick 2. Reasonableness of Vodonick’s fee request 1 Vodonick requests $879,500 in fees with a multiplier of 1.3, for a total of 2 $1,143,935. Volkswagen argues that, if Vodonick is entitled to recover any fees, 3 Vodonick’s counsel’s claimed hours and hourly rate should be reduced. Additionally, 4 Volkswagen argues that Vodonick is not entitled to a multiplier. The Court awards 5 Vodonick a significantly reduced sum of $21,175. 6 a. Hourly Rate 7 To show that the requested rates are reasonable, parties must “produc[e] satisfactory 8 evidence that [they] are in line with those prevailing in the community for similar services 9 of lawyers of reasonably comparable skill and reputation.” Obrien v. FCA US LLC, No. 10 17-cv-04042-JCS, 2019 WL 5295066, at *5 (N.D. Cal. Oct. 18, 2019) (citing Jordan v. 11 Mulnomah Cty., 815 F.2d 1258, 1263 (9th Cir. 1987)). The relevant legal community is 12 the forum district. Gates v. Deukmejian, 987 F.2d 1392, 1405 (9th Cir. 1992). Affidavits 13 from comparably qualified practitioners in the same forum, decisions of other courts, and 14 the Court’s own experience all help determine reasonable rates. Obrien, 2019 WL 15 5295066, at *5. 16 Vodonick’s counsel, Michael Nudelman, states that his hourly rate is $715 per hour. 17 Brief (dkt 23-1) at 6. Although in his declaration Nudelman states that his hourly rate has 18 been $715 per hour for “over four years,” he listed his normal billing rate as $500 per hour 19 in two previous filings in 2019. See Nudelman Declaration (dkt. 23-2) at 2; Case 20 Management Statement (MDL dkt. 6187) at 5; Suggestion for Setting Bellwether Trial 21 (MDL dkt. 6622) at 4. Vodonick contends that Nudelman’s “normal rate in the Nevada 22 City” is $500 per hour and “the rate in the Bay Area” is $715 per hour, Reply (dkt. 26) at 23 12, but the only evidence that Nudelman submits in support of his argument that $715 per 24 hour is a reasonable rate is the Laffey matrix, which reports fees for attorneys in the 25 Washington, D.C. area. Nudelman Declaration (dkt. 23-2) at 11–14. This evidence does 26

27 California False Advertising Law (FAL) provides for attorneys’ fees. Hambrick v. Healthcare 1 not establish a reasonable rate for an attorney with comparable credentials in the Northern 2 District of California. See Bluegrowth Holdings Ltd. v. Mainstream LtdVentures, LLC, 3 No. CV-13-1452-CRB, 2014 WL 3518885, at *3 (N.D. Cal. July 16, 2014)(“[It] is unclear 4 why the Court would rely on [the Laffey Matrix] when market rates for attorneys in 5 California . . . are readily available.”). 6 The Court thus reduces Nudelman’s requested rate to $500 per hour. 7 b. Time 8 The Court excludes any hours not “reasonably expended,” including those that are 9 “excessive, redundant, or otherwise unnecessary.” Jankey v. Poop Deck, 537 F.3d 1122, 10 1132 (9th Cir. 2008) (quoting Hensley v. Eckerhart, 461 U.S. 424, 434 (1983)). 11 “Ultimately, a ‘reasonable’ number of hours equals the number of hours which could 12 reasonably have been billed to a private client.” Gonzalez v. City of Maywood, 729 F. 3d 13 1196, 1202 (9th Cir. 2013) (internal quotation marks and alterations omitted). 14 i. Docket Review 15 Nudelman reports that he spent a total of 686.2 hours reviewing MDL and state 16 court dockets. See Appendix A, Opp’n (MDL dkt. 7678-1). Volkswagen argues that the 17 Court should exclude these hours. Opp’n (MDL dkt. 7678) at 8–9. Vodonick responds 18 that this case required a “high degree of vigilance” and that Nudelman monitored court 19 orders, notices from the clerk, and motions in order to consider their importance to his 20 client’s case. Reply (dkt. 26) at 5. 21 As Volkswagen notes, Nudelman’s time entries for docket review do not explain 22 which documents Nudelman reviewed or why he reviewed them. There are 6,532 time 23 entries for docket review, 0.1 hours for each entry, which categorize the activity as 24 “[r]eview for relevancy and importance.” See Appendix A, Opp’n (MDL dkt. 7678-1). 25 Most description sections of these entries include single words such as “Motion,” “Order,” 26 “Minute,” “First,” and “MDL,” and some include no description at all.2 See e.g., 27 1 Appendix A, Opp’n (MDL dkt. 7678-1) at 5–6, 13, 201. Based upon these vague entries, it 2 is impossible to discern which documents Nudelman reviewed and whether it was 3 reasonable for him to spend six minutes reviewing each of them. See Santiago v. Equable 4 Ascent Fin., No. C-11-3158-CRB, 2013 WL 3498079, at *5–6, (N.D. Cal. July 12, 2013) 5 (excluding hours where the time entry descriptions were too vague for the court to 6 determine whether the tasks were reasonably related to the work performed). Therefore, 7 the Court excludes 686.2 hours from Vodonick’s fee award. 8 ii. Complaint Research and Drafting 9 Nudelman recorded 64.3 hours for researching and drafting Vodonick’s original 10 complaint and his supplemental and amended complaint. See Appendix C, Opp’n (MDL 11 dkt. 7678-3). Volkswagen argues that the amount of time spent was inefficient, excessive, 12 and should be reduced to no more than 9.65 hours. Opp’n (MDL dkt. 7678) at 11. 13 Vodonick responds that the complaints that Nudelman drafted “did not consist of 14 boilerplate” and required extensive research, review of other filings, and conferral with his 15 client. Reply (dkt. 26) at 11–12. Additionally, Vodonick argues that Nudelman originally 16 drafted the complaint as a class action. Id. at 12. 17 Of the 64.3 hours, Nudelman reported 10.5 hours spent on drafting the initial 18 complaint and 4 hours spent on drafting the amended complaint. See Appendix C, Opp’n 19 (MDL dkt. 7678-3). The amended complaint repeated many allegations contained in the 20 initial complaint and replaced one cause of action. See generally Complaint (dkt. 1-1); See 21 also Amended and Supplemental Complaint (MDL dkt. 7335) at 13–15; Opp’n (MDL dkt. 22 7678) at 11. In this MDL, this Court has found that 1.5 hours is an appropriate time for 23 counsel to spend drafting both the initial and amended complaint for one plaintiff. See In 24 re: Volkswagen “Clean Diesel” Marketing, Sales Prac., and Prod. Liab. Litig., No. 15-MD- 25 02672-CRB, 2020 WL 2086368, at *11–12 (N.D. Cal. Apr. 30, 2020); See also In re: 26 Volkswagen “Clean Diesel” Marketing, Sales Prac., and Prod. Liab. Litig., No. 15-MD- 27 02672-CRB, 2020 WL 5371404, at *14 (N.D. Cal. Sept. 8, 2020)(finding it reasonable for 1 drafting an initial and amended complaint). 2 Nudelman also recorded 49.8 hours spent on work related to the preparation and 3 filings of the initial and amended complaint such as factual research, researching causes of 4 action, and preparing filings related to the complaint. See Appendix C, Opp’n (MDL dkt. 5 7678-3). The Court has previously found that it is reasonable for attorneys to spend time 6 on tasks related to the complaints other than drafting. See In re: Volkswagen “Clean 7 Diesel” Marketing, Sales Prac., and Prod. Liab. Litig., 2020 WL 5371404, at *8. 8 However, due to the similarities between Vodonick’s initial complaint and the amended 9 and supplemental complaint, a reduction is warranted. The only significant difference 10 between Vodonick’s initial complaint and his amended complaint is the substitution of an 11 unjust enrichment claim for a product liability claim. See Complaint (dkt. 1-1) at 12; 12 Amended and Supplemental Complaint (MDL dkt. 7335) at 13–15. 13 For these reasons, the Court reduces all complaint-related hours by 85% from 64.3 14 hours to 9.65 hours. See In re: Volkswagen “Clean Diesel” Marketing, Sales Prac., and 15 Prod. Liab. Litig., 2020 WL 2086368, at *11–12 (applying an 84% reduction for hours 16 billed drafting the initial complaint and a 90% reduction for hours billed drafting the 17 amended complaint). 18 iii. JCCP Coordination 19 Volkswagen argues that the Court should reduce the 52 hours that Nudelman 20 recorded as time spent preparing documents related to Vodonick’s petition for judicial 21 coordination. See Opp’n (MDL dkt. 7678) at 11; Appendix D, Opp’n (MDL dkt. 22 7678). Volkswagen argues that 52 hours spent on drafting and filing a total of 11pages of 23 documents is excessive. Id. 3 Vodonick responds that Nudelman’s efforts for judicial 24 coordination benefited his client and required time spent researching procedures, 25 reviewing documents, and conferring with other attorneys. Reply (dkt. 26) at 9. 26 While page length is not always a “reliable indicator of how much time reasonably 27 1 was incurred in preparing [a filing],” 16 hours for 8 pages of filings and 32 hours for 6 2 pages of filings is excessive. See Bobol v. HP Pavilion Mgmt., No. 04-CV-00082-JW, 3 2016 WL 927332, at *4 n.5 (N.D. Cal. Apr. 10, 2006); Opp’n (MDL dkt. 7678) at 11.4 4 And while the 5-page declaration, filed on October 6, 2015, likely involved research and 5 preparation, the accompanying 3-page memoranda of points and authorities comprises two 6 large block quotes from sections of the California Code of Civil Procedure and one 7 additional paragraph. See Exhibit 3, Monahan Declaration, Opp’n (MDL dkt. 7678-15). 8 The 3-page notice of submission of petition filed on October 23, 2015 contains boilerplate 9 language, including a list of cases which Vodonick sought to coordinate, and the 10 accompanying 3-page petition for coordination repeats the same list. See Exhibit 4, 11 Monahan Declaration, Opp’n (MDL dkt. 7678-15). It is unclear why the October 23 12 filings required twice the amount of time as the October 6 filings when the October 6 13 filings contained more substantive legal argument and were longer. Furthermore, 14 Vodonick does not explain why these filings took Nudelman, an attorney with over 40 15 years of experience “in complex civil litigation and consumer litigation,” 48 hours. See 16 Nudelman Declaration (dkt. 23-2) at 2. 17 Additionally, Nudelman spent 4 of the 52 total hours “drafting documents related to 18 petition for judicial coordination” after Vodonick’s case had already been removed to 19 federal court. See Nudelman Declaration (dkt. 23-2) at 18; See also Opp’n (MDL dkt. 20 7678) at 16. This Court has previously excluded hours spent on JCCP-related tasks 21 performed after a case's removal to federal court. See In re: Volkswagen “Clean Diesel” 22 Marketing, Sales Prac., and Prod. Liab. Litig., 2020 WL 5371404, at *11. 23 The Court excludes from this category the 4 hours that Mr. Nudelman billed on 24 January 11 and reduces the other 48 JCCP-related hours by 90% to a total of 5 hours. 25 iv. Remand Motions 26 Nudelman recorded 180.9 hours related to motions to remand. Appendix E, Opp’n 27 1 (MDL dkt. 7678-5). 2 The standard for reasonableness is not whether the motion was a “necessary step to 3 the plaintiff’s ultimate victory” but whether the claimed hours were “reasonably spent in 4 pursuit of the litigation.” Jacobson v. Persolve, LLC, No. 14-cv-00735-LHK, 2016 WL 5 7230873, at *11 (N.D. Cal. Dec. 14, 2016). The Court reduces hours that Nudelman 6 reports for work on remand motions not because they were unsuccessful, but because 7 much of Nudelman’s work was excessive, duplicative, or unnecessary. 8 Some of the time Vodonick reports for Nudelman’s work on remand motions is 9 duplicative. Nudelman billed 19.5 hours for tasks related to his first motion to remand 10 which was filed on January 2, 2016 and January 3, 2016 in the Eastern District. See First 11 Motion to Remand (dkt. 13); Amended Notice (dkt. 14); Appendix E, Opp’n (MDL dkt. 12 7678-5). Once transferred to the Northern District, Vodonick filed another motion to 13 remand on January 15, 2016, for which he recorded 45.3 hours. See Appendix E, Opp’n 14 (MDL dkt. 7678-5). These motions are identical except for a few details in the preliminary 15 statement and procedural history sections, and one paragraph added to the argument 16 section of the January 15 memorandum of points and authorities. See MPA (dkt 13-1) at 17 1–3, 7; MPA (MDL dkt 942-2) at 1–4, 8. The hours that Nudelman recorded for his work 18 on these two motions are unreasonable. 19 Volkswagen identifies two discrepancies in Nudelman’s time records and suggests 20 that they indicate excessive or unnecessary work. Opp’n (MDL dkt. 7678) at 12. First, as 21 Volkswagen notes, Nudelman billed 24 hours over the course of three days in August 2017 22 for drafting a motion to remand. Id. However, Vodonick did not file a motion to remand 23 until three months later, on November 16, 2017. See Motion to Remand (MDL dkt. 4375). 24 Vodonick provides no explanation. See generally Reply (dkt. 26). Even if the Court 25 assumes that Nudelman spent the 24 hours in question drafting the November 16 motion to 26 remand, that time is excessive. The November 16 motion is identical to a previous motion 27 to remand filed on August 7, 2017. See Motion to Remand (MDL dkt. 4375); Motion to 1 January 15, 2016 motion, except it includes 3 new pages of argument. See Motion to 2 Remand (MDL dkt. 4375); (MDL dkt 942-2). The 24 hours billed in August 2017 were 3 excessive. 4 Second, there are several undated time entries recorded for drafting a reply brief to 5 Volkswagen’s opposition to Vodonick’s remand motions. The three entries report a total 6 of 21.5 hours and are listed among time entries dated between November 22–27, 2017. 7 See Appendix E, Opp’n (MDL dkt. 7678-5); Opp’n (MDL dkt. 7678) at 12. There are two 8 other undated time entries, reporting a total of 19.5 hours for drafting a reply brief, listed 9 among time entries dated between December 20–21, 2017. See Appendix E, Opp’n (MDL 10 dkt. 7678-5); Opp’n (MDL dkt. 7678) at 12. Vodonick filed his reply brief on November 11 27, 2017. See Reply in Support of Motion to Remand (MDL dkt. 4427). Without dates on 12 these entries the Court is unable to determine whether the amount expended was 13 reasonable, and Vodonick does not clarify or even address the issue in his reply in support 14 of this pending fee motion. See generally Reply (dkt. 26). 15 The Court reduces the 180.9 hours that Nudelman spent on motions to remand by 16 95%, leaving 10 hours of compensable time. See Fallay v. San Francisco City and Cty., 17 No. C-08-2261-CRB, 2016 WL 879632, at *5 (N.D. Cal Mar. 8, 2016)(“‘If counsel cannot 18 further define his billing entries so as to meaningfully enlighten the court of those related 19 to the [fee claim], then the trial court should exercise its discretion in assigning a 20 reasonable percentage to the entries or simply cast them aside.’”)(quoting Bell v. Vista 21 Unified Sch. Dist., 92 Cal. App. 4th 672, 689 (2000)). 22 v. Client Conferences 23 Nudelman billed 68.9 hours for conferring with his client. See Appendix F, Opp’n 24 (MDL dkt. 7678-5). 25 While some continued work during a stay is reasonable, plaintiffs must “explain 26 why expending such a large amount of time during the stay in [a] case was 27 reasonable.” See Alzheimer’s Inst. of Am. v. Eli Lilly & Co., No. 10-cv-00482-EDL, 1 responds, that Nudelman is “required to make his client aware of all the important 2 proceedings in the case,” Vodonick has failed to explain why it was reasonable for 3 Nudelman to spend one hour reviewing his client’s file every two months, especially while 4 Vodonick’s case was stayed. See Reply (dkt. 26) at 10. Accordingly, the Court reduces by 5 90% the hours that Nudelman spent preparing for client conferences. See Alzheimer’s 6 Inst., 2016 WL 7732621, at *7 (reducing requested fees by 90% because plaintiff did not 7 justify “expending such a large amount of time during the stay” in the case). 8 vi. Fact Sheet 9 Nudelman records 12.3 hours for reviewing information provided by the client and 10 preparing his client’s fact sheet. 11 The Court has previously found that 2.9 hours of work spent on a fact sheet is 12 reasonable. See In re: Volkswagen “Clean Diesel” Marketing, Sales Prac., and Prod. 13 Liab.Litig., 2020 WL 2086368, at *10. The Court reduces the hours that Nudelman spent 14 working on the fact sheet to 3 hours. 15 vii. Clerical Tasks 16 Volkswagen identifies three time entries that it characterizes as clerical work and 17 argues that those 6.4 hours are unrecoverable. See Appendix B, Opp’n (MDL dkt. 7678-2) 18 at 3; Opp’n (MDL dkt. 7678) at 10. These tasks include ordering a copy of court files, 19 emailing a proposed order to the judge, and processing and filing a Notice of Errata. Id. 20 Vodonick admits that Nudelman mistakenly logged these entries. Reply (dkt. 26) at 7. 21 The Court thus excludes the 6.4 hours from the three time entries that Volkswagen 22 identified. 23 viii. Unnecessary Work 24 Volkswagen identifies additional time entries for which it argues Nudelman’s work 25 was unnecessary. First, Volkswagen objects to the 54.5 hours that Nudelman recorded for 26 time spent reviewing and analyzing filings related to the Bellwether trial including jury 27 instructions, verdict forms, and motion in limine reply briefs. See Appendix B, Opp’n 1 was unnecessary for Nudelman to spend extensive time reviewing filings in preparation for 2 a hypothetical trial that would take place “months or even years after the opt-out trial.” Id. 3 Volkswagen also notes that Nudelman would likely have “had to redo all of this work 4 closer to [that] trial date.” Id. Vodonick responds that one of the purposes of a Bellwether 5 trial is to allow other plaintiffs to monitor the trial in order to prepare and strategize for 6 their own cases. Reply (dkt. 26) at 7. 7 Courts exclude time that is expended on work that is “legally or factually unrelated 8 to [plaintiff’s] claims in the lawsuit, baseless, or otherwise deficient.” See Jacobson v. 9 Persolve, LLC, 2016 WL 7230873, at *11. On December 12, 2019, this Court denied 10 Vodonick’s motion to set his case for trial as a bellwether plaintiff. See Docket Entry 11 Denying Motion (MDL dkt. 6987). Because Vodonick has not adequately explained why 12 Nudelman spent a significant amount of time reviewing the filings for a trial not involving 13 Vodonick while his case was stayed, the Court excludes these 54.5 hours. See Jacobson v. 14 Persolve, LLC, 2016 WL 7230873, at *11; Alzheimer’s Inst., 2016 WL 7732621, at *7. 15 Volkswagen also objects to 57.1 hours of recorded work that it considers unrelated 16 to Vodonick’s case, unnecessary, and unrecoverable. See Appendix B, Opp’n (MDL dkt. 17 7678-2) at 4; Opp’n (MDL dkt. 7678) at 10. Among the time entries to which Volkswagen 18 objects, Nudelman reported that he spent 23.2 of those hours researching “contraband,” 8.7 19 hours researching grounds for fee awards, and 5.8 hours researching “trial preparation and 20 discovery.” Id. 21 The Court excludes the 57.1 hours that Nudelman spent on these additional tasks. 22 Vodonick responds only to Volkswagen’s objection to Nudelman’s “contraband” research 23 and contends that it was related to “a key issue in the litigation” concerning the “legality” 24 of the vehicle that Vodonick purchased. Reply (dkt. 26) at 8. Although Vodonick argues 25 that the “contraband” issue was a “necessary and reasonable argument,” he fails to 26 demonstrate how it was related to Vodonick’s case, which was stayed during the time of 27 his research. Id.; See also Jacobson v. Persolve, LLC, 2016 WL 7230873, at *11 (“. . . 1 of the litigation’”)(citing Jadwin v. Cty. of Kern, 767 F. Supp. 2d 1069, 1109–10 (E.D. 2 Cal. 2011)). 3 Lastly, Volkswagen objects to 45.4 hours recorded by Nudelman on the basis that 4 they were spent on inefficient or otherwise excessive work. Opp’n (MDL dkt. 7678) at 5 13. Volkswagen disputes 9.5 hours related to a May 10, 2019 conference and argues that 6 Nudelman did not “participate” in the conference. Id. Vodonick explains in his reply that 7 Nudelman traveled from Nevada City to attend the May 10 Case Management Conference 8 but “did not sit at the Counsel table or wander up to the podium to announce his 9 presence.” See Reply (dkt. 26) at 11. Nudelman’s explanation is supported by the record, 10 as the Court declined to have opt-out lawyers state their appearances due to the large 11 amount of opt-out lawyers present at the May 10 hearing. See In re: Volkswagen “Clean 12 Diesel” Marketing, Sales Prac., and Prod. Liab. Litig., 2020 WL 2086368, at *13; see also 13 Transcript of May 10, 2019 Proceedings (dkt. 6310) at 3:12–16. However, the Court 14 agrees that the time entries, referenced in Appendix H, are excessive considering both the 15 amount of time recorded for each task and Nudelman’s experience. See Appendix H, 16 Opp'n (MDL dkt. 7678); see also Hernandez v. Grullense, 2014 WL 1724356, at *13. 17 Accordingly, the Court reduces the hours listed in Volkswagen’s Appendix H by 83% to 18 7.7 hours. 19 c. Multiplier 20 California courts sometimes adjust the lodestar amount with a multiplier. Ketchum 21 v. Moses, 24 Cal. 4th 1122, 1132 (Cal. 2001). Factors relevant to the propriety of a 22 multiplier include “(1) the novelty and difficulty of the questions involved, (2) the skill 23 displayed in presenting them, (3) the extent to which the nature of the litigation precluded 24 other employment by the attorneys, [and] (4) the contingent nature of the fee award.” Id. 25 Vodonick requests a 1.3 multiplier (or 30% enhancement), which Volkswagen 26 opposes. Brief (dkt. 23-1) at 14; Opp’n (MDL dkt. 7678) at 14. First, Vodonick argues 27 that a multiplier is warranted because Volkswagen’s refusal “to take the issue of liability 1 five years for Plaintiff to resolve the non-personal injury element of his case.” Brief (dkt. 2 23-1) at 14. Second, Vodonick argues that Nudelman’s representation of Vodonick in this 3 case precluded him from accepting other employment for almost five years. Id. at 11. 4 Third, Vodonick argues that he is entitled to a multiplier because Nudelman obtained 5 excellent results and “singled handedly brought about the Judicial Coordination of the non- 6 MDL cases in California.” Reply (dkt. 26) at 12; Brief (dkt. 23-1) at 11–12. 7 No circumstance that would warrant a multiplier applies here. First, Vodonick’s 8 claim that Volkswagen denied all liability is not true. See Transcript of Proceedings 9 (MDL dkt. 1270) at 19 (“[This] is a case in which liability has been conceded.”); See, e.g. 10 Volkswagen Answer (MDL dkt. 6766); Volkswagen Answer (MDL dkt. 6799). Because 11 Volkswagen did in fact concede liability, Vodonick has not demonstrated any particularly 12 novel or difficult legal questions involved in this litigation. Finally, because this case was 13 stayed from January 2016 until June 2020, it is unclear why Nudelman’s involvement 14 precluded him from taking on other employment for five years. See Pretrial Order (MDL 15 dkt. 2) at 1, 3; Scheduling Order (MDL dkt. 7515). The Court finds that Vodonick is not 16 entitled to a multiplier. 17 d. Conclusion 18 In sum, the Court adjusts Vodonick’s lodestar as follows: 19 Docket Review $500 x 0 hours = $0 20 Complaint Research and Drafting $500 x 9.65 hours = $4,825 21 JCCP Coordination $500 x 5 hours = $2,500 22 Remand Motions $500 x 10 hours = $5,000 23 Client Conferences $500 x 7 hours = $3,500 24 Fact Sheet $500 x 3 hours = $1,500 25 Clerical Tasks $500 x 0 hours = $0 26 Unnecessary Work $500 x 7.7 hours = $3,850 27 TOTAL $500 x 42.35 hours = $21,175 1 Vodonick is awarded $21,175 in attorneys’ fees. 2 B. Costs 3 Rule 54(d) of the Federal Rule of Civil Procedure allows the prevailing party to 4 || recover costs, not including attorneys’ fees, unless a federal statute, court order, or other 5 || federal rule provides otherwise. Fed. R. Civ. P 54(d)(1). Local Civil Rule 54-1 requires a 6 || party “claiming taxable costs” to “serve and file a bill of costs,” which must be supported 7 || by an affidavit. L-R. 54-1(a). Additionally, the party must attach to the bill of costs 8 || appropriate documentation to support each item claimed. Id. Volkswagen argues that 9 || Vodonick is not entitled to recover any costs because he did not file a bill of costs. Opp’n 10 || (MDL dkt. 7678) at 15 (citing Jones v. City of Oakland, No. 11-cv-4725-YGR, 2013 WL 11 || 3793893, at *2 (N.D. Cal. July 18, 2013)(finding that the defendant’s costs were not 12 taxable to the plaintiff because defendant did not comply with the local rule’s affidavit 13 || requirement)). 14 Because Vodonick failed to comply with the local rule, he is not entitled to recover 3 15 || costs. a 16 || IV. CONCLUSION

= 17 For the foregoing reasons, this Court grants in part and denies in part Vodonick’s 18 |] motion for attorneys’ fees and costs. The Court awards Vodonick $21,175 in attorneys’ 19 || fees. 20 IT ISSO ORDERED. 21 Dated: October 15, 2020 oe > CHARLES R. BREYER 22 United States District Judge 23 24 25 26 27 28